Microgrid Capabilities and Design for Freeport Downtown

This research focuses on the microgrid capabilities and design for Freeport Downtown in New York. It discusses the minimum required capabilities, preferable microgrid capabilities, and the design costs and configuration. The document also covers the proposed microgrid infrastructure and operations, load characterization, distributed energy resources characterization, and electrical and thermal infrastructure characterization.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author)
Dept. name of the organization
Name of organization, acronyms acceptable
City, Country
mail address
Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)
Dept. name of the organization
Name of organization, acronyms acceptable
City, Country
e-mail address

Table of Contents
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................................2
List of figures..................................................................................................................................................................2
List of tables....................................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................3
Microgrid Capabilities....................................................................................................................................................4
Minimum Required Capabilities.................................................................................................................................5
Preferable Microgrid Capabilities.............................................................................................................................11
Develop Preliminary Technical Design Costs and Configuration................................................................................16
Proposed Microgrid Infrastructure and Operations..................................................................................................17
Normal operation..................................................................................................................................................17
Emergency operation............................................................................................................................................17
Load Characterization...............................................................................................................................................19
Microgrid Load Hierarchy....................................................................................................................................20
Sizing of the loads to be served by the microgrid.................................................................................................30
Distributed Energy Resources Characterization.......................................................................................................32
Solar Generation...................................................................................................................................................34
Wind Generation...................................................................................................................................................35
Reciprocating Engines..........................................................................................................................................41
Battery Storage.....................................................................................................................................................43
Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure Characterization Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure Characterization....44
Description of the electrical infrastructure and thermal Infrastructure.................................................................44
Proposed enhanced network infrastructure...........................................................................................................45
Microgrid and Building Controls Characterization..................................................................................................47
Microgrid control architecture..............................................................................................................................47
Information Technology (IT)/Telecommunications Infrastructure Characterization...............................................49
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................50
List of figures

Figure 1: Showing Freeport Downtown Microgrid and 100 Year Floodplain Map of Freeport...10
Figure 2: Showing banks of electrical battery used for energy storage in microgrid....................12
Figure 3: Showing network operation functions within the microgrid..........................................13
Figure 4: Showing a prototype of overhead connection in Freeport.............................................16
Figure 5: Showing Freeport Downtown Microgrid architectural diagram....................................19
Figure 6: Showing report critical and non-critical assets..............................................................21
Figure 7: Showing New and existing distributed generation resources in this area......................34
Figure 8: Showing Comparison of average monthly wind speed by the data source....................37
Figure 9: Showing Estimated monthly energy production in kWh...............................................38
Figure 10: Showing annual wind rose plot for New York JFK.....................................................40
Figure 11: Showing existing natural gas connection to expand to Power Plant 1.........................43
Figure 12: Showing Critical and non-critical assets and new circuit............................................46
List of tables
Table 2: Microgrid area customer types..........................................................................................8
Table 3: Showing Primary and secondary critical facilities in the Freeport Downtown Microgrid
.......................................................................................................................................................22
Table 4: Showing suggested new microgrid distributed energy resources summary....................32
Table 5: Showing Freeport Downtown Microgrid solar potential.................................................35
Table 6: Showing Inputs, assumptions and analysis results..........................................................37
Table 7: Showing New generation characteristics.........................................................................42
INTRODUCTION
This research of renewable electrical
energy production will be conducted in the
village of Freeport Downtown situated in
New York in the United States. This region
has a GMT of -5. This region has the
following data:
Area code(s): 815/779
Zip code: 61032

Population: 24,091 (2017)
Incorporated: 1838
The map of this region is given by the
following diagram;
Microgrid Capabilities
A microgrid is a system of
electricity distribution is a constituent of
distributed energy resources (that is both
storage and generated) which are employed
to support vital loads in a specific region [1].
A key feature of a microgrid is islanding,
this is the capability to isolate from the main
(central) electricity grid if the same power
supply is interrupted with. This
characteristic can be employed to maintain
power to some crucial facilities at the time
of the extreme weather conditions or even
system emergency, delivering power
particular consumers when the need arise
[2].
Of late Microgrid have become
progressively embraced as a solution to the
increasing effects of the hurricanes, blizzard,
coastal storms as well as transmission
outage of electrical utility systems. Through
giving extra resilience to the electricity grid,
therefore, the microgrid can be beneficial to
the local economy through reducing losses

which may occur due to a power outage as
well as attracting new businessmen who are
interested in reliable clean and cost-effective
energy systems [3].
Minimum Required Capabilities
The suggested Freeport Downtown
Microgrid is described by some attributes
that for sure meet the minimum required
capability in the development of this
microgrid. These are described below.
a. Serves at least one but preferably
more, physically separated critical
facilities located on one or more
properties.
The suggested microgrid will provide
43 basic and priority facilities in and around
downtown Freeport (Table 2). Of these
facilities, 19 are seen as basic and are found
in physically isolated buildings on person
property bundles. Basic facilities incorporate
fire stations, the police base camp,
water/wastewater utilities, clinics and
nursing homes, schools, libraries and a crisis
protect. Need offices incorporate extra
utilities, banks, gas stations, basic supply
stores and drug stores [4].
b. The primary generation source
capacity cannot be totally diesel-
fueled generators.
The primary generation source of
electricity for the suggested microgrid
constitutes a combination of the distillate
fuel generator (these are augmented by
battery storage), solar photovoltaic systems,
and neutral gas generators [5]. To add to
these, wind turbines are assessed as an
external power source suggested in this
research paper. In table 3 below are
generation source and their locations. The
diagrams below, figure and figure five
illustrates a map of generation and

