Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact

Running head: Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological
adaption in healthy newborns. 1
Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns.
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
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Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 2
Table of Contents
Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption
in healthy newborns.......................................................................................................................4
1.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................4
1.3. PROJECT RELEVANCE.............................................................................................4
1.4. RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT......................................................................5
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................5
3.0. METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................6
3.1. Project aim....................................................................................................................6
3.2. Hypothesis:...................................................................................................................6
3.3. Research design............................................................................................................6
3.4. Sampling and recruitment.............................................................................................6
3.5. Data collection methods and procedures......................................................................7
3.6. Data analysis.................................................................................................................7
3.7. Merits............................................................................................................................8
3.8. Risks.............................................................................................................................8
4.0. ETHICAL ISSUES.......................................................................................................9
4.1. Risks of the research process and their management...................................................9
Risks....................................................................................................................................9
Management........................................................................................................................9

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 3
4.2. Benefits of the research process...................................................................................9
4.3. The consent processes.................................................................................................10
4.4. How is Participant privacy and confidentiality be protected?...................................10
4.5. Information storage and security for data both during and after the completion.......10
4.6. To disseminate the findings of your project................................................................10
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................11
References..........................................................................................................................13

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 4
Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns.
1.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
After birth whether through vaginal or caesarian section, a baby is dried and placed naked
on the mother’s chest and covered with a blanket and head cap for warmth so as to establish a
bond between the child and the mother. More to that, after clinical birth procedures have been
carried out, from weight measurements to pressure among other checks ups are completed, the
baby is handed to the mother for breastfeeding. Skin to skin contact is promoted in order to
improve on the baby’s cardiorespiratory stability, glucose levels and also control the babies rate
of crying. While this method isn’t as common in the Western country as it is in other countries, it
has long been existent before civilization and has been credited to promoting breastfeeding
exclusivity and the bond between mother and child. The research takes a look into the
effectiveness of the skin to skin contact (SSC) also known as the Kangaroo Mother Child (KMC)
method in breastfeeding and physiological adaptations of the newborns to the environment
(Baley, 2015).
1.3. PROJECT RELEVANCE
Overtime, there have been reports of newborn babies especially those that are
prematurely dying from lack of adaptability to the environmental factors with the highest cost
being that of death among new born babies, due to hypothermia and infections. Due to the
western countries nature of placing babies in the incubators after birth, the child mother bond has
been affected throughout the child’s progression as the baby is less sensitive to touch and feel
and also there is less identification between mother and child. According to mammalian
neuroscience, the contact between mother and child has the ability to evoke neuro sensory
behaviors that ensures that a baby is able to fully meet all basic biological needs. The period is
important in shaping the child’s future physiological state and behaviors. Therefore, it’s
important to understand the effects of breastfeeding on physiological adaptations of the child and
behaviors in healthy mother newborn dyads (Boo, 2007).

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 5
1.4. RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT
There has been need to establish ways into which child mother relationships can be
promoted in order for a baby to realize a full healthy upbringing from birth to adulthood. This
came about due to recent complications that rise from environmental influenced factors among
them temperature and lack of proper and sufficient amount of nutrition. This lead to early
postpartum hemorrhage and neo natal deaths, due to insufficient feeding among newborn babies.
If not addressed properly, the conditions have and will lead to syndrome and unhealthy states for
the baby from malnutrition, metal slowness with ultimate deadly results due to infection and
hypothermia. The research establishes ethical manners or ways into which such factors can be
analyzed and addressed among babies using methods that have long existed over time and seek
lasting measures in handling the child physiological behaviors (Hake-Brooks, 2008).
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
Its uncommon to find the skin to skin contact (SSC) routine being practiced on fully
developed babies especially after caesarian section births. This is due to the fact that the baby is
put under risk of developing hypothermia. The main focus of the project is to analyze if the SSC
provided during breastfeeding is able to contribute positively towards newborns while in the
hospital. It’s important to maintain a baby’s temperature after birth as a baby is yet to adapt to
developing body warmth on their own, as they lack the shivering mechanism. This causes a rapid
decrease in temperature for babies. This is why a baby is put in a warmer after birth and thus
separated from the mother so as to keep the baby’s temperature at optimum levels. In order to
promote bond between mother and child and also to regulate the baby’s temperature, the nurse
applies the SSC method. The baby’s skin to skin contact to the mother especially touching of
breasts while feeding increases the secretion of oxytocin which increases the breast milk yield
and also increases temperature around the breast area. Feeding the milk to the baby is able to
activate the baby’s sensory nerves, the baby becomes more comfortable around the mother and
the sympathetic nerves reduce, causing dilation of skin vessels that results in increase of the
baby’s temperature (Hake-Brooks, 2008).
The SSC is well common among natural deliveries but not to the caesarian section
deliveries as the baby is at a risk of contracting hypothermia due to the low temperatures that are
usually in the operating room, spread of the mother’s body heat to the environment and low

