Lab Report on Emerging Transmission System

This assignment is a lab report which aims at examining the high power and voltage transmission systems, and it is conducted through the use of the didactic hardware systems. In essence, the lab report is divided into two primary sections which include an experiment on the HVDC or High Voltage Power Transmission while the second section examines the AC Power Transmission.

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Lab Report on Emerging Transmission System
By
(Student’s Name)
Course Name:
Professor Name:
University Name:
Date of Submission:

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Table of Contents
Summary......................................................................................................................................5
Research background...................................................................................................................6
High-voltage Alternating current Experiments...........................................................................6
High-voltage Alternating current Technologies..........................................................................7
Experimental Methods and Results.............................................................................................8
Load Regulation Experiments.....................................................................................................9
Operational mode.......................................................................................................................12
Operation with signal modulation.............................................................................................13
Technical Analysis.....................................................................................................................23
Discussion..................................................................................................................................25
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................27
Bibliography..............................................................................................................................28

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Summary
This assignment is a lab report which aims at examining the high power and voltage transmission
systems, and it is conducted through the use of the didactic hardware systems. In essence, the lab
report is divided into two primary sections which include an experiment on the HVDC or High
Voltage Power Transmission while the second section examines the AC Power Transmission.
Furthermore, the first section has various parameters which are examined, and these include
determining the DC voltage influence on the AC variables converter station and analysing the
single behavior of the HVDC converter results which are depicted during the capacitive and the
inductive reactive current supply. Also, the first section also evaluates the power flow associated
with the close coupling, the overall converter stations loss analysis as well as the operating
characteristics in line with the overhead wires. On the other hand, the second section aims at
evaluating the monitoring all the network parameters, and this is done using SCADA. Finally,
the AC Power Transmission also used to reduce the peak loading as a result of testing the energy
management in the system. Minimum peak value obtained at that stage is ∑Pmin = 500 W.
High-voltage Alternating current transmission also is known as the high-voltage direct-current
entails the transmission line and converter station which mainly operates to convert the
alternating grid and conventional electricity voltage to the direct voltage. Furthermore, the
HVDC transmission also has an end station converter, and this serves to convert the direct
voltage at the end of the system back to the alternating voltage. Also, this system is capable of
transmitting energy in both directions while the second converter station in the HVDC plays a
vital role in regulating the power in the system.

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Research background
Mostly, electrical power is distributed to the end-users once it has been generated and the
distribution is done via a transmission system to different located sites. The electric power
consumers are broadly divided into categories which include the commercial establishments and
the domestic acts [1] .Thus, the transmission lines will carry the power from the various
substations to the designated consumers in the long run. High-voltage Alternating current
(HVAC) is often suitable for shorter and medium distance transmissions of power whereas the
High voltage Direct Current also known as HVDC mainly operates for the long-distance
transmission. In addition, the HVAC is more economical when dealing with short distance and
have imminent disadvantages on long distances thus, making HVDC suitable for long distance
transmissions [2] .Hence, the theoretical research section for this lab report mainly discussed in
the subsequent sections as follows
High-voltage Alternating current Experiments
High-voltage Alternating current transmission also is known as the high-voltage direct-current
entails the transmission line and converter station which mainly operates to convert the
alternating grid and conventional electricity voltage to the direct voltage. Furthermore, the High-
voltage Alternating current transmission also has an end station converter, and this serves to
convert the direct voltage at the end of the system back to the alternating voltage [3]. Also, this
system is capable of transmitting energy in both directions while the second converter station in
the High-voltage Alternating current plays a vital role in regulating the power in the system.
Thus, the diagram below shows a setup experiment which can be used to conduct a High-voltage
Alternating current analysis and illustration is marked as figure 1

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Figure 1: HVDC Experimental Set-Up
High-voltage Alternating current Technologies
This technology uses two converters at the two terminal stations where one station is marked as
U1 and the other station as U2. The U1 represents a rectifier while the U2, on the other hand,
represents an inverter provided that the power is being transmitted from the grid to another.
Furthermore, the two transformers are often used in the system, and their presence demarcates
the possibility of having variable voltage ratings in the network. The central facility core is the
conductor with DC, and this can be designed in a manner that it is either a sub-surface cable or
an overhead line [4]. However, the rectified current can exhibits ripples mostly on the chokes
and in the induction cable. There are two key technologies which often used in the recent days
in line with the HVDC transmission, and these technologies are the classic HVDC which involve
the use of line-commutated converter (LCC) and the modern HVDC also known as a voltage-
source converter (VSC). The figure below shows the illustration for the HVDC technologies and
its advanced application in the electric power transmission

