Emerging Technology in Business: A Review of the Literature Name

Implication0 3.1 The implications for the taxi industry with respect to self-driving cars0 3.2 Can this technology replace personal driver? 0 3.3 The new technology convincing people to use the technology in terms of safety 0 3.4 Electric cars and their impact on petrol and oil0 3.5 Preparing the staff in terms of transition between outmoded industries of coal and oil to more sustainable endeavours0 3.6 Is it safe not to have a human behind the wheel?0 4. Thus, the taxi industry can be

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Emerging Technology in Business: A Review of the Literature
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1EMERGING TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS
Table of Contents
1. Business background..............................................................................................................0
2. Digital disruption analysis......................................................................................................0
3. Implication.............................................................................................................................0
 The implications for the taxi industry with respect to self-driving cars..........................0
 Can this technology replace personal driver?..................................................................0
 The new technology convincing people to use the technology in terms of safety...........0
 Electric cars and their impact on petrol and oil................................................................0
 Preparing the staff in terms of transition between outmoded industries of coal and oil to
more sustainable endeavours..................................................................................................0
 Is it safe not to have a human behind the wheel?.............................................................0
4. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................0
5. References..............................................................................................................................0

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1. Business background
Tesla is on the verge of manufacturing fully autonomous cars that do not require
human intervention at all. However, the self-driving car that has been launched by Tesla
recently contains various threats and vulnerabilities. The positive impact of the self-driving
cars has been discussed throughout the report. The potential benefits will attract any
customers to purchase and drive. However, there are numerous glitches that are involved with
the self-driving. Lambert (2016) has highlighted that the hackers malicious attack can disrupt
the system of the autonomous cars. The algorithms and the artificial intelligence technology
incorporated within the system are not strong and efficient enough thus contains multiple
flaws. The researchers are conducting researches to make the car fully autonomous, the
autonomous car manufacturers alongside Tesla are continuously making efforts to innovate
the existing autopilot cars.
2. Digital disruption analysis
The potential impact of the self-driving cars has been discussed in the report. The cars
have lots of benefits to offer, the cars drive cautiously, the cars always follow the traffic rules
and regulations, the driver will not have to drive himself. Besides the benefits, there are
disruptions associated with the self-driving cars. According to Dikmen and Burns (2016), the
self-driving cars have multiple flaws that have addressed in the report. The rise of the self-
driving cars can prove to be a serious threat to the taxi industry. However, there are multiple
flaws associated with the self-driving cars and those flaws have been well highlighted in the
report. Lin (2016) has stated that the self-driving cars still are in development mode and they
require mass improvement. That is why the taxi industry can be assured that they are still
safe. The main flaws are that the autonomous cars cannot detect the roadblocks; even the cars
cannot detect any traffic police’s wavering of hands. The malware attack can make the

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system of the car vulnerable. Sometimes the cars can even malfunction due to software or any
hardware glitches. Thus the cars cannot replace the personal driver. Even the cars require
human intervention all the time; someone needs to be there behind the wheel to drive the car.
Rogerson (2017) showcases that the advent of the electric cars and the self-driving cars are
imposing pressure on the automobile industry who manufactures cars that run on petrol and
oil. The electric cars or e-vehicle will surely be going to replace the cars that run on oil. The
report has analysed the disruption caused by the self-driving cars. Researchers are conducting
researches to innovate the autonomous cars so that they can be fully autonomous and will not
require human intervention at all.
3. Implication
 The implications for the taxi industry with respect to self-driving cars
The self-driving cars are responsible for driving cars automatically. Though the cars
are autonomous, still the drivers need to be aware of the technical aspects of the cars. The
drivers still need to know how to drive a car. The high tech self-driving car may falter and in
that case, the driver of the car will have to take control of the car and he will have to drive
himself. That means the driver must have the desired driving knowledge. The cost of these
high tech cars is too high for the citizens, not all people can afford to buy those expensive
cars. As per Rakovic (2016), the taxi industry can be assured that the citizens will still use
their service. The citizens have fear of accidents so they still prefer the taxi. The security
concerns are there in case of the high tech cars. The hackers can hack the system of the high
tech cars and can make the cars vulnerable to attack. Any hackers can hack and use the cars
for their benefits. Thus the citizens are cautious about the security breach thus prefers the taxi
industry. The self-driving cars are not capable of fully eliminating the chance of car accident
issues and so the citizens are preferring the taxi to self-driving cars. The self-driving cars are