generation type respectively. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) frameworks will
incorporate both rooftop installations and
canopies found in metropolitan parking
parts. The venture anticipates extra PV
frameworks present in the Village of
Freeport Schools through the NYPA K-
Solar program [6]. It is expected that the
Sun Edison backed project will give an extra
1 MW of solar. Wind energy will be
provided by at least a single turbine found
within the Freeport Industrial Park. An extra
two 4.44 MW natural gas reciprocating
engines will be found at Freeport Power
Plant 1 (“PP1”). The repowering of PP1
would contribute a noteworthy amount of
power to the proposed microgrid project.
c. A combination of generation
resources must provide on-site
power in both grid-connected and
islanded mode
Joint, the suggested generation
resources would be able to supply on-site
power in both islanded and grid-connected
mode and frame a deliberateness island [7].
The existing PP2, as well as the repowered
PP1, are dark begin capably, and battery
storage and inverters will be utilized to
supply islanded power support through top
shaving and generator start-up period
support. Control frameworks for exchanging
between islanded and grid-connected mode
will be created so that, within the occasion
of a power loss, the proposed microgrid is
able to naturally isolated from the network
and reestablish a network connection after
ordinary power is restored. It is envisioned
that a system like those given by S&C and
Schneider might be utilized for this project
[8].
d. Must be able to form an
intentional island.

Freeport Electric will have to control
the microgrid and control the person circuits
and feeders. The Freeport Downtown
Microgrid will have the capacity to island
and partitioned from the LIPA network as
well as other ranges of Freeport.
e. Power Flexibility
The power generated from this
Microgrid will be very flexible as it will
be produced from various sectors like
wind, solar PV, hydroelectric power
plant. Therefore if one plant is affected
by weather then the other will generate
electrical energy will enable continuity
of electrical power source.
f. -scheduled maintenance
The suggested resources will be
planned for firm capacity support; irregular
resources would be utilized to shave peak
loads and progress generally the system
variable costs where conceivable [9].
Freeport Electric staff will keep up the
distribution lines and components. Freeport
Electric may keep up the production
resources but it is, however, to be decided
who would be the owner/operator of these
sources.
g. Consistent Operation
The expecting control framework
and production resources will give load
following capabilities whereas keeping up
voltage and frequency when grid-connected,
and inside ANSI c84-1 guidelines for
voltage when islanded. Reciprocating units
like the one aiming to repower PP1 are
ordinarily able of this performance [10].
h. Control and Communication
A way of computerized, integrated
two-way communication and control
between the suggested microgrid
owner/operator and the neighbourhood
distribution utility is right now under
improvement [11]. The neighbourhood
utility, the metropolitan electric authority of

Freeport Electric, would too specifically
control the microgrid resources.
i. Diverse Customers
The suggested microgrid will supply
power to a several bunches of clients with an
extent of load condition constituting the
basic and essential facilities given above that
are in the proposed microgrid zone, some
245 clients (characterized as person bundles
and excluding parking areas, right of ways
and empty lands) will be served specifically
and indirectly by the Freeport Downtown
Microgrid. Of these bundles, roughly 54%
are commercial, 35% are residential and
10% are community services (Table 1).
Table 1: Microgrid area customer types
Microgrid
Area Land
Use
Parcel
Count
Per cent
Total
Commercial 133 54.3
Residential 86 35.1
Community
Services
26 10. 6
Grand Total 245 100
j. Must include an uninterruptible
fuel supply or a minimum of one
week of fuel supply onsite
PP1 will be repowered as a natural
gas treating facility and give an
uninterruptible fuel supply. PP1 will be
advantageous from critical residual gas
supply within the nearby pipeline and also
utilize of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a
conveyed fuel [12]. PP1 will moreover keep
an existing distillate fueled generator with
neighbourhood liquid fuel stored on-site.
Propane alternatives are moreover being
examined.
k. critical facilities and generation

This Microgrid in Freeport will be
constructed using facilities to help to
withstand any risks which may pose serious
dangers on the Microgrid plant. Some of
these include the use of tall lightning
arresters which will help in avoiding any
lightning from occurring. Another critical
facility which would be employed is a good
drainage system which would be able to
make water flow into the nearby rivers as
well as lakes to avoid flood in the power
system.
l. Resilient to Disruption
The suggested microgrid will help the region
in and around downtown Freeport that is
located out of the 100-year floodplain and
will not be affected by most ordinary flood
events (Figure 1). Extra resilience in
microgrid arrangement will be given
through measures like undergrounding of
overhead control lines and installation of
extra switching [13].

