Ambroxol as a pharmacological chaperone for mutant glucocerebrosidase

In this collection of research articles, various studies investigate the effects and applications of different pharmacological agents. For instance, Ambroxol is examined as a potential pharmacological chaperone for mutant glucocerebrosidase in Bar et al.'s 2013 study published in Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases. Additionally, Fingolimod Phosphate's ability to attenuate oligomeric amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity via increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression is studied by Doi et al. in their 2013 PloS one article. Other studies focus on healthcare-related topics, such as telemonitoring for chronic heart failure, the views of patients and healthcare professionals, and the burden and costs of asthma in the UK. The articles also explore various medical devices and biofilms, obstructive sleep apnoea, and treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

HEALTH PROM
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influences on health....................................................................3
1.2 Relevance of governance sources in reporting on inequalities in health...............................4
1.3 Reason for barriers to accessing health..................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 links between government strategies and models of health promotion.................................5
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion..........................6
2.3 Role of routines in promoting health living...........................................................................7
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour.............................................................7
3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion....................8
3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information to the public...........................9
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................10
4.2 How health promotions and other campaigns supports for implementing health promotion
strategies. ..................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12
2

INTRODUCTION
Healthcare is effective approach which assist to make outcomes and performances in
positive aspect. With the help of healthcare services, organisation can serve their services to
people in effective manner (Volavka, 2013). There are different types of resources also used
which assist to make effective results to meet with health needs and target population. Healthcare
system is also determines working of different elements such as hospital system, insurance,
healthcare providers and legal issues. In this aspect, successful operations can also made which
assist to understand effective results at workplace. In this context, present report covers socio-
economic influence on health that implement for enhance outcomes and performances.
Furthermore, it includes relevance of government resources which reporting to healthcare
system. Moreover, there are certain barriers take place which create issue to deal with different
outcomes and performances. In addition to this, roles of routines is describing which assist to
promote health care system within the UK.
TASK 1
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influences on health
It is mentioned in the case study that Peter who is from Darfur started living in UK as a
refugee. He moved to care home due to his illnesses. His leg was separated because of type 2
diabetes. Peter and his wife Sarah have 6 children who are living with their mother in a estate
house. Health is affected by many factors which can be either social or economic condition of
the country people lives in. Social culture and economic condition significantly impacts the
health of any individual. Socio economic status is a term that explains feature of person's
lifestyle which involves earning or salary, designation, education and culture.
There is huge relation between socio economic condition mental health and physical
disability (Mukherjee and et.al 2015). Low income and social values leads to poor health and
social exclusion. Due to that individual can suffer from loss of sense of control as well as
improper nutrition and health and social services. Peter was suffering from the health issues
because he had poor social culture and value. He doesn't believe in family planing because of his
culture. Due to that reason the have 6 children and were not able to give proper nutrition to all of
them . His wife was suffering from depression as she was unable to find a job for herself. The
3

reason she did not find job just because of lower economic surroundings of the country she
belonged to. Peter's family was totally dependent on his income which was not enough to fulfil
al the requirement of his family. Peter and Sarah were both addicted to smoking drinking habits
also due to which negative impact was observed on their health .
1.2 Relevance of governance sources in reporting on inequalities in health
Government research and reports helps for reporting on inequalities in health, various
researches and surveys are conducted by government to find out the data and information about
the health issues faced by people (Malhotra and et.al, 2015). Surveys conducted by local
authority collects data about families living in the are and the annual income of particular family
and that information is collected and forwarded to local care homes and trust. The data corrected
from the researches supports care homes to provide better services to the people who are
suffering from health and social issues. Surveys also identifies the inequalities among the
society which results in poor health and income. Care home in which Peter and his family are
living can provide better services and good health to them by using the information given by the
government findings. Government sources assists in determining the socio economic condition
of the population so that they can make some policies to reduce the issues rises regarding health
and care. Proper policies can help individual to get employment and good services that can
make their lifestyle better. Authorities also makes policies about the people who are addicted to
some habit like drugs, drinking, smoking etc.. In the mentioned case Peter and his wife Sarah are
also suffering fro addiction due to which they are facing health issues. The objective of these
kind of policies is to give proper rehabilitation so that life of people suffering from addiction
could be restored.
In order to determines relevance of governance sources in reporting on inequalities in
health, following points need to be considered:
 Determines policies in relations to make recommendation.
 Examines policy to sought out the problems, formulation and implementation of health
inequalities.
 Development policy need to be undertake that defines tax benefits for performance
management and transport.
4