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not capable to fully operate at all weather conditions; the normal taxi will very easily root out
the self-driving cars. Also, in case of traffic signal failures, the self-driving cars are not
capable to interpret the human signals. The self-driving cars cannot detect the wavering of
hands. These cars are not efficient to detect the roadblocks. Hull (2016) has stated that the
GPS device incorporated into the car can even give false directions that can lead to accidents.
Thus all these factors are major drawbacks of self-driving cars which ensure that the taxi
drivers and their industry are still safe. The self-driving cars are under development and have
lots of flaws, thus the taxi drivers can carry on their business venture. Legally, the self-
driving cars of today are not proficient enough to replace the taxi industry; however, it is
hoped in mere future these cars will up with some innovative aspects.
 Can this technology replace personal driver?
The tech giants, Mercedes-Benz and BMW are all working on to manufacture fully
autonomous cars. The cars manufactured by duo look promising and it is hoped that they will
come up with more advanced cars in future. However, the autonomous cars that exist today
have multiple flaws so the today's self-driving cars are capable to replace the personal driver.
The full development of those cars is still under questionnaire, the cars can malfunction.
Fridman, Jenik and Reimer (2017) showcase that the drivers still need to have knowledge of
driving for safety purpose in case if the autonomous cars malfunction. Also, the security
breaches can lead to malfunction of the car, the autonomous cars are not proficient to detect
the roadblocks, and also it is not proficient to detect the wavering of hands. Thus there are
multiple opportunities which can lead to car accidents. Again, the cars as mentioned are not
efficient to drive in adverse weather conditions, in heavy rain. The GPS system, the accurate
mapping system can be wrong, thus the cars can be misled to drive in the wrong direction and
this can lead to accidents. Therefore, there are flaws residing which can ensure that these
autonomous cars are not capable to replace the personal cars. The self-driving cars of today

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are not efficient enough to drive itself that is why in terms of security they cannot replace the
personal drivers, however, it is hoped in coming future these cars will up with some advanced
features.
 The new technology convincing people to use the technology in terms of safety
The new technology cars have the benefits that can ensure the safety of the people.
The humans have not the capability to anticipate the situations located miles away, while the
self-driving car has. The cars have the capability to anticipate the situations miles away, to
anticipate the cars miles away. According to Raj et al. (2017), the car drivers use smartphones
while driving. They call and listen to music while driving and this lead to car accidents. The
drivers generally forget to tie up the seat belts, they also engage in rash driving as well. The
drivers even do not follow the rules and regulations. The drivers even drive exceeding the
speed limit. The cell phone usage and texting is also the area of concern for security. The
self-driving cars do not exceed the speed limit at any cost; the cars even follow each and
every traffic rules and regulations. These cars always drive cautiously. The cars are
programmed in such a way such that they can avoid collision with each other. These
autonomous cars generally drive in a cautious manner avoids collisions and accidents. The
drivers use smartphones while driving and thus cause accidents. The self-driving cars have no
chance at all. Also, the drivers sometimes drink and drive, then there is no chance of drink
and drive in case of self-driving cars. Sometimes the drivers suffer from depression and
emotional stress and this leads to all kinds of accidents. Hull (2016) explains that the self-
driving cars work on specific algorithms and programs thus the self-driving cars drive on the
basis of technology. Thus the self-driving cars and its associated technology can bring safety
and to the people.

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 Electric cars and their impact on petrol and oil
The giant oil companies greatly underestimated the influence of the electric cars and
favour the oil-based cars. However, according to the latest trends, it can be found that the
auto industry will affect the petrol and oil in both short-term and the long-term basis. Ingle
and Phute (2016) highlight that the growth of the electric cars is more likely to lessen the
growth of the oil demand, the popularity of the EVs will certainly sabotage the usage of oil in
the coming decades. A fraction of cars sold in the market today is run on batteries rather than
petrol and oil. However, the analysts have predicted that this trend will change in future with
the coming of EV models in the market. OPEC also showed it concern; they claimed that the
rise of electric vehicles could diminish the oil and petrol demands in various parts of Asian
countries. Nelson (2015) has stated that Tesla EV cars have decided to manufacture EV cars
that will replace the cars run on oil and petrol. The batteries are expensive right now; research
is going to lower down the price of the batteries. Thus the technology-driven cars have lots to
offer. Besides, the cars are environment-friendly, the electric cars have the potential to
diminish the air pollution that is why they are capable of reducing the greenhouse gas
emissions. Thus it is ethical to use these cars and they should replace the oil and petrol based
cars.
 Preparing the staff in terms of transition between outmoded industries of coal and
oil to more sustainable endeavours
The organisations must prepare their staff for the revolutionary change; the electric
cars are going to take away the market of the vehicles currently running on petrol and oil.
Therefore, the organisation managers and the CEO must be aware of the fleet management.
According to Laugier (2016), the EVs’ demands are increasing every day. The manufacturers
are more focused on manufacturing e-vehicles and the customers are showing interests too.
Ross (2016) showcases that the staffs must know the underlying infrastructure of the e-