Figure 1: Showing Freeport Downtown
Microgrid and 100 Year Floodplain Map of
Freeport
m. Provide black-start capability
The Downtown Microgrid will have black
start capability utilizing one of the suggested
PP1 4.44 MW engines. PP2, outside the
microgrid, as of now has black start-ability.
This will give the Village with two sources
of control with the black start [14].
Preferable Microgrid Capabilities
In the design of this microgrid in
Freeport, there will be several innovative
technologies which will be employed to
ensure the smooth operation of this
particular microgrid. Some of these
technologies include the human-machine
interface which enables man to safely

interact with the machine. And machine here
is those that directly synchronized to the
microgrid operation in the generation of
electrical energy from renewable sources of
electrical energy [15]. The smart grid
technology which will be employed here
will enable the operator to perfectly monitor
the whole microgrid to check if there is any
fault in the whole system. The smart grid
technology will also help in checking if
there are some mischiefs in electrical energy
line as this may in some cases result in the
death of these people committing mischiefs
of electrical power. Mischiefs may be poor
tapping of electrical energy, poor cabling of
the electrical energy and poor connections of
electrical energy which may result in death
and serious accidents [16].
Here the technologies like smart
meter will as well be employed to help
monitor and record the electrical energy
consumption and then wirelessly transmit
the information to the Freeport microgrid
electrical energy suppliers for billing and
monitoring. These smart meters will record
energy hourly or more frequently and in
some cases even report at least daily [17].
Therefore this type of meter enables
communication in a two way that is between
the central system and the clients (where the
meter is situated). Advance distribution
automaton will also be employed in this
microgrid. This will basically relate
automation distribution which will be
enabled through the smart grid of the
Freeport For this type of technology, the
electrical power is ideally isolated logically
into distribution and transmission systems.
This system is basically achieved by the use
of the Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition what is most cases referred to as
SCADA.
In the operation of the microgrid,
there needs to be some serious energy
storage this is because the energy storage
and microgrid are very serious issues for

discussion. This is due to the increasing
threats of cybersecurity as well as the
natural disaster which they pose to the
system of the electrical microgrid. Energy
storage in a microgrid is very significant
also in providing a very reliable energy
source to the consumers. Some of these
technologies which are mostly employed
include large battery banks and some huge
supercapacitors. But in rare cases, old
technologies are like a flywheel and
hydroelectric power are employed in the
storage of this electrical energy [18]. Such
a huge battery can be illustrated using the
following diagram, such batteries are known
as Lithium-ion batteries;
Figure 2: Showing banks of electrical
battery used for energy storage in a
microgrid
A prototype of network operating within the
microgrid is illustrated using the following
diagram. This will actually give the sight of
how the microgrid of Freeport system
operates;

Figure 3: Showing network operation
functions within the microgrid
The Freeport Downtown microgrid system
just like any other microgrid system
employs the use of energy efficiency options
to enable them to maximize the output
generation of their electrical energy. Some
of these energy efficiency options include
the cheaper sources of electrical energy
which are employed in renewable sources of
electrical energy [19]. These are sunlight,
wind, water among others. And the
requirements of these to increase the
electrical energy is that even though these
energies are free they should be used
together with machines and other HMI
(Human Machine Interface) which will
neither consume more electrical energy nor
costly to maintain. This will result in the
overall increase in the efficiency of the
operation of the whole microgrid like this at
Freeport Downtown.
The installation of the electricity in this
village would be more of overhead as
opposed to underground, this is due to the
setup of the region which is a village hence
it is easier and relatively cheaper to do the
overhead transmission of electrical energy
than to go underground way. Some of the
reasons as to why the overhead transmission
will be ideal here include;
i. In Overhead transmission, the
conduction material is minimized.
ii. The cost of insulation is very low.
iii. Overhead transmission lines are very
cheap.

Therefore the above reasons fit this
village, people in this village are just
middle-class earners and do not have a lot of
money to use the underground connection.
Due to a lot of water bodies in the Freeport
village, more of the hydroelectric source of
renewable energy will be employed together
with sun and wind. From the generation
parts the electrical energy is in AC form is
stepped up to a given voltage let's say
13.8kV then transmitted to the grid where all
the electrical energy from different
generation point are collected. From this
point, the electrical energy is transmitted to
the substation where the power is stepped
down to 415 V three phase. From this
electrical energy can now be installed to the
individuals residing in the village, this is
done using the single phase.
For large buildings, three phases can be
taken to the plot but a single phase wire
(either red, blue or yellow) will be used for
every household where one phase will be
used together with a neutral line to make a
single phase and used for the domestic
installation. Again during the maintenance
of the microgrid system, it is very easier as
compared to the underground connections.
Before any servicing is undertaken in the
microgrid the supply power is switched off
when the operation is done perfectly. If
there are open circuits in the connecting
wires the test for continuity is performed
and the cable is replaced with a better one
[20]. It is very easy to communicate in this
microgrid since smart meters will be
employed to give a two-way communication
of the electrical bills between the villagers
of Freeport and the suppliers of the electrical
energy.
A supervisory software known as
SCADA will also be employed to monitor
all the operation of the microgrid just from
the point and stages of the electrical energy
production from different points to the point
of consumption by the clients. With this

software, it makes it very simple to
understand the full system and make it
easier to correct anything if there is a need
before a bigger loss occurs in the system.
This will for sure help to reduce losses and
increase the efficiency of the whole system
of power generation. As discussed above,
the electrical power will be transmitted
through overhead three-phase within the
Freeport village. In the village of the
Freeport in New York, there are some
companies which will use this electrical
energy some of such companies include
Publishers Clearing House which in most
cases known as PCH. This companies
together with others will employ the use of
three-phase electrical energy at 13.8 kV to
enable them to conduct their production
using a reliable, cheap and clean source of
electrical energy.
All the three main sources of renewable
electrical energy used in the village of
Freeport are clean and have very small
pollution. Wind and hydroelectric sources of
electrical energy have some slight sound
pollution but this is reduced from affecting
the people setting such power plants in very
isolated areas like on the top of the mountain
for the windmills and by the river and the
lake for the hydroelectric. And for the
hydroelectric plant noise absorbers will be
built around the powerhouse to ensure that
about 90 per cent of the noise produced is
arrested hence the noise won´t affect the
citizen living in and around Village of
Freeport. For the solar, it is free from any
form of pollution, it does not produce any
sound during its operation. The diagram
below illustrates the connection of electrical
energy to the individuals residing in this
village;

