Effective Literacy Strategies for ELLs

This assignment delves into the crucial topic of effective literacy instruction for English Language Learners (ELLs). It examines various research-based strategies, pedagogical approaches, and best practices designed to support ELLs in developing strong reading and writing skills. The focus is on understanding the unique challenges faced by ELLs and implementing tailored interventions that promote their academic success.

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 1
THE EFFECTS OF MARZANO’S INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES AND VOCABULARY
PROCESS ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS' PERFORMANCE IN TEACHING
READING AND VOCABULARY AND THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS THEM
Student’s Name
Course
University
Date

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 2
Introduction
The aim of this study is to identify the effects, both negative and positive, of Marzano’s
vocabulary instructional strategies and methods on vocabulary process for students who are
learning English as a second language. It is also concerned with language teacher’s performance
in teaching, reading and vocabulary and the attitudes involved when performing the tasks
(Wong, 2012).
The following are examples of steps in Marzano’s method: provision and availing description,
vivid explanation or example of a new vocabulary, requesting students to restate the given
description, explanation and description and giving examples in their own words, requesting
learners to construct a picture, symbol or graphic depicting the term, regular engagement of
learners in activities that assist them in improving their vocabulary and knowledge and ideas on
the terms they learn from their classroom activities and notebook, periodical and consistently
asking students to discuss the new learnt vocabulary with fellow classmates and finally engaging
learners in games that assist them play with terms they learn in class (Robert, 2011).
The study is important as it concentrates on how to maximize each and every student learning
and discourage ill motives towards learning achievements among students and learners of
distinct groups. However, achievement disparities do exist mostly in the vocabulary reading,
comprehending and general language learning. In addition improving literacy rates among
learners highly involves teaching learners a rich academic and language vocabulary and terms
which in turn increases the student’s comprehension skills and application of words (Ruby,
2014). In relation to Marzano’s teaching model, the advantage and importance of positive
academic and language background knowledge not forgetting the reality that vocabulary

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 3
awareness is a basic attribute towards it. One of the greatest important services that educators can
avail specifically for learners who are from a poorly disadvantaged upbringing is a gradual and
systematic instruction in the desired language and academic vocabulary (Robert, 2013).
This study and research utilizes Marzano’s strategies and keenly analyses their exact
effectiveness on English teacher’s performance in teaching reading and vocabulary development.
There are particular learner responses that depict an instructional strategy is being effectively
implemented. It is advisable that prior to implementing or trying strategies among students, it is
necessary for the teacher to be aware of the types of learners behavior that shows that the
strategy is yielding the required effects (Frasser, 2016). The general behavior that an educator
might look for includes the learner’s complete personal assessments as allocated and Learners
can illustrate the relationship between particular assessment and learning objects.
Strategies describe particular actions that educators can take to enact ideas in the learning
environment. Strategies can either be utilized individually or in combination to another. Each
strategy must include a vivid description, list of what the teacher should perform, a combination
of learners responses and suggestions for implementing the strategy to extra support. Extra effort
demands teachers to take steps to facilitate implementation of the strategy effectively for all
learners. Teachers who are responsible for undertaking a similar task and service to learners may
decide to come up with common assessment criteria to seek feedback from students on specific
topics (Brandon, 2015)
Marzano’s dimensions of thinking
Critical and creative thinking-Critical thinking majorly involves seeking reasons behind various
ideas and the precision behind it. It also demands the art of being open-minded whereas creative

