Role of Nanotechnology on the Development of Vaccine

The assignment is about writing a technical report. The topic covered in the report should be about emerging technology and its role in improving a global health priority. The technology has to be selected from a list given in the attached file. Similarly, the global health priority has to be selected from a separate list that is also given in the attached file. The references used in the report must all be peer-reviewed. I don't need the title page, table of content and Appendix to be included meaning that the 8 pages should cover the following: 1 page for a letter of transmitter (only the content I will take care of filling in the sender and recipient information), 1 page for executive summary, 1 page for the references and 5 pages for the remaining contents (introduction and background, main topics, discussion, and conclusion).

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Name of the Student
Name of the university
Author’s note

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Executive Summary
Fighting viral diseases have become a global challenge, due to the fast modification of the viral
structures. Many diseases are prevented by vaccines. While the application of vaccines can be
difficult for certain viruses. Scientists all over the world have been developing novel approaches
to combat them. Nanoparticles like gold nanoparticles, polymers, liposomes, that possess the
capability to induce the antibody and the cytokine responses. Nanoparticles are even used as
carriers for the delivery of the viral antigens to enhance the immune response such that the body
can actually fight against the original virus. Researchers from France, Germany, China and
Japan, had been working hard to develop virus like nanoparticles that can be introduced in to the
host cell to stimulate the immune response. Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle has shown
some promising result in the preparation of the IBV vaccine. However, there is a lack of proper
studies based on which some strong and reliable conclusions can be drawn.

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Table of Contents
Letter of transmittal.........................................................................................................................2
Introduction and Background..........................................................................................................3
Main topics......................................................................................................................................3
Discussion........................................................................................................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................9
List of figures
Figure 1: Nanocarriers (Schematic representation)
Figure 2: Structure of Nano-carriers for vaccine antigen delivery
Figure 3: Inhibition of the viral DNA replication

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Letter of transmittal
(Date)
Program director
Dear Sir,
It is indeed a great pleasure for us to be able to hand over this report. This report is the result of
my knowledge that I have gained while doing this assignment. This paper has given an account
on the use of nanotechnologies in the development of Vaccines and surveillance. Vaccine
development has been a hot topic in medical science, due to the continuous alterations in viral
structures and strains contributing to more fatal diseases than before. Alarmed by some of the
recent cases of viral outbreak and its effect on the entire mankind has inspired me to work on this
topic. All the details that has been given are authentic and has been taken from reliable and
recent sources. I have used CINAHL database for finding out some relevant papers. Only reliable
government websites has been used to obtain some recent data about the Coronavirus outbreak.
Hope you will appreciate my hard work and excuse the minor errors. Thank you for the support.
Sincerely,

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Introduction and Background
The world is fighting with individual diseases and are facing several stubborn challenges
to manage the enormous impact of the diseases. Although the world had been able to combat
several deadly diseases since the discovery of the vaccines, such as the eradication of small pox,
anthrax. There are several diseases that are preventable by vaccines causes a social burden
including the appearance of the chronic disabilities. Despite of the several scientific advances
and the investments, introducing vaccines to the market that can be afforded by the common
people, have always been a challenge traditionally [1]. Vaccines for several novel strains of virus
have not yet developed. One such current example, is the incidence of the COVID-19 infection
caused by the novel strain of coronavirus and the scientists are struggling to develop vaccines to
stop the death toll in China.
Technologies have permeated almost all the aspects of life. Just a decade ago, using
technologies might have been considered as a luxury, but the advanced technologies are taking
medical science to a new level. Recent advancement in vaccine development like reverse
vaccinology, structural vaccinology and immunoprophylaxis possess the potential to
revolutionize the sector of vaccine development [2]. It has been stated in [3], that the new
generation vaccines does not have the immunostimulatory and the adjuvant properties. In such a
situation, the nanotechnology based formulations provide a number of benefits for the
development of the vaccines.