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 6
temperatures experienced in operating rooms. With recent increase in caesarian section, the need
to understand the physiological effects of SSC with both pre-term and full-term newborn babies
has been established. SSC has for long been the key terms of friendliness between mother and
child after and during breastfeeding sections. Most people in America have been seen to shorten
breastfeeding moments while in the hospital opting for the baby being laid under a warmer,
which leads to lose of contact between the mother and child and affects the growth of a baby
(Gathwala, 2008).
3.0. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Project aim.
The project seeks to find methodologies used in researching on the effectiveness of the
SSC method in promoting newborn baby’s health and growth so as to create awareness on need
of more mothers using the method as well by proving its effectiveness in breastfeeding and
influencing of physiological behaviors.
3.2. Hypothesis:
The research will confirm the necessity to promote skin to skin contact between mother
and child so as to improve the child’s physiological behaviors and shape his or her future
adaptability capability.
3.3. Research design
A study is to be conducted around a group of 6 women who are due to give birth in the
same period of time by caesarian section and normal vaginal deliveries at 38-42 weeks
gestational period, and between the age of 18-40. This means that cases of sever bleeding uterine
inertia, gestational diabetes, hypertension and heart illnesses amongst others are not to be
considered as optimum conditions of deliveries are set for accurate results. Infant babies
suffering from high risk illnesses and abnormalities like syndromes are to excluded as well as
they affect the results of the works.
3.4. Sampling and recruitment
Mothers were passed through a questionnaire series to determine their age, height,
weight, head and chest circumference as well as women with past pregnancy complications like

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 7
miscarriages. Their temperatures and that of the baby was recorded and a breastfeeding
assessment tool set as sub-scales for sucking rooting, readiness and latching. Successful
candidates’ information was registered and analyzed. Mothers had their temperatures recorded
before and during the birth and that of the baby was recorded after cutting of the umbilical cord.
After the babies were taken to the nursey, their temperatures were taken and recorded as well.
The babies would later be delivered to their mothers in suitable warm clothing and while
breastfeeding their temperature was recorded. The process was repeated for delivery of the
babies back to their cribs and temperatures taken in between 30 minutes period. The IBAT
(Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool) was used in the assessment process. All variables kept
constant, the results showed no major differences between SSSC during natural and delivery via
caesarian. At the same time, there wasn’t much of a big difference between the SSC method and
keeping a baby in a warmer.
3.5. Data collection methods and procedures
In the case study where, newborn babies were placed into incubators after early
deliveries, there was a note that the babies were healthy as their mothers were. The babies were
put under the SSC group and others were put under the conventional method care (CMC). The
weight of the babies was recorded during breastfeeding while keeping some factors constant.
This would include the babies gestational age to 28 weeks, newborns breastfed or provided
nutrition in alternative manners, new born who received vasodilator, newborn with stage 3 and 4
intra ventricular hemorrhage. The babies’ details were recorded during period of stay in hospital.
The SSC was provided for every 30 minutes between intervals (Heidarzadeh, 2013).
3.6. Data analysis.
The study results showed that the mothers practicing skin to skin contact or the kangaroo
mother child had exclusive breastfeeding by time of discharge. Conventional care babies and
babies breastfeeding using the SSC tool showed no significant change in terms of physical
changes. However, there was an increase in sucking rates due to good and moderate method,
Kangaroo mother child method (KMC). The method otherwise known as SSC is an effective
method in breastfeeding due to the increase of milk during feeding. It offers a safer, effective,
and feasible method of care for children. For this purpose, the method best serves newly born
undeveloped babies who lack an incubator and also are separated from their mothers after birth.