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 4
thinking relates to coming up with new combinations of ideas with an aim of satisfying a want
(Thomas, 2014)
Thinking processes. It involves coming up with concepts and principles relating to the ideas of
discussion and comprehending the formed concepts and principles. After comprehending, we
proceed to the problem-solving technique where a solution to the specific challenge is formed
and a decision is formed upon a future occurrence of a similar problem. A continuous and
consistent research is done to improve the efficiency of solving the problem (Wilson, 2015).
Core thinking skills-It includes minor skills such as analyzing, classification, evaluation,
comparison, assessment, identification, questions formulation and verifications among others
(Marilee, 2014).
Connecting thinking to content knowledge- It involves the overall application of the above four
dimensions to the original course of study and curricula (Harry, 2014).
Theoretical framework
Marzano’s model is a highly recognized research which has availed a model for teaching
effectiveness. It elaborates strategies and avails to teachers and administrators ideas and methods
to assist teachers to become more effective.
Bruner’s Theory
Direction comprises of driving the student through a succession of explanations and
repetitions of an issue or collection of information that expansion the student's capacity to get a
handle on, change, and exchange what he is realizing. To put it plainly, the succession in which a
student experiences materials inside a space of learning influences the trouble he will have in

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 5
accomplishing dominance. On the off chance that beyond any doubt the typical course of
scholarly advancement moves from idle through notable to the emblematic portrayal of the
world, it is likely that an ideal grouping will advance a similar way.
Ideal successions: can't be indicated freely of the rule regarding which last learning is to
be judged. An arrangement of such criteria will incorporate in any event the accompanying:
speed of learning; protection from overlooking; transferability of what has been figured out how
to new examples; type of portrayal as far as which what has been realized as far as intellectual
strain forced; compelling energy of what has been realized regarding its generativeness of new
speculations and mixes.
The direction is a temporary express that has as its protest made the student of issue
solver independent. The mentor must right the student in a manner that in the end makes it
workable for the student to assume control over the remedial capacity himself. Generally, the
consequence of direction is to make a type of authority that is dependent upon the ceaseless
nearness of the educator.
Marzano’s model also includes use of games and simulations in motivating student’s
interests. It promotes physical activity of students in improving their understanding in class.
Regular practice of academic-related vocabulary always helps students in expanding their
learning. Use of technology instructions may also assist students to compare information to
physical lives and form connections and relations to the previous learning. Coming up with rules,
procedures and regulations at the start of an academic year help in creating a conducive
classroom environment that encourages learning. Enabling effective and appropriate friendly
relationship with students may also form a key to effective teaching. Communicating high

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 6
expectations helps in making sure majority of the students participates hence encouraging
learning in the classroom. A teacher who relates their lessons to the real happenings of the real
world promotes the effectiveness of the lesson (Robert, 2014).
Positive attitude towards learning
Presence of attitudes and perceptions among students facilitates efficient learning. There exist
two natures of attitudes and perceptions that influence learning. The two categories majorly
influence the learning climate and classroom tasks. Efficient learning involves reinforcement of
this attitudes and perceptions by teachers continuously and consistently during the learning
period. Teachers should equip themselves with techniques and strategies for implementing these
attitudes and perceptions to yield a transparent and positive outcome among students and they
are part of it (Thomas, 2013).
Perceptions and attitude about learning climate highly entail terms and factors external to the
learner for example, quality, and quantity of available learning resources and the physical
environment of learning rooms. Learning climates either form positive mental learning attitude
or unconducive mental learning perception. Student’s comfortability and order also performs a
major role in building students classroom confidence and composure (Katie, 2014).
Teachers always use specific classroom techniques to achieve classroom task beliefs. Learners
must ensure that tasks that they are required to perform have value, they have a clear
understanding of the tasks they are required to perform and finally, they are in a position to
access the necessary resources to achieve the success of the same tasks (Addison, 2014).
Acquiring and integrating knowledge in English acquisition

