Effects of Globalization

This article discusses the effects of globalization on regions and places. It explores how globalization structures and flows are embraced, subverted, exploited, and resisted. The article also examines the restructuring of communities and locations due to globalization. It provides insights into the impacts of globalization on different aspects of society.

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The Name of the Class (Course)
Professor (Tutor)
The Name of the School (University)
The City and State where it is located
The Date

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INTRODUCTION
Over the last decades, globalization has been a phenomenon that is widely discussed in
various contexts. Globalization can be defined as the interconnectedness between nations and
people through the exchange of processes within political, economic, and cultural set-ups. Many
researchers view the latter in diverse perspectives like capital combinations, preference of
consumers, goods, ideas, information which all have a growing impact on international and local
economies Halle et al. (2016, pg.94). The process involves integration and interactions between
people, governments, and companies. Trade (freight) networks are often viewed as spoke and
hub interconnected structures along the globe’s economy main poles. The flows occur to offer
the satisfaction of materials demands that range from raw materials to the finished products and
the standard outputs between the two major processes hence rendered an asymmetrical flow.
The asymmetry nature gives a reflection of the imbalances in trade and the linear supply
chain organization that is upstream to downstream. Infrastructures often enhance the trade flows
in ports that support maritime shipping hence acting as the primary gateway for the business.
High-value trade makes use of airports for transportations (Reader 2017, pg.84)
Migration accounts for the regular flow of globalization where individuals move from
one place to another with the aim of adventure. Transports by air act as the dominant method that
supports this flow hence showing how globalization is embraced in the current world. The flights
can help to ferry of a large number of individuals while converging around airports that are
major in different places. Telecommunication serves as the extensive and complex information
flow utilized in communication processes. Advancements such as online orders and education
categorized as power and symbolic exchanges respectively also mark the use of information that
expresses how globalization has been perceived Reader (2017, pg.84). The flows in the case of

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information can either take physical like parcels or non-physical forms depending on the global
cities’ networks.
Analysis of the effect of globalization structure and flows
The fact that no state is self-sufficient in the globe's economy makes it possible for
interactions to be undertaken among nations and its citizens hence the evident growth of the
present-day world. This is associated with particular flows of people, goods, and information
often embraced, exploited, resisted, or subverted in various ways as the researcher clearly states
in his book. A scenario where globalization flows has been adopted is where every state
participates in different trade levels to sale what they produce and to obtain whatever they do not
provide aside from enhancing efficient production in other sectors of the economy to compete
with its partners in the trade (Halle et al. 2016, pg.94).
Significant changes are evident when comparisons between ancient and modern trade are
made. Areas such as the Silk Road can fully testify the consistent growth of a business when
related to 600years ago hence marking some of the regions that have reconstructed from
globalization. Recently, the area acts as an active region in the economic evolutions of regions
and nations (Reader 2017, pg.84).
Trade as a globalization flow can be considered as a necessity or a convenience. The
conventional theory of economy supports business as a convenience in the case where it
promotes the efficiency of the economy through the provision of broad categories of goods
mostly at costs that are lower due to specialization, related merits and savings of market scales.
Trade is a necessity when it facilitates obtaining of products that could otherwise lack in the
economy of the nation such as minerals, energy, and food. However, trade benefits can be at risk