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Main topics
This paper will explore the role of nanotechnology on the development of vaccine
development and surveillance. It will give an account of the recent discoveries and the
advancements that have taken place in recent times with regards to the development of the
vaccines.
Discussion
Nanotechnology can be referred to as the science and engineering at a subatomic level.
Nanotechnology has found its extreme use in science fields like physics, chemistry, biology and
engineering science. The nanotechnologies have established for the use in the field of vaccines
use Nano carriers with various compositions, sizes and properties of the surface [3]. In spite of
the advancements of the conventional vaccines, enhancements are needed due to concerns about
the less immunogenicity of the toxicity, uncertainty and the demand for the multiple
administration of the vaccines. In order to overcome the mentioned challenges, the
nanotechnology has been integrated in the development of vaccines. Nanotechnology is playing
an important role in the development of Nano carrier based delivery system of the vaccines. It
tends to increase both the humoral as well as the cellular response. For the last few decades,
Nano scale size materials like liposomes, virus-like particles, polymeric and inorganic
nanoparticles and emulsions have received attentions as potential delivery carriers for the
antigens [3]. It can stabilize the vaccine antigens and acts as an adjuvants. The advantage of the
small size is that it eases the uptake by the Antigen-presenting Cells (APCs), causing effective
recognition and presentation of the antigen [3]. Most of the nanoparticles are able to stimulate
the various immune cells for boosting the immune system of the host. The chemistry of the
surface and the size of the nanoparticles play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of the

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particles [4]. This is how they enhance the expression of various genes and the inflammatory
reactions. There are different types of nanoparticles like gold nanoparticles, polymers,
liposomes, that possess the ability to induce the antibody and the cytokine responses. Apart from
the efficiency to deliver different immune simulators to various sites and the deep tissues where
the molecules of vaccines cannot reach, these nanoparticles have shown the capacity to enhance
the immunogenecity of the candidates who are receiving the vaccines. Some of the bio-
compatible nanoparticles that are used in various vaccine delivery studies are gold, carbon and
silica has been found in several vaccine delivery researches. The nanoparticles are designed in
various shapes and sizes. Some viral antigens were delivered successfully by the use of the
nanoparticles as the carriers. Use of the gold nanoparticles has been found to be causing
increasing the stability of the antigen by protecting them from degradation in the premature
period by the help of proteolytic enzymes. One such example that can be cited is the
encapsulation of the plasmid DNA which encodes mycobacterial hsp65 antigen has been found
to be causing a marked reduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [5]. The Nano-stimulators are
vaccine particles within the size (20-100 nm) vaccine particles which can improve the efficiency
of the vaccines in vivo, than the bulk structures [6]. Many of the antigens have been designed
for the delivery of the antigen and adjuvants for their delivery into the cells of the immune
system for protecting the immune response. Although antigens can be taken up by the immune
cells, insufficient adjuvant activity can result in limited immunogenicity [7]. Nanotechnology
based vaccines formulations support the usefulness of the Nano carriers in the vaccine [3].
Particles that are smaller than the 10 micrometer are taken up by the phagocytic cells like the
dendritic cells and the macrophages. This feature has been used to enhance the uptake of antigen,
which increase the efficiency of the antigen presentation The Nano carriers that has been coated

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with the immune cells targeting molecules like carbohydrates, peptides and the antibodies might
target pressed receptors for improving the efficiency of the antigen and the delivery of the
antigen towards the promotion of the specific and selective immune responses in the
prophylactic vaccines [4].
Figure 1: Nanocarriers (Schematic representation)
Source: [6]
Polymeric Nano carries are vaccine delivery which enable s a controlled release of the
antigen or the adjuvants. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLG) is one of the most commonly used
polymer Nano carrier that is used having a long history of the use of the nano-carriers [5]. This
has been used in the vaccine formulations meant for the mucosal, oral and systemic delivery of
the vaccines. Again, emulsion is another adjuvant formulation that has been studies in the
vaccine delivery system. Some of the famous vaccine adjuvants are F59. MF59 consists of
squalene oil, Span 85, and Tween 80 in a citratebuffer [5].