Figure 4: Showing a prototype of overhead
connection in Freeport
Develop Preliminary Technical Design
Costs and Configuration
Hurricane Irene and Superstorm
Sandy brought noteworthy harm to the
public framework, homes, businesses, and
the estuary environment. Both storms had
diverse impacts on the Freeport in terms of
the sort and concentrated of harms
(precipitation and wind occasions, storm
surge, etc.). More than 4,000 of Freeport’s
multi-family lodging units and 130 of its
homes were risky for home after Sandy. A
few businesses supported flooding and
storm harm, whereas others endured control
blackouts and decreased financial
movement.
Proposed Microgrid Infrastructure and
Operations
Normal operation
The power requirement for the Freeport
Microgrid system is obtained from the
PSEG/LIPA interconnect grid at the 4 F
substation which is employed as the
reference point. This portal may be a 138
kV connection which has been in operation
from the year 1996 and gives acquired
power from the New York State Grid. The
greatest imported power is based on the
rating of the two excess step-down
transformers at 4F which are 72 MVA each.

Freeport’s most noteworthy record stack
was roughly 66 MW and happened a few
years ago. In normal conditions, Freeport
does not operate any of its own energy
production particularly for utilization by its
clients. Production is present at Plant 2
utilizing CT‐2 (46MW) and GT‐3 (a 1960
vintage 16MW unit) with emergency
production from older liquid-fueled units at
the 1940’s vintage Power Plant 1 (“PP1”)
(Unit 10 at 2MW, Unit 11 at 2MW, and Unit
12 at 4MW).
Emergency operation
The foremost extreme scenario
happens when power isn't present from the
138kV interconnect and the Freeport
dispersion framework works as an islanded
framework. At this time, the inner
generation is required to utilize black-start
capability at Control Plant 2's (PP2) 16MW
GT-3 engine, which is about 60-years
ancient and within the floodplain [21]. Once
auxiliary power is set up, this unit then
begins CT-2 at PP2 that's synchronized to
the system and can supply up to 46MW of
the load. In the event that there's extra stack
request, PP1 can too be synchronized to the
framework. One of the generation units is
additionally able of black-starting in case of
faults of GT-3, that is situated within the in
the within the floodplain. In caseload
necessities surpass production demands in
this situation, load shedding and/or rolling
power outages would have to be actualized
to maintain power to basic facilities and key
clients.
The present emergency working
arrangement encompasses several
vulnerabilities that have been exposed by
past extraordinary weather-related
occasions. As became evident in Superstorm
Sandy, PP2 is in a zone subject to flooding
The suggested downtown microgrid (the
Freeport Downtown Microgrid) will

supplant admired diesel engine capacity at
PP1 with two 4.44 MW dual-fuel (natural
gas/CNG) reciprocating engines having
“black-start” ability. The microgrid will put
differences to the power supply with the
addition of renewable electrical energy
which constitutes: 1.33 MW of sun based
photovoltaic power (solar PV) found on and
around a basic facility, 1MW of wind
power, and battery storage found at PP1.
The microgrid will moreover include a layer
of redundancy to the Freeport dispersion
system by making a downtown 3-Phase
13.8kV circuit with goads to basic facilities.
This suggested Freeport Downtown
Microgrid can be illustrated using an
architectural diagram below;
Figure 5: Showing Freeport Downtown
Microgrid architectural diagram
Load Characterization
The microgrid in this location will supply
power to the key facilities as well as main
customers through providing essential
services from the community. The Freeport
geographical region is a mixture of primary
facilities and key critical, commercials as
well as business buildings and residential

houses. Basically, in total, there are about
245 clients in the regions (these are defined
as individual excluding and parcels parking
areas vacant lands and right of the ways)
[22]. For these parcels, about 54 per cent are
commercial 10 per cent and 35 per cent
provides community services. Downtown
Freeport incorporates a high concentration
of basic resources, framework, and facilities
instrumental to catastrophe reaction and
recuperation. Critical resources incorporate
Verizon telecommunications supplier); the
Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) Freeport
station and related substation giving power
to the LIRR Babylon Department; the
Village Corridor and police central station;
three firehouses counting Fire Office
headquarters; three open schools; the
Freeport Memorial Library; 28 traffic lights;
a huge number of street lights; and various
health and community services and
businesses that serve post-disaster capacities
(e.g., grocery stores, banks, gas stations). All
of these facilities are basic to the financial
and social well-being of the Community.
The Freeport Recreation Center, Memorial
Memorial Dedication Commemoration
Library and the JW Dodd School, all found
inside the microgrid project zone, are
suggested to serve as Community Help
Centers after catastrophes.
The setup of the Freeport Downtown
Microgrid will be organized in numerous
levels on both the production and load side.
The production arrangement is examined in
consequent areas. The load setup follows.
Microgrid Load Hierarchy
Tier 1: The downtown basic facilities will
be served by a modern, overwhelmingly
underground, a 13.8kV circuit with
repetition and computerized separation
switching. The aim is that this collection of
facilities will be loads of final resort and will
be the final circuits shed and first circuits