 Considered interpretation of progress that recommends for future outcomes.
1.3 Reason for barriers to accessing health
Health care access is stated as ability to get proper and adequate medical treatment and
services that are needed for good health of individual. There are various barriers which affects in
accessing good health. Some of which are as follows:
Financial Barrier : It is the major barrier in accessing good health for any individual. Lower
income of person leads to improper nutrition which in turn affects health (Bendikov-Bar and
et.al, 2013). Financial problem makes people unable to access services which are very costly.
Similarly in the case of Peter he was not having proper income sources due to that he was unable
to get proper treatment for his disease. His family was also suffering from improper nutrition and
health because of his poor economic condition.
Language Barrier: Language is also a barrier in accessing health services. If someone shifts
from one country to another like in case of Peter where he shifted from Darfur to UK. He was
not known from the language of the place, due to that reason he was unable to communicate with
local people and authorities.
Lack of awareness about policies: Government of any country make some policies for people
regarding health care and nutrition. People remain unaware about these policies due to lack of
eduction and knowledge. In these policies government provide medical facilities and health care
facilities for individual. Due to lack of awareness about it some people not avail these facilities
and suffers from health issues. In case of Peter he was unknown of the policies and regulations ,
so he and his family had to suffer from the illnesses and depression.
TASK 2
2.1 links between government strategies and models of health promotion
There are different models of health promotion that be used for analysing the government
strategies:
Beatties Model: This model is used for health promotion. This model has four quadrants which
provides different methods in which health can be encouraged by government, local authorities,
trusts and home care (Young and et.al, 2016). They use different techniques an approaches to
5

promote the health of any individual. This model can be used while making health policy for
public. Four quadrants of this model are as follows:
Authoritative Collective: In this quadrant rules and regulation that are made for the health and
welfare of the community. In this legislative actions are launched by authorities to protect health
of the individual. As mentioned in the case Peter was also additive to smoking and drinking . So
government can ban smoking in public areas so that this problem could be solved.
Community Development: in this quadrant authorities increases awareness about the
consequences poor health and nutrition. In this phase community development emphasizes on
involvement of community. Community determine need for health of person and provide best
choice and solutions. Peter can also get solution form theses type of authorities and communities
to find out solution for his health and economic problem.
Health Persuasion: In this segment of health promotion model health experts initiate health
persuasion actions. These activities focuses on individual. This method is totally authoritative
and no individual is given choice to make decision. For e. g. staff or nurses of care home in
which Peter and his family are having residence can give emphysema to quit drinking and
smocking for the safety of his/her health.
Health counselling: In this phase of model counselling aims at particular need of client. This
counselling is based on one to one session (Pattni and et.al 2013). The health adviser works as
facilitator to debate and discuss client needs. According to the requirement of the client decision
are made. For e. g. counsellor can discuss with Peter to made choices between rehabilitation and
other conventional drug schemes.
2.2 Role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion
Health care professional and experts plays vital role in achieving targets of health
promotions. Health counsellor provides preventive and rehabilitative health awareness to people
and to groups or communities. A health care expert makes community which goes to identify
the health needs of every individual. Professional take responsibility of delivering the health
care policies to public. He/she enforces and promotes go health by making awareness about
smoking effects to health on behalf of government authorities. These workers coordinates with
local authorities and public groups to get information about smoking responsiveness and
6

solutions to them. In case of Peter the authorities an local public group can help him in quitting
smoking. Health counsellor supports and assist community and and provide guidelines to them.
Sometimes these workers organizes events like campaign for smoking termination (Doi and et.al,
2013). The health professionals can arrange awareness camp regarding smoking prevention
activities on many national or international days. They generally makes reports on smoking laps
alertness and define estimates about people who are getting aware. Health care professional are
usually works in medicine , maternity, nursing surgery and pharmacy. Many local health
agencies work with these communities of health experts to make policies, and implements new
arbitration. Peter and his family can also make use of these polices to get rehabilitated and
improve their health and socio-economic condition.
2.3 Role of routines in promoting health living
A healthy routine is a process which includes proper nutrition , diet pattern, daily
exercise and other thing that help in improving health. To achieve healthy lifestyle these ting
must be included by individual in his or her daily life. A healthy routine leads to growth of life
and growth of socio economic condition (Steier and et.al , 2014). Chronic contamination is the
factor which is the cause of death and illness in UK. Keeping appropriate food habits and
avoiding all the fast foods and drug habit can be prove helpful in accomplishing good health.
As mentioned in case Peter and Sarah can also achieve good health by taking proper food and
medicine. They need to make some routines like proper dieting , exercise and other selections
that will help them to rejuvenate their health and life. Making use of these routine approach they
can also give healthy life to their children also. Suitable lifestyle is add-on then any other thing
for both family and children. Healthy lifestyle brings any individual way from sickness and
avoid the risk of diseases. Peter and Sarah can make use of this to get healthy lifestyle. The term
healthy lifestyle indicates various influences that are required to be taken in account to restore
god health and lifestyle. Now a day local authorities and public groups are promoting nourished
life and behaviour fro children and grown ups both. Regular physical exercises are required to
maintain metal and physical health. Having nutritious meals can reduce weight due to which
threat of diabetes also decreases. Peter can also desecrate his problem of diabetes by taking
proper and well meal.
7

