Emergency Lighting Design: Industrial Unit - Leeds Beckett University

This report outlines the design of an emergency lighting system for an industrial unit, focusing on compliance with building codes and safety standards. It covers essential aspects such as emergency lighting requirements, power supply considerations, luminaire specifications, and circuit configurations. The design incorporates escape route lighting, open-area lighting, and high-risk task area lighting, ensuring adequate illumination during emergencies. The report also addresses the importance of PIR sensors, EMC compliance, and lightning control systems to maintain functionality during power failures. The recommendations provided aim to enhance safety and facilitate the safe evacuation of occupants in the event of a fire or other emergencies.

Executive Summary:
Natural resource could be used at a maximum amount in order to avoid the case of fire in a
sustainable building. For an effective handling of the situation it is necessary to have a
sufficient knowledge regarding the fire. According the rules of BCA, the building have to be
constructed based on certain conditions. The main objective of this report is to save the
occupants of the buildings by the emergency lightning system when there is a cause of fire.
The report has been provided with the necessary layout of installing the lightning devices
and the power supply with the cabling has also been mentioned.
Introduction:
Emergency escape lightning system provides the sufficient information regarding the place
the person has to exit or escape in case of any emergency situation by promoting sufficient
lights along the path of travel to exit. Based on certain requirements the lightning system
should be sufficiently installed. The main purpose of this lightning system is to help people
to save themselves in case of fire. This system could help the building to meet the necessary
fire safety standards.
Part E4.2 Emergency lighting requirements, declares that:
An emergency lighting system must be installed-
(d) In every required non- fire-isolated stairway
Part E4.2 of the BCA says that it is necessary to install the emergency lights all over the
stairways and the ramp in the class 2 buildings. The lightning should be necessarily installed
in the path of travel of every individual that could lead them to the exit area (Beyler, 2008).
The emergency exit signs should also be included in the third storey at the foyer mainly and
on the loft level of every unit guiding residents of units 11, 12, 13 and 14 lower to the non-
fire inaccessible stairway to the exit for level one. Moreover, the car parking at the
basement should include several exit signs that should lead an individual on the ramp to the
fire isolated place that is situated at the front of the visitor one parking.
Ventilation and Lights:
According to F4.1, Class 2 and 4 building should have the natural lights in their habitual
environment.
Part E4.4 Design and operation of emergency lighting

Each installed emergency lighting system should comply with AS 2293.1
Design:
The design of the building with the luminaries is shown in the figure
Figure 1: Design layout
Power Supply:
For a highly integrated emergency lightening system, the electrical installation should be
carried out based on the requirement of the equipments (Babrauskas, 2008). The installation
should comply with the BS 5266-1(BSI 2011a) standards. During the termination of the normal
supply of the building the operation of emergency luminaries takes place. During the
termination of normal main luminaries with the final circuit protective device that could be
monitored by the non-maintained emergency luminaries tends to switch on to the emergency
mode. This could be applied to both centrally-powered systems as well as to the self-contained
systems in the non-maintained condition. Normally, centrally-powered system uses a power
circuit device that is operated with the help of the relays.
Luminaries:
The luminaries should comply with BS EN 60598 and it should be CE marked. Lamps should be
chosen for the emergency lightening system in such a way that it could provide necessary
compatibility with the easy maintenance (Chiti, 2009). Certain lamps such as amalgam compact
fluorescent lamps is not sufficient for the emergency lightening systems so the it could be
avoided to reduce the risk of maintenance. It is necessary to label the luminaries in order to
ensure that the lamps replaced should be compact with the new lamp type.

Care should be taken while cabling the luminaries by fitting adequate cable with sufficient
physical capacity that could be disconnected within them. Recently, plug-and-socket connectors
are the widely one for the simple installations. The connectors should be designed in such a
way so that it could avoid certain unauthorised disconnection and accidents (Hu, 2017).
Connection could be provided with the circuit protective conductors (CPC) for all the AC
operated emergency lightning system except safety extra low voltage (selv). According to BS EN
60598-2-22 (BSI, 2014a), class II products could be used to loop the CPC and looped CPC could
be accommodated with the necessary terminals (Klason, Andersson, Johansson & van Hees,
2011). The luminaries suitable for each compartment of the building has been presented in the
table given below
Additionally,
 The beam of light when aiming a particular place must be able to lock in that place. This
should be done by the emergency lighting designer and it should be sufficiently verified
by the system verifier (Maluk, 2017).
 Central power systems does not operate well with the track systems since the track
should meet the requirements of the fire resistant requirements for the connection
done among the system luminaries and the central power source. Alignment and the
unauthorized security movements are the greatest problems that occur in the self-
contained luminaries. When the luminaries’ is connected to the wrong supply then it
could cause problems (Nilsson & van Hees, 2012).
It is common to fix the emergency lighting system with the battery inverters. This is necessarily
factory operated. Site that undertakes battery conversion should not comply with

electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) recommendations (Proulx, 2008). This could also lead to
the invalidation of original manufacture warranty and original CE marking.
The cable fixed with the batteries should be as close as possible when it is in the remote pack.
When the cable length exceeds 1 meter then it should be provided with sufficient fire resistant
cable (Richards, 2008). It is advised to use the energy efficient charging cables since the energy
could be consumed while charging the battery more than the lamps running in the mains mode.
Although the lamps are not energized the non-maintained luminaries require charging of
energy. According to I.E.E. wiring regulations, emergency luminaries should be wired that
should be based on the type of buildings (Utne, Hokstad & Vatn, 2011). The self contained
luminaries should be supplied with the local light source that cannot be switched. Cabling
should be insulated with the PVC since this could avoid the normal lighting failure cause and
avoid the inoperative mode of the emergency lights (van Hees et al, 2009). The wiring made for
the non-maintained installation and maintained installed is shown in the figure given below