energized amid islanded situations. These
facilities shape the centre of support to the
broader community during blackout
occasions.
Tier2: The adjustments of the downtown
loads on particular present feeder circuits
might be islanded utilizing present
framework and included in controls. This
would give the adjustment of support
facilities to the broader zone during blackout
occasions. The Freeport Downtown
Microgrid will interconnect to the critical
loads and downtown area in Freeport as
shown in Figure 6.
Tier 3: The normal utilization (MWh) and
top demand (kW) for each essential basic
and secondary basic facility are nitty gritty
in Table 2. Evaluated summer and winter
hourly profiles for each facility are nitty
gritty in Figure 7. The most extreme top
demand necessity for the basic offices is
around 8.5 MW.
Figure 6: Showing report critical and non-
critical assets
Table 2: Showing Primary and secondary
critical facilities in the Freeport Downtown
Microgrid

Sizing of the loads to be served by the
microgrid

Controllability
Load shedding on the Freeport
Downtown Microgrid amid islanded
operation would be performed by
computerized actions (preferred) and manual
implies subject the accessible microgrid
capacity. The modern 13.8kV basic circuits
will be prepared with programmed load
shedding and separation gear to permit for
fast recuperating and reconfiguration of the
circuits to reduce the potential for bigger
interference [23]. Extra downtown zone
loads would be physically coupled and shed
from the microgrid to meet any excess
available produced capabilities of the
Microgrid.
Energy-efficiency
The Microgrid at Freeport
Downtown village would trigger the
beginning installation of AMI architecture to
permit for client interaction and energy-
efficiency program advancement. Whereas
the full-scale arrangement of AMI has not
been considered a portion of the microgrid
scope due to financial factors, the centre
installation of AMI architecture to make
usefulness for basic facilities allows for the
prompt execution of energy-efficiency
programs for these facilities and future
extension of the framework.
Priority
As examined earlier, the priority of
the Microgrid at Freeport Downtown will be
to maintain the Tier 1 loads energized. Extra
downtown circuits will at first be shed and
only re-energized when on-line production
capacity is adequate to support the included
load. Alternately, should production assets
go off-line, the Tier 2 loads would be shed
to protect the Tier 1 load. Should production
somehow not meet the complete Tier 1
stack, Level 1 facilities will be prioritized
and those of lower priority shed at each
facility service entrance through the AMI
framework. These Tier 1 and Tier 2 loads

are basically common resources to the locals
of Freeport and the neighbouring regions.
Residential clients, overwhelmingly single-
family residences surrounding the
downtown zone, would be energized as a
tertiary activity [24].
Distributed Energy Resources
Characterization
Essential production sources for the
Freeport Downtown Microgrid incorporate a
blend of solar PV, natural gas generators,
and distillate fuel generators, increased by
battery storage. In addition, a 900kW wind
turbine is suggested as an external source of
power to the suggested microgrid. Table 3
contains a total list of the microgrid
dispersed produced resources and Figure 6
maps their areas in Freeport downtown.
Table 3: Showing suggested new microgrid
distributed energy resources summary
The microgrid at the Freeport Downtown
will be supplied by production resources as
per the protocols of the prioritization which
are the same to those of the load.
Microgrid Generation Resource
Hierarchy
Tier 1 – Here production sources are
directly connected to the electrical
conductors providing 13.8kV critical load
circuits (i.e., PP1, recreation centre rooftop
solar PV).

Tier 2 – Production sources directly
connected to another downtown electrical
circuit.
Tier 3 – Production sources make it possible
to supply power to Freeport Downtown
Microgrid circuits via the intermediate
interconnecting feeder.
Figure 7: Showing New and existing
distributed generation resources in this area

Solar Generation
A feasibility evaluation was done to
decide the ideal location for solar
photovoltaic panels all through Downtown
Freeport, particularly on basic buildings.
Roughly 6 MW of modern solar
photovoltaic frameworks was suggested on
both housetops and canopies situated in
metropolitan parking parts (Figure 7).
Nevertheless, only 1.33 MW of photovoltaic
frameworks is suggested due to cost. The
project expects extra solar PV accessibility
through the Freeport Schools through the
New York Control Specialist (NYPA) K-
Solar program.
It is expected that the Sun Edison
bolstered project will give an extra 1 MW of
solar vitality to the microgrid project.
Present solar PV power has the potential to
progress resilience, reliability, broaden the
electric supply, and decrease the sum of
electrical power acquired from day-ahead
markets. The suggested solar arrays will be
coupled to the modern, underground circuits
[25]. In a normal operation of the modern
circuits will be grid-connected to PP1, when
islanded, the solar PV nourish the microgrid
through the modern new unused modern
circuits. These can be illustrated in the table
below;
Table 4: Showing Freeport Downtown
Microgrid solar potential
Wind Generation
Wind energy will be provided by at
least one turbine situated within the Freeport
Industrial Park. An investigation was done

