Electrical Power: Microgrid Capabilities and Infrastructure
Added on 2023-01-19
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Electrical power 1
ELECTRICAL POWER
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ELECTRICAL POWER
Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author)
Dept. name of the organization
Name of organization, acronyms acceptable
City, Country
mail address
Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)
Dept. name of the organization
Name of organization, acronyms acceptable
City, Country
e-mail address
Electrical power 2
Table of content
Contents
Table of content..........................................................................................................................................2
Table of figures............................................................................................................................................2
List of tables................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................2
Microgrid Capabilities.................................................................................................................................3
Minimum Required Capabilities..............................................................................................................4
Preferable Microgrid Capabilities............................................................................................................9
Develop Preliminary Technical Design Costs and Configuration..............................................................15
Proposed Microgrid Infrastructure and Operations................................................................................15
Normal operation...............................................................................................................................15
Emergency operation.........................................................................................................................15
Load Characterization............................................................................................................................17
Microgrid Load Hierarchy.................................................................................................................18
Sizing of the loads to be served by the microgrid..............................................................................29
Distributed Energy Resources Characterization....................................................................................31
Solar Generation................................................................................................................................32
Wind Generation...............................................................................................................................33
Reciprocating Engines.......................................................................................................................39
Battery Storage..................................................................................................................................40
Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure Characterization Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure
Characterization.....................................................................................................................................41
Description of the electrical infrastructure and thermal Infrastructure...............................................41
Proposed enhanced network infrastructure........................................................................................42
Microgrid and Building Controls Characterization................................................................................43
Microgrid control architecture...........................................................................................................43
Information Technology (IT)/Telecommunications Infrastructure Characterization.............................46
Assessment of Microgrid’s Commercial and Financial Feasibility............................................................46
Commercial Viability – Customers.......................................................................................................46
Commercial Viability – Value Proposition............................................................................................48
Commercial Viability - Creating and Delivering Value.........................................................................53
Financial Viability.................................................................................................................................55
Table of content
Contents
Table of content..........................................................................................................................................2
Table of figures............................................................................................................................................2
List of tables................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................2
Microgrid Capabilities.................................................................................................................................3
Minimum Required Capabilities..............................................................................................................4
Preferable Microgrid Capabilities............................................................................................................9
Develop Preliminary Technical Design Costs and Configuration..............................................................15
Proposed Microgrid Infrastructure and Operations................................................................................15
Normal operation...............................................................................................................................15
Emergency operation.........................................................................................................................15
Load Characterization............................................................................................................................17
Microgrid Load Hierarchy.................................................................................................................18
Sizing of the loads to be served by the microgrid..............................................................................29
Distributed Energy Resources Characterization....................................................................................31
Solar Generation................................................................................................................................32
Wind Generation...............................................................................................................................33
Reciprocating Engines.......................................................................................................................39
Battery Storage..................................................................................................................................40
Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure Characterization Electrical and Thermal Infrastructure
Characterization.....................................................................................................................................41
Description of the electrical infrastructure and thermal Infrastructure...............................................41
Proposed enhanced network infrastructure........................................................................................42
Microgrid and Building Controls Characterization................................................................................43
Microgrid control architecture...........................................................................................................43
Information Technology (IT)/Telecommunications Infrastructure Characterization.............................46
Assessment of Microgrid’s Commercial and Financial Feasibility............................................................46
Commercial Viability – Customers.......................................................................................................46
Commercial Viability – Value Proposition............................................................................................48
Commercial Viability - Creating and Delivering Value.........................................................................53
Financial Viability.................................................................................................................................55
Electrical power 3
Legal Viability...........................................................................................................................................56
Develop Information for Benefit-Cost Analysis........................................................................................56
Characterization of Distributed Energy Resources................................................................................59
Capacity Impacts and Ancillary Services..............................................................................................64
Planning and Design costs.................................................................................................................66
Operation and Maintenance Costs.....................................................................................................66
Variable O&M Costs.........................................................................................................................68