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 8
SSC feeding offers exclusive feeding to the baby. Its safety option lies within the positioning of
the bay while feeding. Nutrition on the other hand depends of the mother’s dietary needs and the
ability to meet the needs on time. This makes the medication phase more bearable for the little
one as her or his health improves. SSC regulates an in-infant’s heart beat and also leads to breast
milk provocation. Nutrition from the breast milk improves a baby’s immune system to the
surrounding environment. If a baby is sick, then the process is delayed to allow the baby to get
better from medication. Then the process is incorporated within the routine for a few hours
(Kirsten, 2001).
3.7. Merits.
 The process is more cost-effective.
 The process is advantageous for both mother and child as it improves their
bonding time.
 The baby is able to digest milk that is full of all expected benefits for humans.
 It decreases a baby’s crying rate and frequency.
 Food is able to be quickly absorbed by the baby when calm due to the SSC.
 The SSC is able to stabilize a baby much faster than an incubator can.
 SSC improves a baby’s sensory nerves to touch and feel through feeling the
mother’s heart beat and also touch.
 A baby’s visual is also able to improve from constant look at the mother during
breastfeed as well as smell by identifying the mother’s odor (Hake-Brooks, 2008).
3.8. Risks
 Continuous SSC promotes spread of maternal flora from mother to child.
 This includes condition like respiratory viruses and tuberculosis (TB). However,
some diseases spread on their own due to proximity between different patients
while others like pneumonia are influenced by the environment.
 Its also important to ensure that the mother isn’t infected from the outside or
inside her body before the start of SSC method to reduce risk.
 The baby also needs to be positioned properly in the right direction with support
of a nurse as wrong positioning can lead to death (Lamy, 2008).

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
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4.0. ETHICAL ISSUES.
The national statement on ethical conduct in human research that was set in 2007 allows
for human research only under guidelines and principles for ethical conduct research involving
human participants. The guidelines for ethical conduct in aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Health Research provides guidance to the researchers and Human Research Ethics Committee
(HRECs) on necessary but complex considerations in researches. HREC seeks to provide
support to researchers in understanding and also complying with National Statements, ethics and
values of a responsible research. Thus, it enables researches to be funded by the government.
4.1. Risks of the research process and their management.
Risks.
There can be high risk values in the vent that the mothers due to deliver don’t attend the
study due to personal reasons or complications in the delivery process. For one, a mother may
opt out of the study for fear of exposure and thus causing the whole research program to be
affected. Secondly, the delivery may develop complications that aren’t accounted or considered
for in the research affecting the entire project.
Management.
The pull out of volunteers due to exposure can be covered by having back-up volunteers
who are ready at the same time as the previous candidates and thus meaning information of the
volunteers had to be prerecorded beforehand. At the same time, should complications arise
during delivery, they should be recorded and sighted for unavailability of some data. This keeps
the research on course (Heidarzadeh, 2013).
4.2. Benefits of the research process
The research enables future health institutions and other researchers to adapt to the new
method of involving SSC method in the baby feeding process. Similarly, it contributes more
reference information to similar research into the SSC or KMC method. This provides more
awareness and trust in the process when it proves the hypothesis true.

Effectiveness of the skin to skin contact on breastfeeding, and physiological adaption in healthy
newborns. 10
4.3. The consent processes
The research is acceptable if the rights to confidentiality dictated in the ethical guidelines
for volunteers are adhered to. At the same time, the research is also accepted when true record of
information is kept and all procedures followed are detailed according the assessment tool
provided for the SSC method. More to that, all measures, assumptions and contingency measures
taken for rising issues need to be recorded to provide more ground to authenticity of the research
project and thus make it adaptable for future researches and viable for funding from the
institution of research and more so the government funds (Ludington-Hoe, 2009).
4.4. How is Participant privacy and confidentiality be protected?
A legal and binding confidentiality agreement between the research team and the
volunteers is established and signed upon between both parties. The research team also ensures
that all involved parties also sign a confidentiality agreement to protect the institution and
volunteers from exposure.
4.5. Information storage and security for data both during and after the completion.
Extra information is stored in blindfolders to ensure that no information is lost from scrap
work to the final assembled reports which include questionnaires and data sheets taken during
the project. A back up is established in terms of soft data stored in the computer hard disk to
portable storage devices like flash diskettes. Similarly, an online backup that is password
protected and encrypted is required as one can never be too safe (The Univeristy of Melbourne,
2017).
4.6. To disseminate the findings of your project.
Recording the project work in subtitles and titles enables the work to be easily
disseminatable. Also, storing the information by order of date and issue attended or addressed
makes the dissemination process more easier and enables accessibility.

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