Effects of Hospitalization of The Child PDF

NURSING

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
The pathophysiology..............................................................................................................1
Growth and developmental theories.......................................................................................2
Family centred care................................................................................................................4
The effects of hospitalization of the child..............................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Nursing refers to a medical profession where an individual gain overall desired healthcare
knowledge as well as practical training is pursue for conducting clinical methods. It include to
take care of patient with different age groups and put efforts to solve various kinds diseases by
carrying out clinical practices appropriately as per specialists instructions (James, Nelson and
Ashwill, 2014). The present report is based on given case study of 10 years old child Anne get
admitted in an emergency ward due to facing right iliac fossa pain because of appendicitis. It will
focus on pathophysiology along with growth and developmental theories in context of problem
of Appendicitis. The family centered care and impacts of hospitalization of child is given below.
MAIN BODY
The pathophysiology
Pathophysiology consists of two words i.e., pathology and physiology so that by
combining both these terms, it becomes pathophysiology. It basically means to examine actual
situation of a person during disease level and analyze clinical procedures as well as mechanism
for operating to cure particular health problem. Moreover, pathophysiology describes the
functional changes of body which are occurring due to presence of disease or pathological state
in an individual (Kim and Choi, 2014). Furthermore, Appendix get become sore, swollen or
diseased which usually cause appendicitis. It takes place due to creation of virus, bacteria, or
parasites infection in the digestive tract or it happens when tube joins with large intestine and
appendix get blocked or trapped by stool. Sometimes, it is also observed and analyze that tumors
may cause appendicitis. However, when blood supply to the appendix stops as the swelling and
soreness get worse and without sufficient amount of blood, appendix starts to die.
As per given case, Anne is facing right iliac fossa pain which was identified doctors and
analyze that she has a problems of appendicitis through evaluating present signs or symptoms
(Potts and Mandleco, 2012). The appendicitis takes place when appendix becomes acutely
inflamed Pathophysiology include Luminal obstruction which may cause increase in pressure
within the lumen and appendix continuously secrete mucosal fluid that leads to distention of the
appendix. It is analyzed that organ ischemia, bacterial overgrowth and eventual perforation
follow distention. Moreover, due to development of peritonitis, Anne is facing right abdominal
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pain so that she get admitted in an emergency unit for treatment and specialists make decision to
conduct surgery.
Human body consider basic architecture in order that smallest parts get combined to
make larger structures. However, it involves a complex structure from smallest to largest such as
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organism. The cell is basic smallest
functional unit of life and they can be known as building blocks of life (McInerny and et. al.,
2016). Meanwhile groups of cells Cells make up tissues than tissues build organs and organs
combines to establish an organ system. Moreover, it is essential to check up overall body in order
to analyze actual problems in different level of body for preferring desired medications to cure
particular health care issue.
Level of life Examples
Cell Blood cells, fat cells, skin cells, endothelial cells, bone cells, stem
cells and nerve cell (Barbarin and Richter, 2013).
Tissue Fat- tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph.
Organ Heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, stomach, liver, pancreas, oesophagus,
intestine and sense organs like eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose.
Organ system Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic,
respiratory, endocrine, urinary/excretory, reproductive and
digestive.
Growth and developmental theories
According to case scenario, surgeons operates to conduct appendectomy and found
gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis which create severe complications. Moreover,
due to infection, she remain in hospital for several days after operation with a nasogastric tube in
situ on free drainage, morphine PCA, IV therapy and triple IV antibiotics. As per given scenario,
Anne is very small child and did not have a capability to understand about clinical activities and
severity of her critical medical condition. However, she is only know about her pain, observe
free drainage tube and other medications which are provided by doctors (Cheng and et. al.,
2012). Additionally, it is very bad experience because being a 10 years old child, she get
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operated in early age and environment of hospital is so weird for her which may impacts on her
psychologically.
There are various kinds of of theories which are utilized for child development (Wilkin,
2016). It include various theories such as Freud's Psycho-sexual, Erikson's Psychosocial,
Behavioral, Piaget's Cognitive, Bowlby's Attachment, Bandura's Social Learning and Vygotsky's
Sociocultural. According to case of Anne, several growth and development theories can be
applicable that should be applied by doctors and these are given below –
Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory – This theory focus on development of
individuals during their overall life span. It is helpful for children also while they are facing any
crisis because of turning point in their lives by supporting to manage challenges of on every
stage of life along with making them stable psychologically (Eekelaar, 2017). The specialists of
Anne also utilize this theory to make her comfortable with present situation through reducing
factor of confusion, fear or other possible aspects for attaining her mental stability.
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory – This theory consists of several different
stages to deal with children between differentiated age groups for their development (Murphy,
2015). It involve sensorimotor- stage, preoperational- stage, concrete operation- stage and formal
operational- stage.
Sensorimotor- stage: Age group between birth and two years while their knowledge is
limited to their sensory perceptions & motor activities.
Preoperational- stage: In this part, children of ages from 2 to 6 years in which they
learns language only and do not prepare mentally to take view of other individuals (Pérez-Pereira
and Conti-Ramsden, 2013).
Concrete operation- stage: This level refers to age group of kids between 7 to 11 years
old in which they understand and think logically but not able to realize hypothetical concepts
same as Anne.
Formal operational- stage: The last stage involves children from age of 12 to adulthood
in which they have logical thoughts and skills so that they are capable deductive reasoning,
systematic planning etc.
According to given case study, her doctors can apply this theory make her comfortable
and motivated through providing limited knowledge about actual condition. She is a 10 years old
girl so that third stage of this theory is applicable i.e., Concrete operation- stage. It is necessary
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to make her relaxed and put efforts to reduce fear or confusion along with making clear
everything so that she can overcome with her situation in proper way (King and Chiarello, 2014).