Fuel Costs..........................................................................................................................................68
Ancillary Benefits..............................................................................................................................70
Power Quality and Reliability............................................................................................................70
Project Costs..............................................................................................................................................71
Costs to Maintain Service during a Power Outage....................................................................................72
Services Supported by the Microgrid........................................................................................................81
Table of figures
Figure 1: Showing a map of Scottville, New York ........................................................................................4
Figure 2: Showing features which supports the production of electrical energy from several renewable
sources ........................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 3: Showing banks of electrical battery used for energy storage in microgrid.................................12
Figure 4: Showing network operation functions within the microgrid.......................................................13
Figure 5: Showing a prototype of an overhead connection in Scottville....................................................16
Figure 6: Showing Scottsville Microgrid architectural diagram................................................................19
Figure 7: Showing New and existing distributed generation resources in this area..................................33
Figure 8: Showing Comparison of average monthly wind speed by the data source.................................36
Figure 9: Showing Estimated monthly energy production in kWh............................................................37
Figure 10: Showing annual wind rose plot for New York JFK..................................................................39
Figure 11: Showing Critical and non-critical assets and new circuit.........................................................44
List of tables
Table 2: Microgrid area customer types......................................................................................................9
Table 3: Showing Primary and secondary critical facilities in the Scottsville Microgrid...........................21
Table 4: Showing suggested new microgrid distributed energy resources summary.................................33
Table 5: Showing Scottsville Microgrid solar potential.............................................................................35
Table 6: Showing Inputs, assumptions and analysis results.......................................................................37
Table 7: Showing New generation characteristics.....................................................................................42
Table 8: Scottsville Microgrid Distributed Energy Resources...................................................................62
Legal Viability...........................................................................................................................................56
Develop Information for Benefit-Cost Analysis........................................................................................56
Characterization of Distributed Energy Resources................................................................................59
Capacity Impacts and Ancillary Services..............................................................................................64
Planning and Design costs.................................................................................................................66
Operation and Maintenance Costs.....................................................................................................66
Variable O&M Costs.........................................................................................................................68
Fuel Costs..........................................................................................................................................68
Ancillary Benefits..............................................................................................................................70
Power Quality and Reliability............................................................................................................70
Project Costs..............................................................................................................................................71
Costs to Maintain Service during a Power Outage....................................................................................72
Services Supported by the Microgrid........................................................................................................81
Table of figures
Figure 1: Showing a map of Scottville, New York ........................................................................................4
Figure 2: Showing features which supports the production of electrical energy from several renewable
sources ........................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 3: Showing banks of electrical battery used for energy storage in microgrid.................................12
Figure 4: Showing network operation functions within the microgrid.......................................................13
Figure 5: Showing a prototype of an overhead connection in Scottville....................................................16
Figure 6: Showing Scottsville Microgrid architectural diagram................................................................19
Figure 7: Showing New and existing distributed generation resources in this area..................................33
Figure 8: Showing Comparison of average monthly wind speed by the data source.................................36
Figure 9: Showing Estimated monthly energy production in kWh............................................................37
Figure 10: Showing annual wind rose plot for New York JFK..................................................................39
Figure 11: Showing Critical and non-critical assets and new circuit.........................................................44
List of tables
Table 2: Microgrid area customer types......................................................................................................9
Table 3: Showing Primary and secondary critical facilities in the Scottsville Microgrid...........................21
Table 4: Showing suggested new microgrid distributed energy resources summary.................................33
Table 5: Showing Scottsville Microgrid solar potential.............................................................................35
Table 6: Showing Inputs, assumptions and analysis results.......................................................................37
Table 7: Showing New generation characteristics.....................................................................................42
Table 8: Scottsville Microgrid Distributed Energy Resources...................................................................62
Electrical power 4
Table 9: ScottsvilleMicrogrid Peak Load Support Facilities......................................................................63
Table 10: Facilities Participating in Demand Response Program..............................................................64
Table 11:Scottsville Microgrid Capital Costs............................................................................................66
Table 12: Scottsville Microgrid Planning and Design Costs......................................................................68
Table 13:Scottsville Microgrid Operation and Maintenance Costs............................................................69
Table 16:Scottsville Microgrid Emissions Control Costs..........................................................................71
Table 17:Scottsville Microgrid Emission Factors......................................................................................71
Table 18: Scottsville Microgrid Ancillary Services...................................................................................72
Table 19:SAFI and CAIDI of the existing grid..........................................................................................72
Table 20: Facilities with backup generation capabilities...........................................................................73
Table 21: Cost of Maintaining Service while Operating on Backup Power...............................................74
Table 22: Cost of Maintaining Service while Backup Power is Not Available..........................................75
Table 23: Percent loss in service when using backup generation and when backup generation is not
available during outages............................................................................................................................83
INTRODUCTION
This research of renewable electrical
energy production will be conducted in the
village of Scottsville situated in New York
in the United States. Scottsville is a village
in southwestern Monroe County, New York,
United States, and is in the northeastern part
of the Town of Wheatland. This region has a
GMT of -5. This region has the following
data:
Zip code: 14546
Mayor: Paul F Gee
Population: 1,950 (2017)
Area code: Area code 585
GMT = -5.