TASK 3
3.1 Health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour
There are various model to explain theories of health behaviour. To explain these theories
Stages of Change model can be used. This model focuses on certain dimensions of change. In
this model there are five stages which determines the change of behaviour of an individual.
These five stages are:
Pre contemplation: In this stage people do not think seriously about changed behaviour. They
intend to change in upcoming months. At this stage individual person tend to hide his/ her
current habit or addiction and take it as a serious problem. People are not ready in this phase for
traditional programs that require response of the addict immediately. People underestimate the
pros of behavioural change and focuses more on cons of behavioural change.
Contemplation : This is the stage where people starts getting aware about personal outcomes
of their bad habits like smoking , drinking, over eating etc. They spend their time in thinking
regarding their addiction problems (Ashby and Beech, 2016). People are able to consider the
possibility of behaviour change. In this stage people are in the situation where they try to
measure the pros and cons of quitting or changing behaviour. They also think about the negative
impacts of their and habit and positiveness attached with quitting it. Individual is more open to
get information about their bad habit and starts sharing their feelings and thoughts in concern
to the addiction.
Preparation /Determination : In this stage of model person starts making commitments to
make modification . Typically in this phase the individual has some plan to make amendments
in the habit. They start looking for clinics or Medicare centres which can help them in their
attempts.
Action/ willpower: in this stage individual believe they can change their behaviour and are
continuously involve in taking steps to change. Review of commitment is done in this stage.
Short term rewards are use in this stage for motivation. People analyse the change in their habits
that enhances self confidence of them.
Maintenance: In this stage behaviour of people have changed recently so they experience
relapse. Relapse can be discouraging, most of the people who get success in quitting do not
8

follow appropriate path. So there is a risk that individual who feel relapse may face immediate
failure which can damage self confidence seriously.
3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion
Potential conflicts with local industry who make product like tobacco, alcohol and food
materials can be classified into different categories which are physical, financial, geographical,
physiological, cultural. Physical barriers generally involves making services unavailable to
individual physically. Physiological barriers include making fear in the mind of a person like
they will loose their freedom in their future life. Health encouraging strategies by local
authority and public groups creates conflicts with local industry who make products for public.
To reduce smoking and tobacco habits among people government increases tax and prevent
tobacco firms from publicizing their product on media (Fairbrother and et.al , 2014).
Government get lot of revenue and funds from these companies . So the conflicts occurs when
government prevent the marketing of the products. Tobacco industry gets impacted negatively
due to banning of advertising of their products. These firms needs information about the
negative impacts of tobacco and smoking on the box of product to warn the consumers about
the result of smoking. These practices and regulation implied by government experience
objections because that will affect demand of their products in market. Strategies made by
government to reduce the use of these products by people effects a lot the market of these
companies. Government rules and regulations in UK has raised conflict in which companies
who makes tobacco and smoking products oppose their rights against over taxation and
restricted advertisement. These policies made by local authorities have brought lawlessness in
the industry.
3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information to the public
Health related information helps public to get aware about negative effects of smoking
9

and tobacco. Local public groups provide relevant information regarding impacts of smoking
and alcohol. This method is very helpful in decreasing the risk of drugs an smoke. It also
supports the people who are addicted and looking for proper medical care and assistance to stop
the habit and develop a healthy lifestyle. Apart from all aforesaid measures, there together
exists some additive benefits of such health promotion campaigns that provide pertinent health
related information to the public and are as mentioned below-
Increased level of awareness- It is a foremost significance where informing public about
maintaining good health is highly beneficial in terms of acknowledging them the way in which
they can refer to do so. It is on the basis of another factual consideration where there exists
many such individuals who are highly addicted to smoking and often takes it very lightly. This
is mostly due to their ignorant outlook towards it where they are actually not aware about its
cons. Informing people about the ill effects of smoking over here is thereby referred to be a
beneficial concern.
Less Negativity- It is in context to previously stated importance of giving pertinent information
to the public where this will lead to lessen down the negativity of the organised promotion
campaigns. It is where people getting factual information about the ill effects of smoking where
its addiction leads to asthma and lung cancers, etc., with evidential proofs will in turn postulate
people to believe on it and eliminate such atrocious habit.
TASK 4
4.2 How health promotions and other campaigns supports for implementing health promotion
strategies.
Health promotions and other campaigns support for implementing health promotional
strategies. Message and information related to the selected diseases can be transferred to large
10

