Effective Team Working and Communication

This report explores the importance of effective team working and communication. It discusses different models of communication, including Shannon and Weaver, Schramm, and Berlo. The report also explores communication skills such as verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as the importance of active listening. Overall, it highlights the significance of communication in enhancing teamwork and collaboration.

Effective Team
Working and
Communication

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION ..............................................................................................3
2.1 Shannon and Weaver (1948) model of communication........................................................3
2.2 Schramm (1954) model of communication...........................................................................4
2.3 Berlo (1960) model of communication.................................................................................5
COMMUNICATION SKILLS........................................................................................................7
3.1 Verbal Communication.........................................................................................................7
3.2 Non Verbal communication..................................................................................................8
3.3 Listening................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Communication a phenomena which is a part of day to day lives and all the different
actives that are conducted in a day of a human being. The individuals make use of
communication and different conversational practices for exchanging information amongst each
other and for sharing their views (Gharaveis, Hamilton and Pati, 2018). It is an important concept
that is used in world for interacting and sharing ideas. Their are several barriers which occur and
hinders the messages being transferred and the motive behind them. Thus, the concept of
effective communication is important and separate form just communication. In the report below
the communication practices and concepts are elaborated. At First three models of
communication are discussed that are Shannon and Weaver (1948), Schramm (1954) and Berlo
(1960). In the first model of Shannon and Weaver a case study is used of Maria and Pedro for
elaborating the model. Moving along communication skills will be explored with their types such
as verbal and non verbal and active listening.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is defined term which uses by people for sharing and understanding the
messages of people for the purpose of getting work done effectively. There are different ways of
communication which are uses by different culture of people for transforming their ideas and
views. There are few models of communicate provided by experts that are elaborated and
examined below in the section for effective outcomes to be seen on teams and making them work
together as one units of several experts (Wong and et. al., 2016).
2.1 Shannon and Weaver (1948) model of communication
Shannon and Weaver (1948) – This is a mathematical theory of communication that
argues and states that the conversation in which human beings are engaged can be broken down
into six key elements. These concepts are sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder and
receiver. After few year another stage was added that is of receiving feedbacks from listeners
after the message is transferred. The Shannon and Weaver model is a liner model of
communication that developed a framework through which send and received messages by
sender and receivers can be analysed. This model of communication is famous for its efficiency
to explain how messages and opinions shared can be misunderstood due to mixing and
misinterpretation took place between sending and receiving the message.

This model will be explained through case study of Maria and Pedro who were working
in a nursing home taking care of patients in need for healthcare services. The supervisor calls a
meeting of all staff in the morning and tells them what they have to do for the day. She is English
and speaks very quickly to us, who are mainly foreigners and do not understand her. When she is
finished speaking, she leaves the room and a lot of confused nurses. We do not get to ask for
clarification, which could be dangerous because one of our duties is to give medication to the
patients and we need clear instructions (Gharaveis and et. al., 2018).
According to this case a clear understanding through the model is provided that is the
sender and the receivers language difference is the barrier. Along with it the noise and speed of
message being transferred was too high which hindered the delivery of the information.
Moreover, after conducting the meeting the supervisors just leave without asking for feedbacks
and any further clarification which also created the lack of team work and which was affecting
the effectiveness of communication and conversation being done in the meeting at the
workplace.
2.2 Schramm (1954) model of communication
Schramm (1954) – This model is related to communication that take a place between
sender and receiver. Sender is a person who send their messages and information where as
receiver is a person who receive the messages which are sending by sender. According to this
model, there is need to have proper communication between sender and receiver so they can
share their views and complete the assigned task. Schramm believes that individual's knowledge,
culture, background are playing important role in communication as people are from different
culture then they share information in their ways. This can help to complete the working and
sharing of information. This model has different parts such as:
Sender: The person who send messages (Gross and et. al., 2016).
Encoder: The person who turns the messages to be sent in to codes. In other words, this
providing understanding of thinking right words to say in what order messages are
communicating.
Decoder: Such person is gets encoded messages which are sent by encoder and convert it
in to understandable language.
Interpreter: This person works to understand and analyse messages. As interpreter and
receiver are same people who understand the messages.

Receiver: This is the person who get the messages.
Messages: It defined as data send by sender and informations are get by receiver.
Feedback: This is the process of acknowledging the received messages by receiver.
Illustration 1: Schramm model of communication
(Source: Schramm model of communication)
2.3 Berlo (1960) model of communication
Berlo Model of communication (1960) – This is also a communication model which
was introduced by Berlo in 1960. This model focuses on encoding and decoding that happens
before sender sends the messages and before receiver receives messages respectively. This
model is mainly involving sender, messages, channel and receiver (Cooke, 2016).
The components of this model are as defined:
Sender:
Communication skills: This is skills of a person that affects communication process. If
the sender is having good communication, coordination and understanding skills then it can
communicate properly with others.
Attitude: This behaviour of sender and receiver create effect of messages that might be
change the meaning if they have different attitude.
Knowledge: This is important that can help to increase the understanding in sending the
messages and encoding properly.
Messages:

Content: This thing is uses to sending the messages from beginning to end content.
Element: This is non verbal thing that tag along with content such as languages, signs
and gestures.
Structure: This is the way in which messages are structured and arranged which affects
messages.
Channel
This is defined as medium uses to send the messages such as telephones, internet, social
media etc. This also involves hearing, seeing, touching, tasting and smelling of messages
(Mohanty and Mohanty, 2018).
Receiver:
This is the person who receives and gets the messages as having communication,
attitudes, social system and knowledge to receiving messages in same tone in which sender
sends.

