Impact of Emissions on Health of Road Construction Workers

This dissertation explores the impact of emissions on the health of road construction workers, analyzing different types of emissions, their impacts, and recommending strategies for mitigating negative impacts.

DISSERTATION

ABSTRACT
With development in economy, the construction of road has been increased at rapid
stages that lead in enhancing emission of harmful gases within the environment. Furthermore,
Air pollution levels remain dangerously high in many parts of the world such as 9 out of 10
people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. PM, carbon oxide and others are
common harmful gas that has been inhaled by most of the people or working in the construction
sites on regular basis. As all these harmful gases are being generated due to burning of fossil fuel
as well as used of old machinery in order to complete the respective task. Hence, it lead in
impacting on their respiratory system, causing lung cancer, reduce in lung function and inhaling
issue. Government as well as organisation working in construction of road cumulative take steps
to ensure health and well-being of workers through ensuring safe environment and generating
awareness among them. Therefore, this research has depicted crucial information pertaining to
impact of road construction on health of workers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................5
Background..................................................................................................................................5
Aim..............................................................................................................................................6
Objective......................................................................................................................................6
Research question........................................................................................................................6
Rationale......................................................................................................................................6
Significance of the study..............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................9
Theme 1: Different types of emissions that are released during road construction work...........9
Theme2: Impacts of emission on the health of road construction workers...............................13
CHAPTER -3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................17
Research type.............................................................................................................................17
Research approach.....................................................................................................................18
Research philosophy..................................................................................................................18
Research design.........................................................................................................................19
Data collection...........................................................................................................................20
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................21
Ethical consideration..................................................................................................................21
Reliability and validity...............................................................................................................22
Research limitation....................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS...................................................................................24
Emission of noise during the road construction.........................................................................24
Emission of particulate matter during road construction...........................................................24
Emission of nitrogen oxides during the road construction........................................................25
Exposure to Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide................................................................26
Impact of emission on the health of road construction workers................................................27
Respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer.....................27
Reduced lung function...............................................................................................................28
Lead in causing health issue such as dementia and autism........................................................29
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................31

Emission of noise during the road construction.........................................................................31
Exposure to Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide................................................................32
Emission of nitrogen oxides during the road construction........................................................32
Emission of particulate matter during road construction...........................................................33
Impact of emission on the health of road construction workers................................................33
Respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer.....................34
Reduced lung function...............................................................................................................34
Lead in causing health issue such as dementia and autism........................................................35
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION......................................................36
RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................37
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................40

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
Background
Impact of emissions on health among road construction workers has been found to be
severe, as it further has significant impact on overall functional health parameters. UK faces
significant health concerns rising among road construction workers, due to excess emissions
release and less advancement regarding safety standards. There has been rapid decline in proper
facilities maintenance for road construction workers, as this has led to also increased health risks
concerns.
The emissions released from road construction work, has primitive high impact on health
of employees, as it increases health risk variedly with reduced efficiency for proper breathing.
Noise, vibrations, asphalt fumes, poor work postures and physical injuries are some of the major
health hazards found rising among health concerns in road construction workers. Construction
work is highly risky for health of workers, which has rapidly increased respiratory disease found
among people. It has strong link with increased respiratory health issues, dermatological and eye
problems, injuries and risks behaviors which have reported to be rising profoundly within recent
time (Begum and et.al,., 2022). The increased awareness about impact of emissions within health
of construction workers, has been found to be competently crucial as it further develops critical
awareness. Recent study will develop in depth analysis on impact of emissions on health among
road construction workers, and challenges faced which need to be mitigated. Emissions have
fundamental impact, on decline in physical health care facilities and decreased breathing aspects
due to rapid increase in emissions. The carbon emissions, hampers mental alertness, and physical
wellness rapidly among road construction workers where proper facilities availability is missing.
Road construction workers experience exhaustion, stress and mental abilities decline which has
been found to be integral parameter. Recent research will explore optimum new facilities,
standards and vision oriented changes which need to be evolved for integrating best safety
standards for mitigating health risks variedly.
Also study within recent analysis will also determine strategies, that can be taken for
mitigating negative impact of emissions during road construction among workers. The sector of
construction industry faces huge rise in rates of musculoskeletal disorders, where physical
hazards in construction industry includes noise, heat, cold, radiation and vibrations which lowers