consumer group and people can be made aware about diverse range of health care issues that are
being faced by them (Menzies-Gow and et.al , 2014). For example promotional campaign for
obesity can be launched and mass and public can be informed about the main points of the
promotional campaign. Use of posters banners and other materials will be taken so that large
number of people can be informed about the health issues. It is vital that this type of promotional
campaigns should focus at specific health issues. Other than this objectives and aims determined
in the promotional campaigns should also focus on the implementing the objectives that are
being faced in the health care sector. There are numerous methods that could be used for
promoting the issue. Television, newspapers and media platforms have mass appeal for making
people aware about the issues that are faced by the individuals in the society.
Obesity is severe issue that is being faced by individuals and due to that they suffer. It is
critical that important issues are faced by people should be identified and measures should be
taken for implementing health promotional strategies. There are some specific factors that needs
to be included in the promotional campaigns (Square, 2013). With this, it is also required that
factors that gives impact on the promotional campaigns should be launched successfully.
Heavenly use of media will support for promoting the health related issues successfully.
CONCLUSION
Summing up the present report it can be concluded that diverse range of issues are faced
in accessing health care facilities. It is also required that barriers faced should be properly
resolved so that access to health care facilities should be enhanced. With this there are diverse
range of factors that gives impact on the health care facilities that are availed by people. It is
required that promotional campaigns should be launched successfully so that vary few barriers
should be faced in making people aware about the different types of issues that might create
trouble for them. With this, there are many impact of potential conflicts with the local industry
on health promotions. It is critical that local and national authorities should take effective
measures for ensuring better and effective well being for individuals that are living in the nation.
There are various advantages that are gained through health relevant information and due to that
impact is being observed on overall health care services that are being provided to people.
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Ashby, S. and Beech, R., 2016. Addressing the healthcare needs of an ageing population: the
need for an integrated solution.International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal
Medicine & Public Health.
Bendikov-Bar, I. And et.al, 2013. Ambroxol as a pharmacological chaperone for mutant
glucocerebrosidase.Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases. 50(2). pp.141-145.
Doi, Y. and et.al, 2013. Fingolimod Phosphate Attenuates Oligomeric Amyloid β–Induced
Neurotoxicity via Increased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in
Neurons. PloS one. 8(4). p.e61988.
Fairbrother, P. and et.al , 2014. Telemonitoring for chronic heart failure: the views of patients
and healthcare professionals–a qualitative study.Journal of clinical nursing. 23(1-2). pp.132-
144.
Malhotra, A. and et.al, 2015. Choosing Wisely in the UK: the Academy of Medical Royal
Colleges’ initiative to reduce the harms of too much medicine. Bmj. 350. p.h2308.
Menzies-Gow, A. and et.al , 2014. Omalizumab reduces exacerbations and healthcare utilisation
in severe allergic asthma patients UK clinical practice-APEX II study.European Respiratory
Journal. 44. (Suppl 58), p.P3478.
Mukherjee, M. and et.al , 2016. The epidemiology, healthcare and societal burden and costs of
asthma in the UK and its member nations: analyses of standalone and linked national
databases.BMC medicine. 14(1). p.113.
Mukherjee, M. and et.al 2015. P218 The epidemiological, healthcare and societal burden and
costs of asthma in the UK and member nations: analyses of national databases.
Pattni, S.S. and et.al 2013. Fibroblast growth factor 19 in patients with bile acid diarrhoea: a
prospective comparison of FGF19 serum assay and SeHCAT retention.Alimentary
pharmacology & therapeutics. 38(8). pp.967-976.
12

Percival, S.L. and et.al , 2015. Healthcare-associated infections, medical devices and biofilms:
risk, tolerance and control.Journal of medical microbiology. 64(4). pp.323-334.
Steier, J. and et.al , 2014. Predicted relative prevalence estimates for obstructive sleep apnoea
and the associated healthcare provision across the UK.Thorax. 69(4). pp.390-392.
Volavka, J., 2013. Handbook of treatment‐resistant schizophrenia By Leslie Citrome. Published
by Springer Healthcare, London, UK, 2013 66 pp., ISBN 978‐1‐908517‐86‐9.Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 128(1). pp.102-102.
Walker, A.J. and et.al , 2016. Risk of venous thromboembolism in people with lung cancer: a
cohort study using linked UK healthcare data.British journal of cancer.
Young, S. and et.al, 2016. Recommendations for the transition of patients with ADHD from
child to adult healthcare services: a consensus statement from the UK adult ADHD
network.BMC psychiatry. 16(1). p.301.
Online
Square, T., 2013. A guide to confidentiality in health and social care. [Online]. Available
through: <http://www.hscic.gov.uk/confguideorg>. [Accessed on 16th May 2017].
13