ELISA Practical on Diabetes: Blood Sugar Elevation, Glucagon, Exercise, Glimepiride and Data Set Analysis

This report covers ELISA Practical on Diabetes, including Blood Sugar Elevation, Glucagon, Exercise, Glimepiride and Data Set Analysis. It discusses the role of insulin, liver, and glucagon in blood sugar elevation, the role of exercise in controlling blood sugar levels, and the mechanisms of glimepiride in lowering fasting glucose level. It also includes a data set analysis and references.

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Report related to ELISA Practical on Diabetes
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Question 1
a. Blood sugar elevation
i) Blood sugar elevation in relation to insulin functionality on the muscle
Carbohydrates are broken down in the body to release sugar and starch. The body’s digestive
system breaks down the food to release sugar. With the assistance of insulin, glucose is
absorbed in the body cells for storage. Insulin plays a critical role as it allows the sugar in the
bloodstream to enter into the muscles, fat and cell organs. In order for the reception of energy
to be processed in the muscles, it must be able to take in into the bloodstream, if there is a
build up resistance; it leads to a high volume of blood and increases the blood sugar level.
ii) Liver’s role on blood sugar level
The liver acts as the body’s reservoir for energy aiding its circulation and offers a steady and
constant supply of energy. The liver has the role of storing and manufacturing the glucose
depending on the signals produced by the insulin and glucagon. During meals, the liver stores
sugar inform of glycogen for later usage, while when a person is not eating, the body
manufactures its own glucose. The role of the liver is to supply sugar by converting glycogen
into glucose. When the levels of glucose are high in the body, it responds through absorption
of glucose, (Lim et al., 2011). However, in this case, there is a defective response by the
insulin, thus the liver could no longer absorb the high glucose in the blood, thus signifying
high sugar levels in the body.
b. Role of the glucagon and case study patient state
Glucagon effect in the body is to facilitate the liver process in releasing the glucose stored in
the cells and releasing it into the bloodstream, with the purpose of increasing the blood sugar
level. Further, the glucagon induces the liver in the cells and muscles to produce glucose
from the building blocks of nutrients such as proteins and carbohydrates locally. After intake
of food within 4-6 hours, the glucose levels in the blood lowers, triggering the action of
pancreases to produce glucagon. The hormone triggers reverse action of stored glucagon into
glucose to be used in the body, (Farman et al., 2018).
The case study patient seems to be paradoxically starvation, in that the girl has been drinking
squash drink. As the glucagon action is triggered, it lacks the building blocks found in the
nutrition intake in the body. Thus, as the glucagon is triggered, there is decreased
functionality of the liver not to induce or halt the production of glucose in the blood. Hence
this makes the blood sugar level in the body to be elevated after the triggering of liver
function.
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Question 2
The role of exercise in control and management of blood sugar levels
Exercise plays an important role in managing diabetes. In type II diabetes, aerobic exercise
improves the consumption of oxygen and further improves the function of cardiovascular and
respiratory systems in the body. In type II diabetes, exercise reduces the metabolic risks
associated with insulin resistance. Studies conducted have shown that intensity aerobic
exercise improves the management of diabetes. These aerobic exercises include walking,
running, swimming, cycling and many more. Moderate level of exercise leads to maintenance
of the blood pressure. High-level exercise intensity improves insulin sensitivity, (Bello et al.,
2011). Exercise and insulin increase the uptake of glucose into the skeletal muscles through
the glucose transport systems.
Exercise role in the regulation of blood sugar level is geared towards improving the blood
glucose level and the action of insulin and prevents any associated complication of diabetes.
Studies have indicated that among sedentary lifestyle patients, participation in physical
activity for 30 minutes day offers an estimate of 30% reduction in type II diabetes risks and
other diseases, (Bacchi et al., 2012). In this regard, the patient in the case study was able to
achieve the needed results with the level of exercise intensity engaged.
Question 3
a. Data set analysis
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14.4 9.5
13.7 8.7
14.3 9.3
14.8 8.8
13.9 8.8
13.9 9.4
14.9 8.2
13.3 8.4
14.2 9.3
13.8 9.2
14.3 9.5
14.7 9.7
13.9 9.5
13.3 9.3
14.3 9.7
STD
0.4952 0.482
MEAN MEAN
14.0285
7 9.018571

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
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Placebo
Glimepiride
Figure 1Graphical presentation of the drug under investigation illustrating the blood glucose level effect
after administration vis-s-vis the normal blood sugar level
From the above figure, it shows the average values for the fasting blood sugar level for the
two groups and their average ranges. The data above are not normally distributed, in that a
high number of patients have high ranges above the standard average values for fasting blood
sugar level. The mean value is 5.6mmol/L while the values obtained from the two groups
have a mean 14.4 and 9.17 high above normal range values.
b. Effect of Glimepiride
The results obtained above show that drug Glimepiride is not an effective drug for the
management of diabetes. With a mean average of 9.1 (STD 0.47), the effect is way below the
standard values for fasting blood glucose level which is below 5.6mmol/L. The calculated P
value of 0.00, the t-test value obtained 2.4505-14, thus we reject the hypothesis. The drug was
not effective in controlling type 2 diabetes from the patients. T Test is useful in identifying
whether, the drug being tested produces positive effect on the patients with type 2 diabetes
(Pandey, Singh & Shahnawaz, 2015).
c. Mechanisms of glimepiride in lowering fasting glucose level
The primary function of glimepiride is to lower the blood sugar level which is dependent on
stimulation of insulin from the function of pancreatic beta cells. Glimepiride is a second-hand
management drug for generating sulfonylurea which stimulates the pancreatic Beta cells to
release insulin. The drug is absorbed after oral administration after an hour of intake causing
99.4% plasma protein binding. It acts on the ATPase dependent potassium in order to release
insulin through the glycemic and hyperglycemias improving insulin secretion. It binds the 65-
kD proteins on beta cells. Maximum glucose lowering activity in type II diabetes takes effect
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Normal blood sugar
level
5.6mmol/L
Blood glucose levels in mmol/L
Pateints admitted in the study

after 2-3 hours of consumption, (Basit, Riaz & Fawwad, 2012). Further, administration of
glimepiride leads to an increase in the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. It reduces
blood glucose levels and increases levels of insulin in the blood. For the glimepiride drug to
be effective, it requires adequate insulin to ensure adequate effectiveness in the body.
Experimental studies have shown that glimepiride lowers the blood sugar level through the
stimulation of secretion of insulin and also lowering the extrapancreatic effects among
diabetic patients.
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