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 7
There are two distinct of knowledge which includes declarative knowledge and procedural
knowledge. Declarative knowledge entails what students or learners are aware of or understand
in relation to topic of discussion e.g. punctuation rules, what is a denominator and so on while
procedural knowledge is the capability of learners and their efficiency in doing it e.g.
multiplication and addition of numbers and fractions, arranging a text in paragraphs and so on
(Thomas, 2014). Most tasks for learners frequently involves both types of knowledge
concurrently when solving problems making it more important for learners to equip themselves
with both pieces of knowledge (Isabel, 2014).
Refinement of knowledge and extension
Use of knowledge in investigation and experimental inquiry
The experimental inquiry is a special type of problem-solving that is controlled by rules and
regulations of processes and proves. It is also a criterion for coming up and testing hypotheses
with an aim of understanding physical or psychological ideas. The Scientific method is the most
well-known type of experimental inquiry. It is majorly away answering questions about nature
and it entails the following six steps;
i. identifying a question or a problem
ii. inquire and collect information related to the problem or question
iii. generate a hypothesis that elaborates the problem
iv. Conduct an experiment and gather more information to test the validity of the hypothesis.
v. Get rid of or adjust the hypothesis to fit with the outcome of the experiment.
vi. Generate, support or cast a doubt on a scientific theory if the hypothesis is found to be
true or false (Robert, 2014)

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 8
A learner may hypothesize those students who start schooling later in the day achieve better
results compared to those who begin early. She/he can conduct a research and gather related
evidence of which learners begin school early, which ones commence school late, and what their
outcome is. These forms facts and no one should disagree with the outcome and her/his findings
(James, 2015).
Productive habits of minds
Teachers educate and reinforce productive habits of mind through modeling self-regulated,
critical and creative nature of thinking. The following improves and results to productive habits
of mind;
i. The primacy of self-discovery: Learning is well achieved with emotions, challenge, and
relevant support. Learners discover their abilities, values, responsibility, and passions, in
occasions that deliver adventure. A teacher’s primary role and the task are to assist and
make sure students overcome their fears and realize they can pass they think they can
(Robert, 2014).
ii. The responsibility of learning; Learning is a personal procedure of discovery and social
activity. Al individuals learn through groups or individually. Every aspect of learning
should encourage learners and adults to adopt increasingly the art of being their own
personal and collective learning habits (John, 2015).
iii. Possession of wonderful ideas; Teaching in the modern world focuses on curiosity about
the world through forming situations which provide an idea necessary to think about,
time to experiment and the time to generate sense and reason of what is observed (Eric,
2014)

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 9
iv. Empathy and caring; Learning is best achieved in an environment where both teachers
and learners’ ideas and trust are respected by all concerned parties. This ensures
emotional safety (Robert, 2012).
v. Success and failure; Success frequently build on student’s confidence and courage to take
a risk and attain difficult challenges. It again important for students and teachers to learn
from their failures (Donna, 2012).
Instructional strategies and second language pedagogical theories
It is mainly concerned with three main distinct topics and their role in promoting learning;
Integrated instruction- It involves two types i.e. integration of content and language and
integrated curriculum. Integration of content and language aims at teaching language and school
subject taught in that language while integrated curriculum integrates all areas of development in
all physical, emotional, social and cognitive fields (Kadhir, 2014).
Developmentally appropriate practice- It is majorly an educational practice that entails a
difference in age, the growth patterns of individuals and cultural alignments (Larry, 2014).
Assessment-This method must reflect the ideologies on which an academic background for the
syllabus is based (David, 2013).
Vocabulary theories and Reading comprehension
There are five strategies that influence learner’s ability to comprehend text which include
Clarification of what is significant, explain to learners various edition structures, assist students
to identify layers, encourage explicit representations, evaluate essential terms and finally make
sense of the text