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of contention with theoretical trade foundations internationally to give rationale explanations
hence subversion of globalization flow (Halle et al. 2016, pg.94).
The various globalization flow systems regarding trade exhibit distinct phenomenon from
which the text in the book could be critically analyzed. Mercantilism involves imposing a
positive balance of trade that is more exports that outdo the imports value on other states to allow
for wealth accumulation mostly during the colonial period. The existence of charter
organizations which received trade monopolies in the system represented the free trade antithesis
as relations of trade were controlled and directed to suit one partner over the other Hayashi
(2017, pg.120-200). This system led to foundation establishment for the global trade
frameworks.
Neomercantilism accounts for a modern system of trade that shows how flows of
globalization are exploited to meet the desired goals of development. In this system, a positive
balance of trade is established where strategies are implemented basing o exports such as the
subsidy and incentive system. Example regions that have restructured to suit this involve the
zone of free trade that often confers more benefits to production factors. Some governments also
utilize the technique in trying to resist the disruptive and competitive outcomes associated with
free trade, mostly when the partners have implemented the strategies of the system. At the same
time, the system can be subject to disputations based on its policy as the outcomes are often non-
tariff and tariff standards that protect and regulate the commercial units thought to have been
subjected to unfair competitions (Halle et al. 2016, pg.94).
Active exploitation of the flows of globalization comes with absolute merits depending
on a particular nation's ability to effectively produce with the use of fewer resources like labor
and capital than its competitors. The result from this is the restructuring of the nation’s economy

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to a more stable level. However, the disadvantage with the method is that it excludes countries or
regions with no comprehensive benefits as they could gain more losses from the trade.
The structure of globalization also grants a specific place the opportunity to gain
comparative merits where the subject can easily focus on the units that bear the highest
difference of costs of production to those of the competing partners thus allowing the importation
of goods in sections that have less comparative merits. Endowments of factors related to
globalization, the most basic being land, capital and labor acts as a cause of the stabilization of
globalization structures where regions will export products within its endowment of factors and
import the products within its scarce endowment of factors Hayashi (2017, pg.120-200). The
endowment factors are often improved via investments of human resource and capital. The
outcome is the present day regions that have been substantially invested in thus changing their
previous structures.
The aspect of transnational processes in urban frameworks is ideally an embrace of
globalization structure and flows that have resulted in the generation of new methods and set-ups
of culture that revolves around day-to-day activities hence accounting for the statement made by
the researcher in his book. The outcome of this is metropolitanism which involves
synchronization and homogenization of culture together with fragmentation and proliferation that
led to the present day groups of individuals occupying a specific region in a given nation
Hayashi (2017, pg.120-200). Apart from these, it is also accompanied by dissolving initial time
and space boundaries as well as crystallizing the practices at a transnational level to gender,
class, ethnic and regional groups.

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Areas restructured by metropolitanism was tied to the compression of the world based on
space and time as well as the increment in consumption and production of development and
politics. Aside from spreading out the activities of individuals, globalization also led to the
subversion of the traditional linkages to region, neighborhood, family, and nationality facilitated
by the high rise in technology, network, and devices speed as well as more quantitative
alternatives Joshi and Sharma (2019, pg.257-265). Examples included more choices, decisions,
interactions, mobility, images, and objects accompanied by new lifestyles and views about the
globe. In short, metropolitanism of cities in the world attributes to the current restructured
identities (Primo Braga 2018, pg200-350).
Additionally, the present day material culture revolves around capitalism of the
transnational practices in support of telecommunication approaches like television, motion
picture industries, and agencies oriented to advertisement work. The culture is made up of
services, designer goods, and images that target the market niches for transnational practices. An
interpretation of the same depicts universalization, homogenization, and Americanization of
culture within the globe Halle et al. (2016, pg.94). An example of a region influenced by these
aspects is the United States' political and economic hegemony and, the transnational
corporations.
The above exhibits different people and things restructured through globalization. The
geographical theory for the built, economic and social surrounding which creates a sense of place
for visitors and residents is often raptured by the dire need to restructure the form and labor
market for metropolitanism as a response to the strategies for the accumulation of wealth within
a nation Reader (2017, pg.84). Aspects such as retail chains, styles of clothing, music, chains for
fast foods and distinct styles serve to propagate senses of dislocation and placelessness all of

