Efficacy of Mouthwashes and Nasal Spray in Prevention of Early Covid 19: A Literature Review

This literature review discusses the efficacy of mouthwashes and nasal spray in preventing early Covid 19, along with the pathophysiology of Covid 19 and its impact on health.

Literature review
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
THEME 1: Understanding the concept of the Covid 19 and its impact on the health-...............3
THEME 2: Discussion on the efficacy of the mouthwashes and nasal spray in prevention of
early Covid 19-............................................................................................................................4
THEME 3: The pathophysiology of COVID-19.........................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Literature review is the considered as the part of the academic writing which helps in
understanding the knowledge of the academic literature on the particular topic. This is basically
the survey of the sources gathered related to the specific topic. Coronavirus is the large family of
the virus which causes illness which has very high impacts on the health of the human beings.
This virus has caused may deaths as this virus is much strong which directly affects the heart of
the human beings it has the affect on their health. This literature review is based on the topic
efficacy of the mouthwashes and the nasal spray for the prevention of the treatment of the early
Covid 19.
MAIN BODY
THEME 1: Understanding the concept of the Covid 19 and its impact on the health-
Covid 19 is the virus which has affected the most to the human beings in different ways.
Most of the people were infected very less and some people have died because of this infectious
virus. The most common symptoms are the fever, cough, tiredness, loss of taste or smell. And
the another symptoms are sore throat, aches, diarrhoea, red eyes or the irritated eyes. This
coronavirus has impacted the human beings much as many of the people has faced the loss of
their loved ones because of this infectious diseases as this has impacts on their mental health.
The lungs are the most affected organ by the Covid 19 virus as this damages the alveoli that is
the tiny air sacs.
This severe coronavirus has rapidly spread throughout the world. This is the viral
invasion through the target host cell receptors. This virus is transmitted through the droplets or
the aerosols by person to person. Most of the patients who are suffering from these diseases are
having mild to moderate symptoms such as persistent dry, cough, fever, body aches and many
more. There are small fractions of the patients which are having the symptoms such as they are
suffering from the acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome along with the
associated multi-organ failure. The SARS-COV enters the alveolar epithelial cells by binding
itself to angiotensin converting it to the enzyme 2. When there is dysregulation immune
response, this lead to the severe diseases to the patient.
Trougakos, Chawla & McCarthy, (2020) has stated that there was the large negative
impact of the Covid 19 on the health of the human beings. This diseases have affected the

physical as well as the mental health of the people. Due to the Covid 19, the lock down was
announced in the whole world and because of this the people were not allowed to meet their
friends. This has reduced the social support of the people which has the lead to increase in the
mental health issues of the people. Many of people try to commit suicide and suffered from
depression. Along with this, this article also discussed that the people were also suffering from
the physical health during this pandemic.
With opposed to this, Dwyer, M. J., and et.al., (2020) has argued that the Covid 19 does
not only have the negative impact but also the positive impacts. He stated that this diseases has
also provided many benefits to the people as they were consuming the healthy food at home and
as there was the lock-down the people were not allowed to go outside this made them stay away
from the fast foods. The people were consuming the healthy food and this helped the people by
creating the awareness about the importance of eating the healthy food and also the value of
taking care of the health.
From the above critical discussion by reviewing the article it can be concluded that, the
Covid 19 has spread in the world with the fast pace. It has much negative impacts on the health
of the people rather than the positive ones. The above discussed articles have given the
information that because of the Covid 19 pandemic, there was also the positive impact as people
were having fun with the family living in the same house, enjoying the healthy food at home and
many more. But instead of this, there was much large negative impacts on the health of the
people as majorly the mental health of the people was disturbed by seeing the daily deaths of the
people due to these diseases.
THEME 2: Discussion on the efficacy of the mouthwashes and nasal spray in prevention of early
Covid 19-
Mouthwashes and the nasal spray are the two major products which was introduced by
the clinics. These are much helpful in preventing from the early Covid 19 as they have the ability
to fight with this virus. These are the products which were particularly used for preventing the
people from the early Covid 19.
Tambe, M. S. (2021) has explained that the nasal spray and the mouthwashes has the
ability to prevent the human beings from the early Covid 19. The mouthwashes can kill the virus
of the Covid 19 as the new coronavirus gets collected in the passages of the nasal so to avoid
this, the mouthwashes were promoted for the treatment, and they are considered as the most