The map of this region is given by the
following diagram;
Table 9: ScottsvilleMicrogrid Peak Load Support Facilities......................................................................63
Table 10: Facilities Participating in Demand Response Program..............................................................64
Table 11:Scottsville Microgrid Capital Costs............................................................................................66
Table 12: Scottsville Microgrid Planning and Design Costs......................................................................68
Table 13:Scottsville Microgrid Operation and Maintenance Costs............................................................69
Table 16:Scottsville Microgrid Emissions Control Costs..........................................................................71
Table 17:Scottsville Microgrid Emission Factors......................................................................................71
Table 18: Scottsville Microgrid Ancillary Services...................................................................................72
Table 19:SAFI and CAIDI of the existing grid..........................................................................................72
Table 20: Facilities with backup generation capabilities...........................................................................73
Table 21: Cost of Maintaining Service while Operating on Backup Power...............................................74
Table 22: Cost of Maintaining Service while Backup Power is Not Available..........................................75
Table 23: Percent loss in service when using backup generation and when backup generation is not
available during outages............................................................................................................................83
INTRODUCTION
This research of renewable electrical
energy production will be conducted in the
village of Scottsville situated in New York
in the United States. Scottsville is a village
in southwestern Monroe County, New York,
United States, and is in the northeastern part
of the Town of Wheatland. This region has a
GMT of -5. This region has the following
data:
Zip code: 14546
Mayor: Paul F Gee
Population: 1,950 (2017)
Area code: Area code 585
GMT = -5.
The map of this region is given by the
following diagram;
Electrical power 5
Figure 1: Showing a map of Scottville, New
York [1]
Microgrid Capabilities
A microgrid is an electricity
distribution system composed of distributed
energy resources (both generation and
storage) that are used to support critical
loads within a defined area. A key feature of
microgrids is ‘islanding’, the ability to
separate from a central electricity grid if that
power supply is interrupted. This feature can
maintain power to critical facilities during
extreme weather conditions or system
emergencies, bringing power to individual
customers when necessary [1].
Microgrids have become
increasingly adopted as a solution to the
growing impacts of hurricanes, coastal
storms, nor'easters, blizzards, ice storms and
transmission outages on electrical utility
systems. By providing additional resilience
to the electricity grid, microgrids can benefit
the local economy by reducing losses due to
power outages and attract new businesses
interested in the clean, cost-effective and
reliable energy system.
Minimum Required Capabilities
The suggested Scottsville Microgrid is
described by some attributes that for sure
meet the minimum required capability in the
development of this microgrid. These are
described below.
Figure 1: Showing a map of Scottville, New
York [1]
Microgrid Capabilities
A microgrid is an electricity
distribution system composed of distributed
energy resources (both generation and
storage) that are used to support critical
loads within a defined area. A key feature of
microgrids is ‘islanding’, the ability to
separate from a central electricity grid if that
power supply is interrupted. This feature can
maintain power to critical facilities during
extreme weather conditions or system
emergencies, bringing power to individual
customers when necessary [1].