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 10
Effectiveness of teachers’ performance in different subjects
A highly effective teacher always has an inspiring impact on the daily educational life of a
learner and dream career. Spoken capability, knowledge on content, academic knowledge,
accreditation status, awareness on how to apply various teaching strategies skillfully and interest
on the subject symbolizes a more successful teacher (Robert, 2016).
The following are some of the abilities of an effective teacher:
i. Have been on teaching field for a minimum of three years
ii. Is equipped with an official teacher preparation training session
iii. In possession of certification and is recognized within the teaching field
iv. Should be caring, fair and respectful to all learning stakeholders
v. Hold high moral possession and expectations for themselves, students and entire
education fraternity
vi. Allocate extra time on instructional preparation and consideration
vii. Major on instructional time through classroom administration and organization
viii. Encourages instruction by differentiating strategies, accomplishments, and tasks
ix. Avail content to students in a clear manner that triggers understanding.
x. Supervises students learning criteria by making sure application of pre and post
assessments, providing timely educational feedback and re-teaching material to learners
who did not understand various concepts
xi. Explain effectiveness in consideration of divergent student capabilities in their learning
environments not considering specific academic capability of individual student

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 11
Instructional strategies when implemented perfectly can result in a positive gain in achieving
student understanding of concepts such as identification of similarities and differences, note
taking and summarization of concepts and effort reinforcement. As teaching will always remain
an art, teachers should always apply scientific aspects of it to trigger easy understanding among
students (Areas, 2014).
To promote teacher effectiveness, teachers need feedback not strictly on act teaching but also on
the outcome of teaching. The timely feedback is vital for quality improvements. Educators are
always responsible for student learning but the field, in general, has maintained their lack of
support through assessments. The solution, however, is to develop fair and reasonable ways of
conducting teachers assessment on service delivery (Donna, 2015).
English teacher’s performance in teaching reading comprehension and vocabulary
Vocabulary knowledge is the most important factor resulting in reading and understanding a
comprehension. In addition, many research-based strategies and instructional procedures are
availed to increase the vocabulary development of students with learning difficulties
categorically in reading a comprehension (Vckii, 2013).
Vocabulary development
It is a technique of obtaining new word to apply in the daily life and more categorically, the
common ground on learning a new language. It assists learners to learn the meaning of different
words and terminologies and concepts in various contexts and across academic fields. It also
assists students to understand the meaning of words and how they are used independently. It is
important for both spoken and non-verbal vocabulary development for learners to increase their
understanding capabilities of complicated and complex texts (Nancy, 2013).

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 12
There always exists a strong correlation between vocabulary knowledge and reading
comprehension. Learners need to understand the meaning of all words in an extract so as to be
able to comprehend the message in the text. Vocabulary knowledge and background knowledge
will often assist students to understand whatever they read. Students who don’t read frequently
will possess poor reading skills and disabilities compared to their peers who read frequently
(Jim, 2015)
Importance of vocabulary instruction
They include the following:
It helps students in activating and building background knowledge to contemplate texts and
possessing vocabulary knowledge also increases reading comprehension and fluency during
reading (Hererra, 2015). It also increases and improves writing skills and speed. Vocabulary
instruction also creates knowledge of other more words meaning through known roots and
prefixes (Jim, 2014). Subject areas such as mathematics, science, geography, and language arts
always require content specific vocabularies, I.e in geography, a learner must be aware of
vocabulary such as longitudes and latitudes, maps and topography to grasp a full understanding
of the text (Robert, 2015).
The following steps should be considered by educators in teaching new vocabulary:
It is a necessity for teachers to make sure that their students:
 Listen to their teacher fluently give a student-friendly definition of a word and sees the
teacher uses the vocabulary

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 13
 Take advantage of using the new vocabulary while the teacher is there to help with the
complicated parts and is maintaining contact with the students in the classroom to make
sure the words are used correctly and avail corrective feedback
 Are provided with opportunities to explain and refine meaning and how to use words in
the company of peers i.e. students teaching other students how to correctly use a
vocabulary or oral language.
 Regular practice of usage of a term in independent reading, writing, discussions, and
assessment.
The vocabulary teaching steps can be summarized into; explain, restate, show, discuss, refine
and reflect, apply in learning games (Felder, 2015).
Teachers should discourage learners from looking up a word in the dictionary as it is not useful
in teaching new vocabulary but rather avail student friendly description, clarification, or example
of a new term, and restate. Then request the students to construct pictures, symbols or drawings
representing the word. Finally, engage them in activities that periodically assist them to add to
their knowledge of vocabulary through identifying synonym and antonyms (Linda, 2014)
.
Effectiveness of training teachers on how to employ Marzano's Research-Based
instructional strategies on their performance of teaching reading comprehension and
vocabulary
English language learners are the large and fast-growing population in the entire world and
physical education is supportive as it has features to facilitate education for new English
language learners. These features include physical interaction with the English language, the use