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Figure 2: HVDC Transmission Converter
Experimental Methods and Results
The diagram below shows the set up which was used to conduct the experiment
Load Regulation Experiments
This experiment aims at examining the energy management in line with the reduced peak
loading. Before the commencement of this experiment it is essential to evaluate and take note of
these aspects:
1. First, study the analysis of the experimental set up by checking the load regulation as well
as configuring the settings described in it.

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2. Also, take note of the SCADA section by checking the interface along with its standard
setting
3. Thirdly, click the SCADA interface and run it using the Start-Stop and the Switch-on
resistive load located at the left power switch.
4. Enter the values displayed on the SCADA interface as per the table 1 below
Entering the values as per the depiction in the SCADA interface:
∑P = 202_ W
Unfortunately
I = 0.30 A
your answer is
wrong
Table 1: shows the Values displayed on the SCADA Interface
Subsequently, a diagram with a load regulation or without a load regulation should be recorded,
and in doing so it is important to proceed as per the outlined sets:
1. First, the data logger is opened from the overall drop-down menu, and this is marked as
"Instruments" → "Logger."
2. Second, click on logger in order to start the SCADA interface and record the values
3. Also, start the makeable load manually by clicking the SCADA interface load switch
4. After that, activate pertinent dynamic load ramp and switch it on as well
5. Once, the first cycle is completed, turn on the DMS and then repeat this process and
record the measurement as shown below

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What peak values are reached with and without DSM?
∑Pohne DSM = 976_ W Correct
∑Pmit DSM = 748_ W
Table 2: Peak Values reached in line with or without DSM
Time taken for the switch off is given as shown in the table
How long is the switch off period for the static load if it is held for 5 s?
t = 15__ s
Comment: Unfortunately the answer given is
wrong
Table 3: Switch off Period
Also, the experiment requires that the dynamic load must be reduced. Hence, the torque
changes from M-max-to-1 Nm and M-min-to-0.5Nm.
What do you observe?
The static load still turns off at ∑Pmax.
∑Pmax is not reached.
Correct

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Which of the following statements are true?
A. DSM now functions just as it did before.
B. The hysteresis of the DSM system is 0.
C. The static load is continually turned on and off ("it flutters").
Correct
D. DSM still does not affect.
E. ∑Pmin = 500 W
Use the ∑Pmin setting and change ΔP to 100 W.
How does the hysteresis affect the load regulation?
The hysteresis does not affect, and the static load switch is still
"fluttering."
The control system disconnects the load at 500 W and turns
Correct
it back on at 400 W.

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Operational mode
The pulse-width modulation is usually used to adjust an output voltage ‘s amplitude .The output
voltage can then be adjusted continuously from 0 to the largest possible value. The maximum
amplitude corresponds to the amplitude with the fundamental frequency control.
Below are some of the relevant terms
Switching frequency fs
The switching frequency refers to the frequency at which the power semi-conductor switch. A
switching cycle is usually made of a switch –on operation and a switch –off by the power
semiconductors jointly.
Cycle count q or Switching
The cycle count or the switching is usually determined by the ratio between the fundamental
frequency f1 and the switching frequency fs
Synchronous modulation, synchronous clocking
In the situations where the cycle count is an integer a multiple of the fundamental frequency, one
speaks of the synchronous clocking. Otherwise one speaks of the synchro’s clocking, in which cases
beats occurs between the fundamental and the frequencies.