to obtain the potential for wind production
improvement in Freeport. This investigation
presumes the installation of a single,
commercial-scale wind turbine in nearness
to present electrical framework between the
Industrial Park and PP2. Elective areas for
the turbine were also too moreover surveyed
as well.
Potential Generation
This investigation was done on the
installation of a single Americas Wind
Energy 54-900 wind turbine, a 900 kW
direct drive turbine. Direct drive, as
contradicted to gearbox turbines contain
altogether fewer components; the rotor and
generator turn as one integrated unit. The
nonappearance of a gearbox
simplifies procedure maintenance and leads
to a less powerless machine.1 An Awe 54-
900 turbine having a rotor diameter, and a
centre height of 75 m, was utilized for this
investigation. Month to month energy
generation approximates were
obtained utilizing the System Advisor
Model (SAM), a renewable energy
execution model created by the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory [26].
The data of Wind resource is from
the WIND Toolkit was confirmed against
hourly wind speed estimations obtained
from the housetop of Freeport’s PP2 from
January to October of 2012. On average,
wind speed values from the WIND Toolkit
dataset were 1.8 m/s higher than estimations
obtained at PP2. Nevertheless, the WIND
Toolkit gives wind speed values at 100 m
above the earth surface whereas estimations
at PP2 were obtained at 10 m above the
earth surface. Also, there were various
crevices within the PP2 data. Estimations for
the months of November and December are
inaccessible. When estimations given PP2
were scaled to account for higher speeds of
wind at higher heights, wind speed values

were on average 0.12 m/s lower than the
WIND Toolkit dataset discrepancy in
normal monthly wind speed information can
be seen in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Showing Comparison of average
monthly wind speed by the data source
Due to these inputs and
presumptions, yearly energy generation was
assessed at 2,909 MWh with a capacity
factor of 36.9%. Capacity factor is the
proportion of a system’s anticipated
electrical yield to its greatest possible
capacity-based yield [27]. Modern wind
turbines ordinarily illustrate the capacity
factors of 30-50%. The inputs, presumptions
and the outcomes of this investigation are
illustrated in Table 5. Month to month
energy generation fluctuated from about
400,000 kWh in winter months to nearly
100,000 kWh within the summer. Evaluated
month to month energy generation is
illustrated shown appeared in Figure 6.
Table 5: Showing Inputs, assumptions and
analysis results

Figure 9: Showing Estimated monthly
energy production in kWh
Turbine Location
The achievability of wind energy
depends on a mixture of geography and
surrounding wind assets. Regions with
average yearly wind speeds of about 6.5
meters per second or higher, combined with
a turbine at an 80 meter tall, are for the most
cases used to be appropriate for wind
advancement. Small territory features like
vegetation and buildings, or other
atmospheric impacts may too influence the
presence of wind resources [28].
Locating turbines of the wind along edges
oriented vertical to the prevailing direction
of the wind, on the higher elevations in a
given zone, or at points where
neighbourhood winds can funnel is likelier
to lead to greater cruel speed of the wind.
Regions promptly upwind and downwind of
the higher landscape, the lee side or edges,
and too much-inclined landscape ought to be

maintained a strategic distance from as
increased turbulence may happen. Winning
winds for the region start from the northwest
and south. Yearly wind speeds and heading
are illustrated as a wind rose plot in Figure
10 below.
Figure 10: Showing annual wind rose plot
for New York JFK
Windmills are noise is obtained at a
distance of and 900 meters, therefore, the
below illustrates where are the
recommended locations for the situation of
the windmill.
Suggested Area:
 Freeport Electric Power Plant 2
[redacted]: Found adjoining to
estuarine and marine wetland zone.
Adjoining buildings may cause
turbulence at lower centre heights
Alternative Areas:
 Freeport Water Division North East
WaterShed [redacted]: Located

adjoining to freshwater
forested/shrub wetland region.
 Brooklyn Waterworks / Millburn
Pumping Station [redacted]: found
adjoining to freshwater
forested/shrub wetland region.
Reciprocating Engines
The suggested area of the engines
will be next to the building lodging the
available diesel engines on modern concrete
cushions). Instead of developing a building,
sound-attenuated, weather-tight enclosures
will be utilized to house the engine
generator, controls, MCC’s, and generator
breakers as well as diminish commotion
pollution to the adjacent community. The
SCR/Oxidation catalyst and silencer will be
set on the roof of the walled-in areas. The
enclosures will be prewired and prepared
with a fire concealment framework affirmed
by the Nassau Province Fire Marshal [29].
The available cooling towers will be utilized
for the cooling of the engine, hence
decreasing the cost for radiators and
disposing of a potential source of the sound.
Two plate & outline warm exchangers will
be put in each walled in area, and utilize
tower water for engine circuit cooling.
A basic grade silencer would offer
assistance to diminish distant field noise
from the engine debilitate. Since the venture
estimate, debilitate outflow controls will be
required, which comprises of a urea-based
SCR catalyst and an oxidation catalyst. A
6,000-gallon heat-traced protects urea
capacity tank will be found at the fuel farm.
The engines will be prepared for black-start
and island operation. The generators in PP1
are past their working life and can only be
utilized amid emergencies. It is expected
that two of the existing motors will be
decommissioned upon completion of the
repowering extend. These can be illustrated
using the table below;

Table 6: Showing New generation
characteristics
Item Unit
Capacity kW
Electrical Efficiency %
Heart Rate BTU/kW
Fuel Gas Pressure psig
Costs $/kW
Because the production of electrical energy
employs natural gas, hence a pipe extension
will be used in the east for PP1.
Figure 11: Showing existing natural gas
connection to expand to Power Plant 1