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 14
various and different multiple mediums to present information and ideas, utilization of
opportunities to elaborate language comprehension via physical expression and easy to
understand methods, a less distractive learning environment for language performance and a
wide and large intensity of interactions and involvement in group learning with other students.
Specially designed academic instruction in English
These include the following:
i. Metacognitive development: This entails providing learners with skills and vocabulary
relating to their learning. It includes; self-examinations, taking notes, techniques for
studying and assignments on vocabulary and terminologies (Kelly, 2014).
ii. Bridging: It involves reducing the gap between learner’s prior knowledge and the
material, i.e. quick writes (Douglas, 2014).
iii. Contextualization: This is the art of awareness of unknown concepts through direct and
physical experience. Examples include demonstrations and illustrations, media,
repetitions and manipulative (Sam, 2014).
iv. Text performance: This relates to inviting students to adjust understanding of the text and
use them in another new form. Examples include, games, videos, and learner created
drawings.
v. Molding: It is the art of speaking slowly, softly and clearly. Molding the language you
intend learners to use and not forgetting provision of samples of work (McKeown, 2013).

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 15
vi. Schema formation Involves assisting learners to actualize interrelation between concepts.
Examples include, compare and contrast of ideas, peer and group teaching, jigsaw
learning and projects (Gail, 2013).
vii. According to literature, it is adamant that supporting learners use original language assist
them to comprehend and easily learn English. It facilitates faster growth of brain in areas
related to language, attention, and memory (John, 2011)
General strategy
i. Get informed of your English language learners and their capability in English. This can
be obtained from social workers, guidance counselor or school administration.
ii. Set high expectations for all students or learners.
iii. Promote multicultural education throughout the entire curriculum as opposed to holidays.
iv. Conduct frequent assessments and utilize the background knowledge of learners and use
already learned students as helpers (Rosemary, 2015).
v. Always learn to pronounce names of students correctly to help develop a relationship, in
situations you are in a doubt, ask in private if necessary.
vi. Implement use technology such as class and school websites, videos and blogs
vii. Always avoid testing completely in English as this may make students not be able to
exercise their learning in a second language.
viii. Frequently utilize classroom timetable and routine and play music and videos if necessary

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 16
ix. Apply structured note-taking formats such as teaching and viewing comprehension
strategies (Robert, 2011).
Instructional strategies
i. Avoid longer sentences and taking your speech slow, avail tenses of words, synonyms,
examples, symbols, and gestures.
ii. Always prevent expressions, slung and sayings used geographical destinations, for
example, united states
iii. Implement use as many mediums to portray and convey information. Examples include,
written, verbal, videos and drawings.
iv. Use metaphors and imagery for cues (Miller, 2015).
Environmental strategies
i. Adopt use of visual displays, easy to carry billboards and posters during instructions give.
ii. Create displays of high transmitted words for a specific unit arranged alphabetically
(Robert, 2012).
Teachers' Attitudes towards Teaching English Language and English language training
program
The term attitude logically refers to an activity subjective to mental preparation to perform a
specific action. It identifies what an individual will hear, see or think. Generally, teachers should
possess a good and positive attitude towards learning process so as to build on student’s
confidence and composure. Attitude can both produce negative and positive aspects depending
on the attitude depicted by the teacher or English learner (Richard, 2016).