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The beats produces more operating losses, which can be disrupting if the fundamental frequency and
carrier frequency and are located close together. Conversion to synchronous clocking becomes
necessary if ratio fs/f1 is less than 10. At a switching frequency of 1000 Hz this would mean 100 Hz
fundamental frequency [5]
Operation with signal modulation
Experiment aims and objectives
The main aim of this experiment was to examine the voltage and the current during the amplitude
modulation.
Circuit diagram
Fig: Circuit Diagram

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Assembly instructions
The set was set as shown in the set up below.
Turn on the self-commutated converter circuitry
Turn on the transformer through the monitor protection switch
Open the AC converter instrument
If you have any challenge operating the instrument, one is required to refer to the software help.
Perform the settings specified below [6];

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Mode Time characteristic
Periods 2
Clock frequency 8KHz
Mode SIN
Amplitude 100%
Frequency 50Hz

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Activate the instrument through the power button.
One will be required to determine the voltage and the current signal characteristics, and then
transfer the measurement results to the placeholder given.
Fig: voltage and current characteristic during the signal modulation , given an amplitude of
100%,a resstive load and frequency of 50Hz.
One will be required to repeat the procedure with the amplitude of 50%

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Fig: voltage and current characteristic during the signal modulation , given an amplitude of
50%,a resstive load and frequency of 50Hz.

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Interpret the output signals:
 The output voltage is pulse-width modulated
The output is pulse-width modulated Correct
 The output is current is sinusoidal
The current follows an exponential function
One will be required to repeat the measurement at a clock frequency of 1KHz and a amplitude
of 100%
Fig: Current and voltage characteristics during signal modulation, given a clock frequency of 1
kHz, signal frequency of 50 Hz, and a resistive/inductive load.

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The measurement should be repeated at a clock frequency of 4 kHz and an amplitude of 100%.
Fig: Current and voltage characteristics during signal modulation, given a clock frequency of 4
kHz, signal frequency of 50 Hz, and a resistive/inductive load [7].
maintaining the settings the same one should determine the frequency spectra for the voltage
and the current for a frequency ranging from 0 to 1kHz

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Fig: Current spectrum during signal modulation, given a signal frequency of 50 Hz, clock
frequency of 4 kHz, and a resistive/inductive load.

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Fig: Voltage spectrum during signal modulation, given a signal frequency of 50 Hz, clock
frequency of 4 kHz, and a resistive/inductive load [8]
What advantages does this modulation have over the fundamental frequency control?
Control here is easier compared with fundamental frequency control.
 Sinusoidal modulation avoids harmonics.
The power semiconductors' losses are lower. Correct
 The voltage value can be varied.
 The current is sinusoidal.

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What influence does the clock frequency have on the output waveform?
The higher the clock frequency, the lower the power semiconductors' losses
 The higher the clock frequency, the more sinusoidal the current characteristic. Correct
The lower the clock frequency, the more sinusoidal the current characteristic.
Technical Analysis
From the SCADA interface, different standards values are often obtained in line with load
regulations [9]. These standard values are defined as the “demand side management or DSM,"
and they act as the standard reference when taking the readings. The values are mainly
summarized as shown in the table below
Logger is also another vital and vital aspect to be considered in the technical analysis section. In
fact, the logger plays an essential role since it helps in the observation of both the PLC system
and the appliances values .Some of the elements which are shown by the logger include the
active power, the torque, necessary signals as well as the status of the switching power.
Moreover, the logger is what is used in evaluating the available and active signals for different
signal elements [10] .In essence, the trends of the two parameters are then decisively analysed
and recorded as shown in the table below

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However, the values cannot typically be displayed unless limit settings are done.
Therefore, the limit settings used in presenting the values as shown in table
Limit Setting Values for Signals
Recording
Time (s)
measurement
Time ( ms)
Power (VA) Torque (Nm)
Values 120 500 0 to 1000 -2.5 to 0
Moreover, the logger starts to record the data as soon as the makeable SCADA interface is
switched on and starts to run. The operation is repeated while keeping the last 50% of final
values. However, as the process run, the data logger will depict configured values as shown in
the above analysis.

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Discussion
In the recent days, the transmission lines which are often used are the AC lines of high voltage.
In fact, the HVDC transmission lines are considered based on the lesser losses of about 25%
MW as well as, the more elevated load carrying capacities. HVDC is also flexible and also have
precisely power flow which is controllable and manageable [11].
Conversely, the cost of purchasing the HVDC terminal stations is expensive, and therefore, the
elements are only used in the long-haul applications. Hence, the semi-conductor Devices or also
known as the Flexible AC and Transmission system (UPFC) will offer the alternative which is
cheaper and efficient. In this Load regulation experiment using the SCADA interface, the
hysteresis recorded in the system is zero, and this is because HVDC has fewer losses or ideal
efficiency in the overall transmission.