Battery Storage
It is suggested that battery capacity is
made accessible at PP1 to assist smooth top
demand and the solar PV production profile.
In ordinary working, the installation of the
battery capacity system will permit working
optimization by discharging the battery amid
hours of the day where the DAM prices are
very high and after that charge amid the
hours of the day that where the DAM costs
are moo. This crest shaving approach for the
battery will lower Freeport’s power costs
and assists recover the costs of actualizing
the framework. During islanded operation,
the battery can be utilized to smooth the load
and renewable production and can be
utilized as the frequency controller. The
currently anticipated battery measure would
be 1MW/1MWh, subject to assist nitty-gritty
engineering investigation. A battery of this
size/capacity is anticipated to have an
introduced cost of roughly $2 million USD.
Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure
Characterization Electrical and Thermal
Infrastructure Characterization.
Description of the electrical infrastructure
and thermal Infrastructure.
For this microgrid, there will be the
usage of feeders, relays, circuit breakers,
switches among other crucial electrical
devices. The feeder will actually help to
supply power to the grid to ensure sufficient
electrical power to the grid of the Freeport
village. The relays like conductors are
employed in some switching requirement in
the powerhouse. The lines are employed to
transmit electrical power throughout the
village. The use of the breakers helps a lot to
protect the devices from being blown off

due to excessive currents which may build
up due to power surges. The CT and PT are
very important in this production electrical
plant. The potential transformers are
employed to either step up or step up the
voltage [30].
Once the electrical energy is
generated it is stepped up and when this is
down the current will be stepped down
( P=VI ). The reduction will help to reduce
the power loss during the electrical power
transmission from the formula Ploss =I2R.
At the customers' intake point the step down
potential transformer is employed to help
reduce the voltage from 13.8kV to about 415
V (for three phases and 240 for single
phase). The steam hot pipes are employed
to generate a high pressure which will hence
be employed to rotate the water turbines to
aid in an electrical generator.
Proposed enhanced network infrastructure
Because the starting concerns around
fault current capacity at substation 4F, the
think about is considering the determination
of the modern 13.8kV circuits from the PP1
substation. This will require the
establishment of the modern 13.8kV feeders
through the present and modern conduit
banks installed in and around the downtown
region. A minority of the basic facilities
situated outside of the prompt downtown
region will be nourished by overhead lines.
Whereas these lines are not situated in
vegetated regions, they may easily be
prepared with programmed confinement
switches ought to the overhead parcel be
subject to the exceptionally impossible
situation of harm.

These basic circuits navigate a
decently wide parcel of the downtown
region, and hence might be extended within
the future, or reconfigured as basic offices
alter over the course of time. All identified
basic loads will be interconnected to the
unused 13.8kV circuits, which can need
updates of client transformers and
association laterals/drops. Load streams
inside the microgrid will be observed and
managed by a microgrid central controller.
This is often due to the reality that
production and load assets are both spread
across the microgrid.
Figure 12: Showing Critical and non-critical
assets and new circuit
The operation of the Microgrid of the
Freeport Downtown is some cases affected
by the adverse weather conditions like
severe drought. A lot of droughts will reduce
the level of water in the rivers which will
reduce the level of water which hence
reduce the amount of electrical energy
generated. Cloudy days in this region will
reduce the amount of electrical energy
produced from the solar PV. Again bad
weather like calm days (without) winds
highly reduces the amount of electrical
energy produced from the windmill.

Microgrid and Building Controls
Characterization
Microgrid control architecture
Control System
The microgrid control framework may
be a principal component as microgrids have
distinctive working modes and have an
adaptable setup which incorporates
discontinuous and variable electrical
production. Key control capacities
incorporate framework recurrence and
voltage control and can be categorized as:
i. Grid following Controls: The
unit basically generates a reactive
and active power as the
microgrid connection sets
reference frequency and voltage.
ii. Grid forming control: When the
grid connection is lost the unit
has to control the voltage and
frequency system.
On the interface between the microgrid
central control (MCC) and distributed
energy resources (DER) can be categorized
into two categories;
Interactive control methods: the control
unit operates in conjunction to realize
certain objectives for example frequency
and voltage control in the droop control
method.
Non-interactive control methods: The
system of control of DER and switching unit
is a stand-alone hence it does not obtain
action with other systems.
The implementation of the above control
methods are done at the component levels
for example within the dedicated control
equipped system. At the system level, there
is MCC that is responsible for controlling
the Freeport microgrid. An MCC can be
outlined based on the system’s particular
framework and the capabilities and working
limits of the partitioned constituent

components (e.g., numerous specialist
frameworks, etc.). Depending on its
application and the client’s prerequisites, it
can perform a number of errands including:
 Main grid disconnection and re-
synchronization of the microgrid.
 Black-start capability.
 Dealing with storage energy and
discharge profiles.
 Supply of power quality services to
sensitive loads.
 Balancing reactive and active power
rendering to DER units’ availability
and load demand.
 Microgrid managing transients and
disturbances.
The Power Logic Microgrid Controller
by Schneider Electric is an illustration of a
demonstrated MCC architecture which
might be used to the Freeport Downtown
Microgrid. This gadget could be a receptive,
real-time controller which works on the
millisecond and moment time scale. This
control system is modular in structure and
permits for expandable and flexible I/O. A
future extension might be actualized through
the establishment of a framework
comparable to Schneider's Structure Ware,
which utilizes prescient inputs (climate,
showcase costs) to control and coordinated
demand-side solutions, constituting
customer-sited production alacrity and load
decrease controls.
The MCC will be able to autonomous
operation within the occasion of loss of
connection with the broader SCADA
system. Moreover, it'll be situated at PP1 in
a secure and weather-protected area. This
would make the good thing about
collocating the basic control assets where
basic operating staff are promptly
accessible. The aim would be for the MCC

