Effectiveness of Government Legislation and Policies Assignment

DISSERTATION
Lung cancer in adults (30+) in United
Kingdom

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge my gratitude and sincere regards to my seniors and professors those who have
supported me in completing this dissertation. The guidance that I have received from my parents,
family members, friends will always be an inspiration for me. Initially I was very confused and
under confident because I was not having any idea about causes of lung cancer and legislation to
minimize it. But I am grateful to my professor who have given me proper guidance and have
helped in developing my knowledge. I like to thank my peer group those who were with me and
has supported me in gathering secondary information about the topic. Without their support I
would not be able to complete this study on time.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.............................................................6
Overview of research..............................................................................................................6
Rationale of study...................................................................................................................8
Significance of the study........................................................................................................9
Aim and Objectives..............................................................................................................10
Chapter structure..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
Introduction..........................................................................................................................12
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................12
Research approach................................................................................................................12
Research design....................................................................................................................13
Data collection......................................................................................................................13
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................14
Ethical consideration............................................................................................................15
Reliability and validity.........................................................................................................15
Research limitations.............................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................17
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................17
3.2 Number of lung cancer cases in adults in UK................................................................17
3.3 Factors that develop lung cancer....................................................................................18
3.4 Current legislation made by government to control over lung cancer cases..................20
3.5 Effectiveness of current legislation and policies in order to tackle lung cancer in United
Kingdom...............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................23
Results..................................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................28
Conclusion............................................................................................................................28
Recommendation..................................................................................................................30
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................33

APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................37

ABSTRACT
Health issues is the major problem in the United Kingdom, smoking has become the major
reason of increasing health problems in the population. Present study discusses effectiveness of
government legislation and policies in order to decrease lung cancer in UK. In the starting of the
study scholar gives facts and statistical records that shows increasing rate of lung cancer in the
country. In the current study scholar has described various actors that increase chances of lung
cancer in the human body. These factors are such as smoking, polluted environment, diesel, dust,
silica, radon gas etc. All these are major causes due to which number of lung cancer cases are
increasing day by day. Later on dissertation emphasised on legislation that have been made by
government to tackle such issue. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, radon act is being
described in this dissertation. Effectiveness of these regulation and polices have been illustrated
in this dissertation

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Overview of research
As per the latest figures it is shown that smoking rates in UK is continuously declining
since 2010. Earlier to that, there were many adults and young people those who addicted to this
bad habit, it was the major cause due to which lung cancer case were increasing in the UK.
Before 2010 adults smoking cases were high but in the year 2016, it was found that 15.8% adults
smoke in UK (Bhaskaran and et.al, 2014). As per the report of office for national statistics
(ONS) this rate was 17.2% in the year 2015. Current statistical records show that 15.5% adults
are in England, 18.1% in Northern Ireland, 17.7% in Scotland and 16.9% in Wales those who
smoke regularly.
Lung cancer or carcinoma is the tumour in lungs which is cause due to uncontrolled cell
growth in tissues of lung. Through metastasis process this tissue growth spread beyond lung and
affect near parts to lungs as well (Moyer, 2014). Due to this medical illness person gets suffer
from weight loss, breathing problems, chest pain etc. The main cause of lung cancer is long-term
tobacco smoking. Only 10% cases are here those who are non-smokers and suffering from this
disease otherwise maximum cases are due to excess smoking. As per the report of world health
organization 17.4% people have been diagnosed with this issue who have survived five years
after this diagnosis. Tobacco smoking, passive smoking, marijuana smoking are the main factors
which increases chances of cancer in human being (Torre, Siegel and Jemal, 2016).
Tobacco smoking has become the major reason of death across the world (World Health
Organization, 2015). Around 100 million people died every year due to excess use of tobacco
(Frazer and et.al, 2016). Over the past few year's government has made strong legislation to ban
smoking. Tobacco Smoking is considered as a leading cause of lung cancer, 90% lung cancer
risk arise due to use of cigarette. It contains chemicals materials that increase chances of cancer
in human body (Zheng and et.al, 2014). Authorities have taken huge action in order to minimize
this risk. Federal Cigarette labelling and advertising act 1965, public health cigarette smoking act
1970, Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act 2009 were made by government.
These legislations were developed with the intention to control lung cancer so that death rate in
the nation can be minimized (World Health Organization, 2015). There are many people those