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Moreover, HVDC has the ripple control regulator, and this helps in monitoring and maintaining
the overall output of the converter voltage. This is what accounts for the zero hysteresis in the
system. Since the control system is set at a load of about 500 W; therefore the system can only
go up to that peak value and then starts to reduce slowly back to 400W. In this experiment, the
recording time is 120 seconds, measuring time 500 ms, the power is set at 0-to-1000 (VA), and
the torque is -2.5-to-0 (Nm) [12].
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition abbreviated as SCADA is an automation technique
which improves the overall power flow control in line with the related system operations. In
essence, the SCADA assists in eliminating all the wastages as well as helps in increasing
efficiencies while at the same time lowering the economic processes in the system. The use of
SCADA also helps in enhancing the power network, uninterrupted algorithms intelligent as well
as maintaining reliable power supply. Therefore, in the above experiment, the SCADA plays a
vital role in enhancing the effectiveness of the system. Hence, various characteristics such
inductive and capacitive of the HVDC system are easily monitored in the process Also, the load
of the HVDC has been monitored progressively in the process. For instance, when the load of the
system is controlled by the torque changes from M-max-to-1 Nm and M-min-to-0.5Nm, then it is
clear that the maximum load peak is not attainable. This is because the SCADA has the set range
from which the system operates, and this has a broader application in the electric power
transmission.

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Conclusion
In conclusion, HVDC also was known as the direct high-voltage current has comparably higher
cost in line with the insulation materials and the wires used than other techniques, however;
HVDC helps in the transmission of higher power compared to the overall three-phase systems. In
essence, the HVDC lack the dielectric materials which often accounts for the no heat losses as
compared to the three-phase system. Additionally, the HVDC has different control network
frequencies which can be interconnected and also a closing coupling can be used in the system as
compared to other systems like three phases. Furthermore, from the experimental analysis, it is
clear that the operation of the HVDC in line with the load regulation. Thus, from this analysis, it
is important to conclude that the load regulation in the HVDC must be based on specific standard
values for overall efficiency and maximum electric power to be transmitted. For instance, in this
case, some of the values to be considered include minimum and maximum peak values of 500
and 760W as well as torque range of 0- to-2 Nm. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the Step-
per-second of 0.1 Nm, and holding time of 5 seconds. Finally, it is evident that the when the
∑Pmax reduced to 500 W, then the hysteresis recorded on the DSM system is 0 and while the
minimum peak value obtained at that stage is ∑Pmin = 500 W.
High-voltage Alternating current transmission also is known as the high-voltage direct-current
entails the transmission line and converter station which mainly operates to convert the
alternating grid and conventional electricity voltage to the direct voltage. Furthermore, the
HVDC transmission also has an end station converter, and this serves to convert the direct
voltage at the end of the system back to the alternating voltage. Also, this system is capable of

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transmitting energy in both directions while the second converter station in the HVDC plays a
vital role in regulating the power in the system.
Bibliography
[1] A. J. Pansini, Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems, London: The Fairmont Press,
2016.
[2] T. Gönen, Electric power distribution system engineering, London: McGraw-Hill,, 2012.
[3] T. Gonen, Electric Power Distribution Engineering, Chicago: CRC Press,, 2015.
[4] J. D. Kock, Practical Power Distribution for Industry, London: Elsevier, 2016.
[5] J. Northcote-Green, Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems,
Texas: CRC Press,, 2017.
[6] A. S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, London: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.
[7] M. Dhole, A Textbook of Electric Power Distribution Automation, London: Laxmi
Publications, Ltd., 2016.
[8] S. vanagaraju, Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, Chicago: Pearson Education
India, 2011.
[9] L. L. Grigsby, Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, Chicago: CRC
Press, 2016.
[10] T. A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Berlin: CRC Press, 2015.

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[11] J. A. Momoh, Electric Power Distribution, Automation, Protection, and Control, London:
CRC Press, 2015.
[12] M. Chalres, 21th Electrical Power Distribution Conference, Karaj: CRC Press, 2017.