to function moderately autonomously and
coordinate with existing arrange
computerization. The MCC would have full
usefulness and the vigorous responsiveness
required for real-time islanding, control and
reconnection. The MCC would then be
integrated into the broader SCADA
framework for oversight and data. This is
often ordinarily how dispersed control
design is created, permitting lower hierarchy
processors to handle exercises closer to the
controlled gadget. Essentially, this control
architecture is assist backed by the
appointment of equipment-level control to
the bundled control frameworks provided
with the generators.
Information Technology
(IT)/Telecommunications Infrastructure
Characterization
Currently, Freeport uses a state of
the art Advanced Control Systems SCADA
framework. The SCADA framework will be
utilized and extended as depicted above for
the Freeport Microgrid. The framework
decreases hazard for expanded blackouts
and equipment faults. Freeport will get real-
time framework data to empower working
staff to assist avoid power blackouts and
quickly reestablish power when sags or
blackouts happen. The SCADA framework
has the capacity to communicate with keen
relays through fibre cables, JMU and other
IEEE standard communication strategies to
assist keep the modern production at PP1
and situated all through the microgrid.
Communications from the MCC to the
controlled equipment can be fulfilled by a
mixture of Modbus, BACnet or other
ordinary conventions over optical fibre
associations run with the unused 13.8kV
basic circuits.

Bibliography
[1] M. C. R. d. Carvalho, New and Renewable Technologies for Sustainable
Development, vol. I, Hull: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[2] M. Horodecki, Megatrends for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Chicago:
The Fairmont Press, 2011.
[3] S. Lewis, topographical dictionary of Ireland: comprising the several counties, cities,
boroughs corporate, market, and post towns, parishes and villages, Chicago: Lewis,
2011.
[4] N. A. o. E. N. A. o. S. National Research Council, Electricity from Renewable
Resources: Status, Prospects, and Impediments, Hull: National Academies Press,
2010.
[5] T. Ziesemer, Balancing Renewable Electricity: Energy Storage, Demand Side
Management, and Network Extension from an Interdisciplinary Perspective, Chicago:
Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[6] M. Rashid, Electric Renewable Energy Systems, Hull: Elsevier Science, 2015.
[7] G. Boyle, Renewable Electricity and the Grid: The Challenge of Variability, Chicago:
Earthscan, 2012.
[8] J. Ekanayake, Renewable Energy Engineering, Hull: Cambridge University Press,
2017.
[9] U. S. a. S. C. Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Innovation, Renewable

Electricity - Generation Technologies: Oral and Written Evidence, Leicester: The
Stationery Office, 2011.
[10] P. Jaramillo, Variable Renewable Energy and the Electricity Grid, Beijing: Routledge,
2014.
[11] J. M. Pedraza, Electrical Energy Generation in Europe: The Current Situation and
Perspectives in the Use of Renewable Energy Sources and Nuclear Power for
Regional Electricity Generation, Liverpool: Springer, 2015.
[12] G. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, Hull: John Wiley &
Sons, 2014.
[13] J. Sprooten, Electricity Production from Renewable Energies, Liverpool: John Wiley
& Sons, 2012.
[14] M. Zugno, Integrating Renewables in Electricity Markets: Operational Problems,
Hull: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[15] G. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, Madrid: John Wiley &
Sons, 2014.
[16] T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, Hull: Taylor & Francis, 2014.
[17] L. Jones, Renewable Energy Integration: Practical Management of Variability,
Uncertainty, and Flexibility in Power Grids, Leicester: Academic Press, 2014.
[18] T. Bührke, Renewable Energy: Sustainable Energy Concepts for the Future, Florida:
John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

[19] R. K. Mishra, Advanced Renewable Energy Sources, Madrid: Royal Society of
Chemistry, 2012.
[20] M. El-Sharkawi, Electric Energy: An Introduction, London: CRC Press, 2012.
[21] T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, Leicester: Routledge, 2015.
[22] A. Wiese, Renewable Energy: Technology, Economics and Environment, Madrid:
Springer Science & Business Media, 2017.
[23] R. Blackett, Utah Renewable Energy Zones Task Force: Phase I Report: Renewable
Energy Zone Resource Identification, London: Utah Geological Survey, 2009.
[24] H. Polinder, Electrical Drives for Direct Drive Renewable Energy Systems, Hull:
Elsevier Science, 2013.
[25] Z. Salameh, Renewable Energy System Design, Hull: Academic Press, 2014.
[26] D. Jenkins, Renewable Energy Systems: The Earthscan Expert Guide to Renewable
Energy Technologies for Home and Business, Leicester: Routledge, 2013.
[27] J. Sprooten, Electricity Production from Renewable Energies, Chicago: John Wiley &
Sons, 2012.
[28] Z. Ahmed, Handbook Of Renewable Energy Technology, Manchester: World
Scientific, 2011.
[29] B. K. Panigrahi, Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Systems, New Delhi:
Springer, 2014.
[30] A. Hemami, Electricity and Electronics for Renewable Energy Technology: An

Introduction, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 2017.