Figure 2: Wiring diagram
EMC and Circuit configuration:
The design of the overall system should necessarily comply with EMC configuration. The
individual components used may interact with each other to make the electrical interference
though it is suited individually. Proper verification should be done by the system installer and
the manufacturers to consider the EMC issues (Winter et al, 2013). The emergency luminaries
should all function together so that it could serve as a protective device. The integration of the
emergency system could function well with the sufficient installation of sensors.
Lightning control:
When there is a failure in the Building Management System (BMS) then there should be no
effect in the functioning of the emergency lightning system (Xin, & Khan, 2007). The emergency
lightning system should not interpret the failure caused in the BMS due to the failure of the
general lightning power supply. The permanent line feed to hold-off relays should be taken
from a point that is independent of the control system power supply. Moreover, necessary
protection should also be provided that could avoid transient over-voltages due to the surge
and switching of power supplies. Surge protection devices should be equipped that could self-
resit the surge voltage, preventing the emergency lightning system to be inoperative.
PIR Sensor:
The foundation of the security system is said to be the PIR Sensors (Passive Infra-red). This
sensor functions with the emission of Infra-red radiation from the human body. These sensors
are temperature sensitive sensors (Zimmerman & Restrepo, 2009). When warm-blooded
objects cross the sensor, their movement will be detected by the sensor. Normally, all living
beings emit Electromagnetic radiation. This radiation’s wavelength depends on the
temperature of the living beings. The infra-red radiation emitted by human beings may range
by a wavelength of about 0.7 and 300 mm. Alternatively human body radiates IR at a
wavelength of 10-12 mm at a normal body temperature. Normally a PIR sensor does not emit
any radiation. Rather it will detect the change in the radiation. This fluctuation of IR could be
sensed and indicated. The sensor could work only at their particular range. Any change in IR
radiation within the field causes the sensor to potentially increase by creating an electric
potential temporarily. The sensor is said to be pyro-electric device sensitive that radiates IR
with the object that moves.
The electric potential created by the sensor is significantly very small. Hence we need an
amplifier to enlarge the generated signal. This is the reason for a PIR sensor that could not work

individually. It is necessary to fit the sensor with certain components. The pin configuration of
the sensor is shown in the figure given below. The sensor has three pins that are very easy to
understand their pin-outs. The three pins with the functional description of the PIR sensor are
as follows:
Pin 1: This is connected with the positive side of the DC supply (5 Volt). This pin is associated
with the drain terminal of the device.
Pin 2: It is connected with the ground terminal that is said to be the device source terminal.
Pin 3: This is said to be the ground terminal.
Figure 3: Circuit layout
Importance of lightning system:
The emergency system that has been selected is shown in the figure given below

Figure 4: layout of Emergency system
Escape Route Lighting:
Every compartment should include at least 2 luminaries in case of any lightning failure.
According to BS 5266, at least 1 lux emittance should be provided from the canter of the
building to have a normal risk. The uniformity ratio should not exceed the maximum and
minimum value of 40:1. Within the period of 5 sec, 50% of the luminance should be provided
and 100% should be achieved within a period of 60 seconds from the power failure (The Society
of Light and Lighting (2009). The photometric design includes the use of sufficient computer
programs or spacing tables to offer information regarding the additional luminaries for
emphasis of providing minimum illumination in the escape route. Based on the standard, the
data could be de-rated to overcome the factors given below:
 Due to the battery depletion, the light intensity could reduce
 Maintained circuits could have old lights after certain period of time
 Effects of dirt and other foreign objects

Figure 5: Spacing of luminaire for the escape route
Open-area lighting:
An area that is larger than 60 square meters necessarily needs the emergency lightning that
could be easily generated by the present standards, which offers a good uniformity. According
to BS5266 pt7/EN 1838, the empty spacial area should be covered with 0.5 lux excluding the
perimeter border of 0.5 meter. The sufficient data could be taken from the computer programs
or spacing tables.

Figure 6: Lightning system in the open-area.
High risk task area lightning:
Area that is of high risk (like the control panel of the plant), the emergency lightning should be
designed to initially switch off the process with the safety shut down (The Society of Light and
Lighting (2004b). According to BS5266 Part 1: 1999, Emergency lights should be provided with
10 percent of the normal lighting level at the hazard, with a minimum of 15 Lux.
Design:
Usage of tungsten projector unit that is a normal luminaire could provide the nominal light
range. Ballast Lumen Factor (BLF) could yield the direct ratio) i.e. to achieve 10% of normal use
either:
 10% BLF emergency units is required in each area fitting.
 20% BLF emergency units is required with the other fitting

 100% BLF emergency units will be required in every 10 fitting
Based on the conversion kit the luminaire should be uniformly distributed and care should be
taken in that. If tungsten projector units are chosen, it is necessary to perform the co-efficient
of utilisation calculation in order to obtain the required value. The circuit diagram for the
normal and the emergency lightning is shown in the figure given below:
Figure 7: Normal and emergency lightning circuit connection.
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