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which are stimulated by globalization impact on the specific areas. The concern is often stressed
as “deterritorialization” by the ethnographers.
Migration as one of the flows from globalization leads to loss of ethnicity often attributed
to migrants grouping themselves into new locations, reconstructing their tales and
reconfiguration of their ethnicity. These experiences are mediated by the fact that these days,
groups do not bear tight boundaries bounded by space and history consciousness that result in
inhomogeneity of cultures. At the same time, exposure to modern technologies of
communication has made it easy to access the world. Most nations of the world bear a higher or
less number of immigrants who have inhabited various regions. The loss of culture is attributed
to individuals being embedded deeply in the current flows of information that make them revive
enclaves of intimacy, security, familiarity, and intelligibility (Ben et al. 2017, pg.378-395).
Just like the structures and flows of globalization, metropolitanism structures and flows
are also differently embraced, subverted, exploited, and resisted, although the impact is seen in
socio-spatial and political economy settings. Reconstruction of a place from this system involves
revaluation and reterritorialization of the region. Today, the cities in the world have been
considered as regions for different spaces of culture, new culture construction and political
identity sites and areas of for more different discourses, metaphors, and texts through which
enactment of space struggles is viewed (Reader 2017, pg.84).
The impacts of the dire need for identity, stability, and centeredness as per the
postmodernity relativism is attributed to the establishment of housing markets through
gentrification and the rise of master-planned communities. The housing entities are seen to be the

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cause of the notable migration from rural areas to urban areas within different nations and thus
stimulating the rate of urbanization through the provision of labor. New communities may result
from a blend of cultures among communities that reside in a single region. This aspect
contributes to the cosmopolitanism in the cities of the world such as New York, London, San
Francisco, Sydney and Los Angeles where innovative and distinctive multicultural spaces have
been fostered (Primo Braga 2018, pg200-350). Examples of reterritorialization process often
considered as dramatic involve exiles, transnational migrants, and refugees often due to
displacement acts. Interactions between the groups can lead to the emergence of new networks
and practices of a culture, as seen in some of the communities in the world.
Examples of regions altered by structure and flow of globalization is the Asian-pacific
region accompanied by the stabilization of the intrafirm trade, labor division between
subsidiaries and head offices as well as direct foreign investment. The emergence of the
transnational economy is clearly seen in the cities within the region that evolved through
globalization process. Another region is the Silk Road economic zone in china that has been
currently restructured to promote connectivity and development of infrastructure thus stimulate
growth of economy within the Eurasian regions. Figure 1 shows the impacts of globalization
considered as possible causes of restructuring of regions and places.

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Figure 1 a representation of the impacts of globalization
Conclusions
The context has been efficient in critically evaluating the statement of the book that
states; the globalization structures and flow are subverted, restricted, embraced and exploited
differently as contact is made with specific communities and places leading to the restructuring
of regions and locations other than being effaced. Different flows of globalization together with
the structures are evaluated and their relation to the present day status of different communities
or places is determined to justify the statement in the book. From this, it is evident that
globalization has significantly impacted on the current way of doing things when comparisons
are made dating back to the traditional model of globalization. The improved level of technology
has made it easy for interactions of people all over the world via stable communication networks
that focus on effectiveness. The flows of globalization have also been stabilized with the current

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trends of innovations hence real that globalization is attributed to the restructuring seen in some
places in the world.
References
Reader, J., 2017. Reconstructing practical theology: The impact of globalization.
Routledge.pp.84
Halle, M., Najam, A., and Runnalls, D. 2016. Environment and Globalization: Five Propositions
(2010). The Globalization and Environment Reader, p.94.
Hayashi, S., 2017. AI and the Future Society: Impact on labor and globalization (Japanese).
Research Institute of Economy, Trade, and Industry (RIETI). Pp.120-200
Ben-Nun Bloom, P., Freedman, M., Gilad, S. and 2017. Does exposure to other cultures affect
the impact of economic globalization on gender equality?. International Political Science
Review, 38(3), pp.378-395.
Primo Braga, C.A., 2018. Foreign direct investment and “peak globalization”.pp.200-350
Joshi, A., and Sharma, A.2019. Impact of Globalization on Education in India: Towards Global Standards
or Cultural Imperialism?. In The Globalization Conundrum—Dark Clouds behind the Silver Lining (pp.
257-265). Springer, Singapore.