effective way for controlling the virus. This article has stated that the mouthwash is the simple
way to stop the coronavirus from spreading such as the OTC mouthwashes has the ability to kill
the viruses. They can kill or break down the viral envelopes as well as they even reduce the
detectable virus levels in the saliva. Similar to this, Guenezan and et.al., (2021) has also given
the explanation of how the mouthwashes and the nasal sprays were found effective in controlling
the virus to affect the humans. Ethanol having the high concentration showed the better effects in
killing the virus. In the mouthwashes, the ethanol is contained is around 15-25% to avoid the
irritation and the toxicity which can harm the humans. These mouthwashes containing the PVP-I
has the ability to kill the infectious virus. This article has prescribed that the nasal spray PVP-I
has also given the positive results in prevention from the virus.
By going through the article of Villarta-De Dios and et.al., has stated that the efficacy of
the povidone-iodine nasal rinse as well as the oral rinse antiseptic formulations in activation of
the coronavirus. He explained that the oral antiseptics were found effective in inactivating the
virus of the Covid 19. There are three commercial mouth rinse which has the efficacy such as
povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate and the cetylpyridinium chloride which can reduce the
salivary for the collecting in the saliva.
In opposed with the above articles, Stathis, C., and et.al., (2021) has stated that there is
not much effectiveness proved of these nasal spray and the mouthwashes as many of them does
not have the ability to kill the virus of the pandemic. This article has prescribed that these nasal
spray and the mouthwashes are safe for the people are, but they are not much effective for
prevention from the early Covid 19. There are no strong evidence currently regarding the
benefits and the effectiveness of these for the prevention or for the protection of the health of the
humans. The nasal sprays and the mouthwashes are used by many people but in spite of this,
they are not showing the positive results. As mouthwashes are the oral rinsing solutions for the
prevention, but they are also prone to the risk to them as there is the possibility of the irritation
and the allergies by these products.
THEME 3: The pathophysiology of COVID-19
According to Yuki, Fujiogi & Koutsogiannaki, (2020) this article, the coronavirus
initially affects the respiratory system majorly along with the other organ systems. The lower
tract of the respiratory infection symptoms are such as the fever, dry cough, dyspnea and many
more. In addition to this symptoms, there are several other symptoms also which were shown by

the coronavirus patients such as the weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea. The symptoms of this virus
ranges from the minimal symptoms as well as the severe respiratory failure. The life cycle of the
virus with the host is composed of the five steps such as the attachment, penetration,
biosynthesis, maturation and the release. As once the virus binds with the host receptors or the
attachment, then after this they enter the host cells via endocytosis or the membrane of the fusion
that is the penetration. Then when the viral content is released in the host cells, the RNA which is
viral enters the nucleus for the replication. The viral mRNA are used for the making the
biosynthesis and after this, the new viral particles are released by the which is the step of
maturation.
Similar to the above article, Yong, S. J. (2021) has also explained the pathophysiology of
the Covid 19. Three month study of the Covid 19 States that, survivors, pulmonary radiological
abnormalities as well as the functional impairments was found in 71% and 25% of the
participants despite only 10% or less than this has the severe pneumonia. Total of 78% of the
patients of the coronavirus were found having the symptoms of cardiac abnormalities as well as
the myocardial inflammation. This article also added that severe Covid 19 causes the
lymphopenia which then causes the hyper inflammation. This causes by the deficiency in the B
cell and the T cell of the lymphocytes. These both cells when renewed, elevated inflammation
from the unresolved hyper inflammation may contribute to the long Covid impacts. The virus in
the body of the humans may induce the level of the immune system activation and this may lead
in contributing the long impacts of the Covid. They have the positive impacts on the Covid 19n
as this will help them to prevent from the virus to collect in the nasal passages as they contain
some % of the ethanol in it.
Kumar & Al Khodor, (2020) has explained the pathophysiology of the Covid 19 while
discussing the therapeutic targets. This article stated that it is very important to describe the viral
structure, genome and the replication cycle. The molecular analysis of S proteins has identified
an insertion at S1/S2 site as this is absent in the coronavirus. The most frequent symptoms which
were recorded in the patients of Covid 19 were treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors.

CONCLUSION
Covid 19 is the virus which has the many impacts on the health of the humans. This report has
discussed the moderate as well as the severe symptoms which were reported in the patients of the
coronavirus by reviewing the different articles. This literature review has discussed the efficacy
of the mouthwashes as well as the nasal spray in intervention and the prevention of early Covid
19 as some were proved effective and some were not because they have much affected many of
the people instead of using the nasal spray and mouthwashes. Along with this, it also involves
the pathophysiology of the Covid 19 which shows the changes in the body and how the disease
occurs in the human body.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Dwyer, M. J., and et.al., (2020). Physical activity: Benefits and challenges during the COVID‐19
pandemic. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(7), 1291.
Guenezan, J., and et.al., (2021). Povidone iodine mouthwash, gargle, and nasal spray to reduce
nasopharyngeal viral load in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 147(4), 400-401.
Kumar, M., & Al Khodor, S. (2020). Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID-19.
Journal of translational medicine, 18(1), 1-9.
Stathis, C., and et.al., (2021). Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global
pandemic. Future Microbiology, 16(2), 119-130.
Tambe, M. S. (2021). Anti-COVID Nasal Spray and Gargles used to Prevent COVID-19.
Reviews in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1), 1-4.
Trougakos, J. P., Chawla, N., & McCarthy, J. M. (2020). Working in a pandemic: Exploring the
impact of COVID-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1234.
Villarta-De Dios, N. P., and et.al., Are antiseptic mouthwashes/gargles effective in preventing
COVID-19?.
Yong, S. J. (2021). Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk
factors, and treatments. Infectious diseases, 53(10), 737-754.
Yuki, K., Fujiogi, M., & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review.
Clinical immunology, 215, 108427.
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