Microgrids have become
increasingly adopted as a solution to the
growing impacts of hurricanes, coastal
storms, nor'easters, blizzards, ice storms and
transmission outages on electrical utility
systems. By providing additional resilience
to the electricity grid, microgrids can benefit
the local economy by reducing losses due to
power outages and attract new businesses
interested in the clean, cost-effective and
reliable energy system.
Minimum Required Capabilities
The suggested Scottsville Microgrid is
described by some attributes that for sure
meet the minimum required capability in the
development of this microgrid. These are
described below.
Electrical power 6
a. Serves at least one but preferably
more, physically separated critical
facilities located on one or more
properties.
The proposed microgrid will serve
43 key critical and priority facilities in
and around Scottville (Table 2). Of these
facilities, 19 are considered critical and
are located in physically separated
buildings on individual property parcels.
Critical facilities include fire stations,
the police headquarters,
water/wastewater utilities, hospitals and
nursing homes, schools, libraries and an
emergency shelter. Priority facilities
include additional utilities, banks, gas
stations, grocery stores and pharmacies
[2].
b. The primary generation source
capacity cannot be totally diesel-
fueled generators.
Primary generation sources for the proposed
microgrid include a mix of solar
photovoltaic systems, natural gas generators
and distillate fuel generators, augmented by
battery storage. In addition, wind turbines
are being evaluated as an external source of
power to the proposed microgrid. In table 3
below are generation source and their
locations. The diagrams below, figure and
figure five illustrates a map of generation
and generation type respectively. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) frameworks will
incorporate both rooftop installations and
canopies found in metropolitan parking
parts. The venture anticipates extra PV
frameworks present in the Village
of Scottville Schools through the NYPA K-
Solar program [3]. It is expected that the
Sun Edison backed project will give an extra
1 MW of solar. Wind energy will be
provided by at least a single turbine found
within the Scottville Industrial Park. An
extra two 4.44 MW natural gas reciprocating
engines will be found at Scottville Power.
Plant 1 (“PP1”). The repowering of PP1
a. Serves at least one but preferably
more, physically separated critical
facilities located on one or more
properties.
The proposed microgrid will serve
43 key critical and priority facilities in
and around Scottville (Table 2). Of these
facilities, 19 are considered critical and
are located in physically separated
buildings on individual property parcels.
Critical facilities include fire stations,
the police headquarters,
water/wastewater utilities, hospitals and
nursing homes, schools, libraries and an
emergency shelter. Priority facilities
include additional utilities, banks, gas
stations, grocery stores and pharmacies
[2].
b. The primary generation source
capacity cannot be totally diesel-
fueled generators.
Primary generation sources for the proposed
microgrid include a mix of solar
photovoltaic systems, natural gas generators
and distillate fuel generators, augmented by
battery storage. In addition, wind turbines
are being evaluated as an external source of
power to the proposed microgrid. In table 3
below are generation source and their
locations. The diagrams below, figure and
figure five illustrates a map of generation
and generation type respectively. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) frameworks will
incorporate both rooftop installations and
canopies found in metropolitan parking
parts. The venture anticipates extra PV
frameworks present in the Village
of Scottville Schools through the NYPA K-
Solar program [3]. It is expected that the
Sun Edison backed project will give an extra
1 MW of solar. Wind energy will be
provided by at least a single turbine found
within the Scottville Industrial Park. An
extra two 4.44 MW natural gas reciprocating
engines will be found at Scottville Power.
Plant 1 (“PP1”). The repowering of PP1
Electrical power 7
would contribute a noteworthy amount of
power to the proposed microgrid project.
a. A combination of generation
resources must provide on-site
power in both grid-connected and
islanded mode
Combined, the proposed generation
resources would be able to provide on-site
power in both grids connected and islanded
mode, and form an intentional island. The
existing PP2 and the repowered PP1 are
black starts capable, and battery storage and
inverters will be used to provide islanded
power support through peak shaving and
generator start-up period support [4].