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Figure 2: Structure of Nano-carriers for vaccine antigen delivery. (A) Liposomes,
(B) emulsions (C) polymeric nanoparticles (D) Graphene oxide Nanosheets
Source: [7]
A Nano carrier conjugated cytokines has been found to be effective in the treatment of
some of the infectious illness. For instance, the IL-12 microspheres that are encapsulated induce
a strong positive immunity against tuberculosis. The reason for this effect is due to the creation
of the antibody titers due to the controlled sustained release of the IL-12 from the microspheres.
It has been found that the nano particles have also been found to be responsible for the activation
of the complement system. It has been mentioned in the recent studies like opsonin like particles
have been found to be absorbed in the nanoparticles as a nanoparticle enters the circulation. It
cause the production of the IgM antibody by the help of the classical pathway [6]. For enhancing
the change of the vaccine delivery, various approaches have been taken practiced for the

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conjugation of the vaccine molecules with various Nano carriers. The encapsulation of the
antigen inside the nanoparticles are quite strong due to strong interaction and the formation of
chemical bond between the Nano carrier and the target molecule [6].
It has been experimented by [8] and have designed novel Infectious bronchitis virus
vaccine by using Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle (SAPN). Infectious bronchitis virus
causes infection in the renal, respiratory and the reproductive system if poultry. The B-cell
epitopes that has been obtained from the second heptad repeat (HR2) area of the IBV proteins
has been presented repeatedly in this vaccine in their trimeric structure. Immunization was done
in three groups of chicken at age-four weeks with the prototype vaccine IBV-Flagellin-SAPN.
The chickens that has been immunized were challenged with an IBV M41 strain. As per the data
obtained Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle has shown some promising result in the
preparation of the IBV vaccine.
Researches are still going on all over the world regarding the development of vaccines for
the novel coronavirus that has been isolated causing a rising death toll in the Wuhan district of
China. Gold nanoparticles and carbon quantum dots have been proposed as standout choices for
interacting with the virus and preventing their integration in to the cells. A group of researchers
from both Germany and Science have sown that the carbon quantum dots fictionalized with the
ligands of boronic acid has been found to be interacting with the “S” protein of the coronavirus,
which inhibited the entry of the coronavirus in to the host cell [9]. It has also been found that on
adding nanoparticles in the culture medium has decreased the infection rate of virus in to the host
cells. Nanopartcles formed by nanotechnology have also found to be inhibiting the replication
step of the corona virus.

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Figure 3: Inhibition of the viral DNA replication
Source : [10]
There are other nanoparticles that have been found to be having the same inhibitory effect [12].
A group of Chinese researchers have designed a novel class of the peptide inhibitors that are
made on the basis of golden nanorods. Researchers of Shizuoka University in Japan have
developed viral like particles in the form of the nanoparticles by the use of insect cells. These
particles are very similar to that of the coronavirus particles, which lacks the viral genome, but
can enter the cells of the host to stimulate the immune system [10].
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that the use of the nanotechnologies for the prophylactic
immunization is gradually increasing, due to the fact that the scientists are able to modify the

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nanoparticles fr the vaccines. The surface structures, the encapsulated ingredients and the special
structure of the nanoparticles are responsible are the main characteristics of the nanoparticles that
guides the immune response. These nanoparticles can be controlled by the size, shapes, surface
modifications and hydrophobicity which will provide novel approaches for the researcher to
receive the immune response that is desired. The vaccines made by the nanoparticles can be
altered by the physicochemical property of the nanoparticles.
Although, there are some promising advancements in the field of nanotechnology, there
are several issues and challenges that needs to be addressed. There is a huge lack in studies on
the basis of which some strong evidences can be prepared. There is a strong requirement of the
reference databases on which some strong evidences can be built. There is a need of more
detailed methodology and techniques. There is an urgent need of the breakthroughs in this sector
as this information is required to bring a breakthrough in several other biomedical applications.

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References
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