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vehicles, should have skills in the e-vehicle services. Tesla must educate the staffs about their
self-driving cars and the electric cars so that they can provide better services to the customers.
The staff must be ready to accept the changes and must learn the requirements according to
the company needs. The staff will have to demonstrate the benefits and detail specifications
of the e-vehicle to the clients or the customers. The sales team must advertise the e-vehicles
to increase the productivity and sales of the company. In this way everyone can know about
the e-vehicles, everyone can be encouraged about the technology and innovation. Thus the e-
vehicles are both socially and culturally acceptable and people should adopt them for good.
 Is it safe not to have a human behind the wheel?
No it is completely unsafe to not include the drivers behind the wheel. The self-
driving cars come with advanced sensor and they consist of advanced algorithms. Though
they look promising, but they have multiple glitches which must be addressed. The driverless
cars are prone to accidents, the system within can malfunction at any time. The hackers or the
attackers can even attack the cars and the make the cars vulnerable. Goldstein (2016)
highlights that the self-driving cars are not fully equipped for all weather conditions, in heavy
rainy conditions the car can malfunction, thus it is required to include human behind the
wheel. Again the cars do not have the capability to know any roadblocks; it also fails to
interpret any signals on the road. The cars cannot detect wavering of hands. Thus the self-
driving cars do not have the capability to detect the wavering of hands of the traffic police.
The driver is required to manage those difficult situations. Also the roadblocks can lead to
fatal accident; the drivers can understand the possible reasons and can act accordingly. Again,
the GPS sensors can malfunction; in that case the GPS sensors can give false notifications
and false interpretations. According to Brown (2017), the self-driving cars solely drive on the
basis of locations provided by the GPS sensors. Thus if the GPS devices give false
interpretations it may happen the self-driving cars can face fatal accidents. The human

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intervention is absolute necessity, in case the autonomous cars fail, the humans can take
control of the car. The self-driving cars exist today are not fully capable to drive all alone
safely and securely. There are areas which require improvement. The research is going on.
Tesla is also researching to find some better alternative. However, the driver intervention is
required till the cars become fully autonomous. Solon (2016) explains that the self-driving
cars require mass improvement and the flaws discussed in the report must be mitigated. The
self-driving cars are beneficial and if those flaws are mitigated then the cars can be used
safely and securely and also human interaction will not be required any more. In this way, the
security implications can be made with respect to self-driving cars.
4. Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above discourse that the self-driving cars can create huge
impact on human lives. There are multiple benefits that the self-driving cars offer. These cars
drive cautiously and with care, they always follow the traffic rules and regulations and
signals. They are programmed in such a way they will avoid collision with each other while
they will hit the road. The humans will not have to learn driving and will not have to take
extra effort, the self-driving car will make things simple for them, the people can move to any
places with the help of these cars. However, there are certain drawbacks which these cars
have that must be taken into consideration. These cars can be hacked by hackers, these cars
fail to interpret the roadblocks or traffic police’s wavering of hands. The GPS sensors if
malfunction these cars can face fatal accidents. That is why one should sit behind the wheels.
The report has highlighted the benefits of e-vehicles. The social, cultural, legal and security
implications with respect to self-driving cars have been highlighted in this discourse. The
autonomous cars are improving and it is hoped they will come up with innovative features
and will not require any kind of human intervention at all.

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5. References
Brown, M., 2017. Tesla Autopilot’s Latest Update Has Autonomous Parallel Parking|
Inverse. Inverse.
Burns, C.M., 2017. Automation and the Human Factors Race to Catch Up. Journal of
Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, p.1555343417724975.
Dikmen, M. and Burns, C.M., 2016, October. Autonomous Driving in the Real World:
Experiences with Tesla Autopilot and Summon. In Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (pp. 225-
228). ACM.
Fridman, L., Jenik, B. and Reimer, B., 2017. Arguing Machines: Perception-Control System
Redundancy and Edge Case Discovery in Real-World Autonomous Driving. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1710.04459.
Goldstein, D., 2016. Autonomous Vehicles Will Drive Themselves-But They Won't Regulate
Themselves. Hastings Bus. LJ, 13, p.241.
Hull, D., 2016. Driver may have been saved by Tesla Autopilot, Musk says. Transport
Topics.
Ingle, S. and Phute, M., 2016. Tesla Autopilot: Semi Autonomous Driving, an Uptick for
Future Autonomy.
Lambert, F., 2016. A fatal Tesla Autopilot accident prompts an evaluation by NHTSA.
electrek, 30 June.
Laugier, C., 2016, July. Towards Fully Autonomous Driving? The Perception & Decision-
making bottleneck (Plenary Talk). In IEEE ARSO 2016 (Vol. 2016).

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Lin, P., 2016. Tesla Autopilot crash: Why we should worry about a single death. IEEE
Spectr.
Nelson, G., 2015. Tesla beams down'autopilot'mode to Model S. Automotive News. Oct, 14.
Raj, S., Jha, S.K., Ramanathan, A. and Pullum, L.L., 2017, October. Work-in-progress:
testing autonomous cyber-physical systems using fuzzing features from convolutional neural
networks. In Embedded Software (EMSOFT), 2017 International Conference on (pp. 1-2).
IEEE.
Raković, S.V., 2016. Model Predictive Control: Classical, Robust, and Stochastic
[Bookshelf]. IEEE Control Systems, 36(6), pp.102-105.
Rogerson, S., 2017. Is professional practice at risk following the Volkswagen and Tesla
motors revelations?. ORBIT Journal, 1(1).
Ross, P.E., 2016. Tesla Reveals Its Crowdsourced Autopilot Data. IEEE-Spectrum, 26.
Solon, O., 2016. Should Tesla be’beta testing’autopilot if there is a chance someone might
die?. The Guardian, 6.