Control systems for switching between grid-
connected and islanded mode will be
developed so that, in the event of a power
loss, the proposed microgrid is able to
automatically separate from the grid and
reestablish a grid connection after normal
power is restored. It is envisioned that a
system such as those offered by S&C and
Schneider could be utilized for this task [5].
b. Must be able to form an
intentional island.
Scottville Electric will have to
control the microgrid and control the
person circuits and feeders. The
Scottsville Microgrid will have the
capacity to island and partitioned
from the LIPA network as well as
other ranges of Scottville.
c. Power Flexibility
The power generated from this
Microgrid will be very flexible as it will
be produced from various sectors like
wind, solar PV, hydroelectric power
plant. Therefore if one plant is affected
by weather then the other will generate
electrical energy will enable continuity
of electrical power source. As from the
diagram below, it illustrates oaktak creek
would contribute a noteworthy amount of
power to the proposed microgrid project.
a. A combination of generation
resources must provide on-site
power in both grid-connected and
islanded mode
Combined, the proposed generation
resources would be able to provide on-site
power in both grids connected and islanded
mode, and form an intentional island. The
existing PP2 and the repowered PP1 are
black starts capable, and battery storage and
inverters will be used to provide islanded
power support through peak shaving and
generator start-up period support [4].
Control systems for switching between grid-
connected and islanded mode will be
developed so that, in the event of a power
loss, the proposed microgrid is able to
automatically separate from the grid and
reestablish a grid connection after normal
power is restored. It is envisioned that a
system such as those offered by S&C and
Schneider could be utilized for this task [5].
b. Must be able to form an
intentional island.
Scottville Electric will have to
control the microgrid and control the
person circuits and feeders. The
Scottsville Microgrid will have the
capacity to island and partitioned
from the LIPA network as well as
other ranges of Scottville.
c. Power Flexibility
The power generated from this
Microgrid will be very flexible as it will
be produced from various sectors like
wind, solar PV, hydroelectric power
plant. Therefore if one plant is affected
by weather then the other will generate
electrical energy will enable continuity
of electrical power source. As from the
diagram below, it illustrates oaktak creek
Electrical power 8
in the regions which help to support the
production of electrical energy from
hydroelectric power;
Figure 2: Showing features which supports
the production of electrical energy from
several renewable sources [7].
a. -scheduled maintenance
The suggested resources will be
planned for firm capacity support; irregular
resources would be utilized to shave peak
loads and progress generally the system
variable costs where conceivable [6].
Scottville Electric staff will keep up the
distribution lines and components.
Scottville Electric may keep up the
production resources but it is, however, to
be decided who would be the
owner/operator of these sources.
b. Consistent Operation
The expecting control framework
and production resources will give load
following capabilities whereas keeping up
voltage and frequency when grid-connected,
and inside ANSI c84-1 guidelines for
voltage when islanded. Reciprocating units
like the one aiming to repower PP1 are
ordinarily able of this performance [7].
c. Control and Communication
A way of computerized, integrated
two-way communication and control
between the suggested microgrid
owner/operator and the neighborhood
distribution utility is right now under
in the regions which help to support the
production of electrical energy from
hydroelectric power;
Figure 2: Showing features which supports
the production of electrical energy from
several renewable sources [7].
a. -scheduled maintenance
The suggested resources will be
planned for firm capacity support; irregular
resources would be utilized to shave peak
loads and progress generally the system
variable costs where conceivable [6].
Scottville Electric staff will keep up the
distribution lines and components.
Scottville Electric may keep up the
production resources but it is, however, to
be decided who would be the
owner/operator of these sources.
b. Consistent Operation
The expecting control framework
and production resources will give load
following capabilities whereas keeping up
voltage and frequency when grid-connected,
and inside ANSI c84-1 guidelines for
voltage when islanded. Reciprocating units
like the one aiming to repower PP1 are
ordinarily able of this performance [7].
c. Control and Communication
A way of computerized, integrated
two-way communication and control
between the suggested microgrid
owner/operator and the neighborhood
distribution utility is right now under
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