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 17
Whatever words that come out from a teachers mouth plays a major role in the learning process
than the ideas the might be teaching. In addition, it might also have crucial impacts on the
learner’s feelings towards learning English as a language and the rate at which he or she learns
the language (Millie, 2013). At times teachers find themselves doing or speaking about issues
that destroy learner’s progress in learning without knowing. Examples include:
i. Separating a English language student in a separate room to silently work on a
comprehension for hours or assigning the student work that is highly below his or her
level with an aim that the student will be kept busy since she or he can’t do the work that
the rest of the class might be doing (David, 2015).
ii. Positive strategy; make attempts of ensuring the student feels she or he is part of the class
by allocating her or him a similar assignment that the rest of the class are doing (Frank,
2011).
iii. Shouting at a student when you feel she or he might be dozing off or losing the attention
of the class by not responding immediately (Smith, 2011).
iv. Positive response; make the English student get seated next to you so that you can gently
tap his arm or shoulder to attain his or her attention.
v. Jokingly saying demeaning and or inappropriate statements in presence of English
students, for example, telling other teachers that the student cannot perform a simple task
or understand a concept.

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 18
vi. Positive response; to avoid the tendency of problems and challenges arising and to raise
the self-esteem of a student to allocate students tasks that can make them feel important
and show them that they can do something (Arthur, 2012).
vii. Intentionally failing to call on or excluding the English language student in class sessions.
viii. Positive response; every student in the class should be involved in class sessions and
discussions regardless of skills in the language (Weller, 2013).
ix. Actions of an educator or teacher do not only assist the English learner but also
encourages the other students present in the class to be informed how to pass information
with fellow English language students hence improving the relationship between the
students and making strong the feeling of group and joint learning. In addition, it will
eventually transform the classroom into a jovial and productive learning environment for
learners (Nashion, 2013).
Research approach and methodologies
An approach is regarded as a theory describing language learning. It can also be regarded as a
viewpoint of how people generally learn in an educational environment. It can be
psychologically focused, for example, behaviorism and cognates (Pauline, 2013). Some are also
based on idealism and realism. Most approaches are complicated and hard to define since they
are broad in scope. An example of an approach that results in a method would likely be an idea
of scholasticism in the field of psychology. Each of these ideas encourages the development of
the mind in a manner of a muscle (Robert, 2015).

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 19
Brain training enables a learner capable of doing several things. A method is an application of
an approach in the idea of language learning. Grammar translation is a relevant example of a
method. This method implements the memorization of different grammar rules and the
translation of a second language article to the learner’s original language. Students become
aware of the language through continuous criteria of obtaining the rules of the language. This
idea not to criticize the method but to elaborate how it was generated from the approach that
mind requires being consistently trained through intellectual exercises to be able to achieve a
task (Norbert, 2014).
Where else, procedures are steps by step regulations to perform a method. These step by step
regulations in language learning include students remembers grammar rules, learners mistakes
are corrected by provision of correct answers, the class reads an article provided in the second
language, learners translate the text from the second language to their original language and
Grammar rules are provided to the learner from which they apply it to new vocabulary (Michael,
2014)
Conclusion
The teaching of a language entails approaches that result to methods; methods are further broken
down into procedures, and procedures that include collections of techniques. Educators should
understand how these concepts and ideas correlate and can assist to know the logic behind the
choices on why and how they decide to teach. In addition, teachers should adopt positive
teaching attitudes regularly during provision of their teaching service to learner’s specifically
new language students since it assists students to build on self-confidence and self-esteem.
Teachers must also conduct a regular assessment to students to check on their understanding

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 20
about ideas, new vocabulary in relation to what has been learned in classrooms and motivate
group learning and practice at the individual level. Students must also observe and always adhere
to language learning rules and regulations so as to facilitate and make it easy to learn a language
efficiently. Stakeholders in language learning should also facilitate the learning process by
enabling favorable learning environment and availing adequate resources that encourage learning
of a language.

Marzano’s Instructional Strategies 21
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