Family centred care
Family centered care principles refers to an effective approach of partnership between
family members and care providers in order to make appropriate decision making which is
favorable for patients. It include mutual understanding among relatives of an individuals with
their specialists or nurses so that desired medications will be provided for achieving better
outcomes in respect of making them healthy. As per given scenario, medical professionals
associated with case Anne are required to maintain an efficient collaboration with her family
members to know about her health care history as well as other relevant aspects also. Moreover,
it will facilitate to to conduct treatment process of patient in proper manner through following
several principles which are explained further –
Information sharing – This refers to share every information about previous health
situation of between family members and doctors so that desired information can be gathered
properly (White, 2014). However, every single detail about an individual plays an important
roles for providing an appropriate and effective diagnosis top make them healthy.
Respect and honoring differences – This include factors of dignity and respect which
should be consider by care providers towards patient as well as their family members (Petersen,
2017). It is necessary for them to respect values, beliefs and culture to generate a mutual
understanding which helps to conduct treatment of Anne in an appropriate way to solve her
problem.
Partnership and collaboration – This can be described as to make an appropriate
partnership working among relatives of child and doctors to know about best fit the needs,
strengths, values, and abilities which are helpful to solve the problem (Muse and et. Al., 2013). It
is necessary for surgeons of Anne to take previous medical details which are essential for the
overall process to gain desired outcomes.
Care in context of family and community – This can be explained as to make an new
policies in order to take care relatives of patient so that they remain motivated to think positive in
severe condition (Larcher, 2013). In context of Anne, she has a very complicated situation
situation after surgery so that surgeons are required to make her family members feel positive
and relax among child who required their support to overcome with her pain.
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The effects of hospitalization of the child
The effects of hospitalization in case of Anne is given below -
People Psychological Impacts Physical Impacts Psychosocial Impacts
Child Child get stressed due to
surviving in the unnatural
environmental of hospital
and suffer from degree of
emotional disturbance in
which Anne is not bale to
cope up with the situation
easily.
She is facing illness due to
surgery and pain which
makes her physically
uncomfortable and certain
devices like nasogastric
tube in situ on free
drainage that is a weird
feeling.
After facing certain
psychological and physical
problems during
hospitalisation make a
child demoralised and
many times not able to face
other people of society.
Parents Parents are emotionally
attached with their parents
and get deeply suffered
with pain of their child
which results into stress
and anxiety and it will
create problem in
treatment of patient
(Harding, 2014).
Life of parents get changed
during hospital stay in terms
of natural needs, and social
and economic issues which
may cause depression and
demoralisation.
Parents of kids face several
social issues and negative
behaviour of some people
about the specific situation
along with hearing facts
relevant to future of
patient.
Siblings &
Extended
Family
Impacts on siblings
depend upon relation with
child and age so that they
will understand the
problems and remain
supportive
psychologically to make
patient motivated or
comfortable.
They visit hospital many
times to get information
about situation of child and
provide help in taking them
from one place to another.
They fulfil meeting needs
and communicate with
child to make them relax
and try to make them
happy so that they can
overcome with their
situation properly (Wool,
2013).
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CONCLUSION
The above report is conclude that nursing is medical profession to learn about providing
care to people through following appropriate principles. It include pathophysiology of given case
which results into abdominal pain and development theories including Erikson as well as Piaget
to make patient overcome with present situation. Several family care centered principles are
described which should be followed by medical professionals. At last, psychological, physical
and psycho-social impacts on child, parents and siblings are also discussed.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Cheng, A. and et. al., (2012). Evolution of the Pediatric Advanced Life Support course: enhanced
learning with a new debriefing tool and Web-based module for Pediatric Advanced Life
Support instructors. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 13(5). 589-595.
James, S. R., Nelson, K., & Ashwill, J. (2014). Nursing care of children-E-book: principles and
practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.
King, G., & Chiarello, L. (2014). Family-centered care for children with cerebral palsy:
conceptual and practical considerations to advance care and practice. Journal of Child
Neurology. 29(8). 1046-1054.
Larcher, V. (2013, April). Ethical considerations in neonatal end-of-life care. In Seminars in
Fetal and Neonatal Medicine(Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 105-110). WB Saunders.
McInerny, T. K. and et al., (2016). AAP textbook of pediatric care. American Academy of
Pediatrics.
Murphy, K. P. (2015). Pediatric rehabilitation: principles and practice. Demos Medical
Publishing.
Potts, N. L., & Mandleco, B. L. (2012). Pediatric nursing: Caring for children and their
families. Cengage Learning.
White, G. (2014). Equipment theory for respiratory care. Cengage Learning.
Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. M. (2013). Mandela's children: Growing up in post-apartheid
South Africa. Routledge.
Wilkin, D. (2016). Caring for the mentally handicapped child. Routledge.
Pérez-Pereira, M., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2013). Language development and social interaction
in blind children. Psychology Press.
Petersen, A. (2017). Brain maturation and cognitive development: Comparative and cross-
cultural perspectives. Routledge.
Harding, L. F. (2014). Perspectives in child care policy. Routledge.
Wool, C. (2013). State of the science on perinatal palliative care. Journal of Obstetric,
Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 42(3). 372-382.
Muse, C. and et. Al., (2013). Supplement to the JCIH 2007 position statement: Principles and
guidelines for early intervention after confirmation that a child is deaf or hard of
hearing. Pediatrics. 131(4). e1324-e1349.
Eekelaar, J. (2017). The interests of the child and the child’s wishes: The role of dynamic self-
determinism. In Children's Rights (pp. 129-148). Routledge.
Kim, U., & Choi, S. H. (2014). Individualism, collectivism, and child development. Cross-
cultural roots of minority child development, 227-258.
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