Illustration 2: Berlo model of communication, 2019
(Source: Berlo model of communication, 2019)
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
3.1 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication a tool of conducting conversations with people by using words
and sound. The verbal communication is an effective source of interaction in which through
sound and words messages are expressed in the best way possible. Verbal communication sender
gives makes a sound and gives out words which are evaluated by receiver and accordingly
feedbacks are given (Grover, Porter and Morphet, 2017). Through verbal communication sender
express their feelings to the receiver by sharing their thoughts, ideas and opinions. A speech,
discussion, presentation, debate, oral interaction and conversation are all forms of verbal

communication. Their are few barriers to it in which sometimes the speaker speaks very fast
leading to lack or clarity and understanding resulting in misunderstandings and
miscommunication. Verbal communication do not provide any evidence for future which is an
disadvantage of the method. There are two types of verbal communication which are as follows:
 Oral/Spoken communication- This is a form of verbal communication which takes
place between two or more individuals where they by way of speech or discussion
express their opinions. Oral communication is also known as spoken conversation too
which is performed either face to face or by any electronic device such as telephones,
videos and others. Oral communication takes place in formal and informal way
depending upon the relationships of the individuals and on the topic of the conversation
being conducted (Acai and et. al., 2017).
 Written communication- The next method of verbal communication is in written
manner. Written communication takes place when people or group of individuals are
talking and interacting with one another through words without sound. That is when
messages are send and receiver in written format it is known as written communication. It
is more effective as no confusion is created and thoughts, ideas and opinions are
expressed clearly. Common language plays a vital role in conducting written
communication because if the senders and receiver do share the common languages the
message send will be irrelevant to others.
3.2 Non Verbal communication
Non verbal communication is a communication skill and a tool which is also known as
manual language in common. Non verbal communication is the process of sending and receiving
messages and conducting communication by way of gestures, signs, body language, facial
expression and postures. Non verbal communication was recognized centuries ago as a critical
and most important aspect of communication. Through determination of non verbal
communication the phenomena of communication and conversation for sharing information and
opinions was enlightened. Verbal and non verbal communication processes are interdependent
and most effective when used together by the individual's (Rosen and et. al., 2018). Types of non
verbal communication are as follows:
 Facial expressions- The earlies form of non verbal communication which was conducted
and still practised by humans in offices, normal day to day lives and in personal areas is

facial expressions. The individual make several expressions for making other understand
what they are feeling. Most this form of communication channels is adopted by disabled
people who are not able to communicate with sound and words that is verbally.
3.3 Listening
Another communication skill which is must for the individuals working in an
organisation or in their general lives require to conduct effective communication and
conversations is to listen. According to principle of communications as well, listening is one of
them. Listening refers to the practice the individual have to develop as a receiver. The listening
concept related with the feedbacks and replied the sender will receive one the message is being
transferred. One have to be a good listener to conduct effective communication because if the
person is not listening then they are not able to answer properly to the message. A listener can be
an Active listener or a Empathetic Listener (Logan, 2016).
 Active Listener- Active listening is undertaken as the procedure in which and individual
tends to secure important information from various groups. It also tends to tends to pay
effective attention to the conversation and also take time to understand what the speaker
is saying. Active listening focuses on an individual as what is going in the mind.
CONCLUSION
The above report is developed upon team work and communicate which are two different
aspects but interlinked with one another summarising that communication plays a vital and most
influential role in developing coordination and cooperation in team leading it to become effective
team and work together. Communication tool is the one which is used by human beings in day to
day lives in personal and professional settings as well. In the report communication models and
their use are acknowledge in relation to team work and effectiveness of conversations. In the
same communication skills are identified too, formal and informal are two ways people
communicate with one another. In which skills required are bifurcated into verbal, non verbal
communication and active listening. These three skills and capabilities which makes an
individual effective while interacting with other in office, home and in any get together.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Acai, A and et. al., 2017. Using art for the development of teamwork and communication skills
among health professionals: a literature review. Arts & Health, 9(1), pp.60-72.
Cooke, M., 2016. TeamSTEPPS for health care risk managers: Improving teamwork and
communication. Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, 36(1), pp.35-45.
Gharaveis, A and et. al., 2018. The impact of visibility on teamwork, collaborative
communication, and security in emergency departments: An exploratory study. HERD:
Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(4), pp.37-49.
Gharaveis, A., Hamilton, D.K. and Pati, D., 2018. The impact of environmental design on
teamwork and communication in healthcare facilities: a systematic literature
review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(1), pp.119-137.
Gross, A.H and et. al., 2016. Teamwork and electronic health record implementation: a case
study of preserving effective communication and mutual trust in a changing
environment. Journal of Oncology Practice, 12(11), pp.1075-1083.
Grover, E., Porter, J.E. and Morphet, J., 2017. An exploration of emergency nurses’ perceptions,
attitudes and experience of teamwork in the emergency department. Australasian
Emergency Nursing Journal, 20(2), pp.92-97.
Logan, T.R., 2016. Influence of teamwork behaviors on workplace incivility as it applies to
nurses. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 2(1), pp.47-53.
Mohanty, A. and Mohanty, S., 2018. The impact of communication and group dynamics on
teamwork effectiveness: The case of service sector organisations. Academy of Strategic
Management Journal, 17(4), pp.1-14.
Rosen, M.A and et. al., 2018. Teamwork in healthcare: Key discoveries enabling safer, high-
quality care. American Psychologist, 73(4), p.433.
Wong, A.H.W and et. al., 2016. Making an “attitude adjustment”: using a simulation-enhanced
interprofessional education strategy to improve attitudes toward teamwork and
communication. Simulation in Healthcare, 11(2), pp.117-125.
Online:
Schramm model of communication. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.qsstudy.com/business-studies/schramms-model-communication>
Berlo model of communication. 2019. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/berlo-model-communication