health of road construction workers. Also, there has to be new strengthened vision developed on
among road construction parameters for reducing health issues and risks further engaging better
facilities. Road construction workers, also faces huge decline in proper health care facilities
being available for optimum recovery and further technical reduction among new strengthened
competencies. UK further aims to reduce carbon emissions and bring on sustainability, where
practical engagement of new facilities should be done.
Aim
To analyse the impact of emissions on the health of road construction workers.
Objective
 To analyse the different types of emissions that are released during road construction
work
 To analyse the impacts of emission on the health of road construction workers
 To recommend strategies that can be used for mitigating the negative impacts of
emissions during road construction work
Research question
 What are different types of emissions that are released during road construction work?
 What are the impact of emissions on the health of road construction workers?
 What are recommend strategies that can be used for mitigating the negative impacts of
emissions during road construction work?
Rationale
Construction has largest burden of occupational cancer amongst industries, and
construction sector aspects where it has risen for over 40% of occupational cancer deaths among
workers. Construction also impacts rise on highest factors, where noise and vibration also leads
to severe health impact. New strategies have to be formulated for improvising health
concerns, significant new medical facilities developed on for extensive improvement in health of

road construction workers. This further also signifies importance for developing improvement,
and bringing awareness among health parameters within road construction workers. Rationale
behind conducting study is also correlated to essential aspect, where road construction workers
also faces mental health disorders and serious concerns due to low proper management. UK
faces significant increase in health issues related to respiratory disease, and mental disorders due
to emissions increase within carbon. The road construction workers should be given proper
health facilities, and develop proper medical assessment for reducing construction risks
significantly. Research will enable in depth analysis to be developed on for analysing new scale
aspect worked on for healthcare analysis among road constrtuction workers, and how new
measures can be framed by optimising extended development. Study will also enable primitive
analysis done on extended new critical medical facilities, and healthcare services availability
among workers at road construction (Ziabari and et.al, 2022).
Rationale behind conducting this research can be analysed that road construction workers
face various health risks due to emissions, which further lowers vitality within the treatments
advancement The topic within recent study is significant for research, as health concerns and
increased health risks among workers have been increasing rapidly. It has been found to be also
essential, where new strategies have to be formulated for reducing health risks and diseases faced
by road construction workers. Recent study will also explore significant expertise needed for
analysing road construction worker’s healthcare, which also primitively determines that major
paradigms have to be explored. There is specific significance correlated to construction work,
where it develops innovation to further generate wider scale awareness for workers to optimise
new health. The further new critical focus has to be prioritised towards new optimum
parameters, specific vision expansion developed on towards improvising proper new facilities
for road construction workers.
Significance of the study
The significance behind study can be analysed that health concerns among road
construction workers is serious issue, which has evolved as one of the major risk factor evolving.
It can be analysed that carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide are some of the
major types of emissions released during road construction which lowers efficiency standards.
Impact of emissions on health of road construction workers, has been significantly growing
where new strategies should be rapidly formulated for improvising health. It can be analysed that

the research study has been found to be integrally essential, for developing faster improvement in
overall wellness criteria and reducing health risks due to carbon emissions. Unexpected increases
in material costs and damage in working conditions, further have been found to be rapidly
increasing concerns among road construction workers which holds significance behind study.
Significance behind development of new strategies and further practical working competencies,
can be also analysed for implementation in further recovery. Road construction workers, has
been facing visual disabilities and decline in physical well –being which holds significant role to
analyse productive working extended criteria (Guo and et.al, 2022).
Significance behind study is also correlated to developed new scale optimised strategies
development, for improvising construction facilities for workers and lowering overall emissions
and hazards. Also formulation of new safety measures and generating specific functional
recovery options, for all road construction worker’s new paradigms can be explored actively.
There has to be better analysis done to improvise new strategies and better improvement
explored on, based on rapid vision expansion for better optimisation. Evaporative emissions such
as gasoline, auto liquids such as hydrocarbons which are released which hampers overall
wellbeing within health among people. This can be also analysed that health care goals, have to
be further monitored for improved work facilities and healthcare perspectives to evolve on
proper informative scenarios rapidly. Research in recent study will also explore new scale
measures to be evolved on, for primitive competent vision for bringing change and sustainable
changes variedly.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review can be defined as overview of previous work that has been published by
well-known author related to specific topic. It is narrowing downing the paper, searching for
relevant literature, reading article and evaluating and extracting useful information for getting
better in sight. Hence, in short it is survey of scholarly sources that is books, journal articles, and
theses that will be used to gathered sufficient information pertaining to “Impact of Emissions on
road Construction worker Health”. It can be also analysed that by analysing articles for various
published sources, further will enable productive results to be analysed on for extended optimum
efficacy paradigms.
Theme 1: Different types of emissions that are released during road construction work
As per Zhao and et.al., (2020), the construction sites are responsible for generation and
emission of various type of pollution within the environment such as visible dust, waste material,
vibration and noise. The contingent exposure connected towards significant rise among
emissions has developed decline in health parameters for road construction workers within UK.
Also, competent rise on further new optimised aspects for bringing change in facilities for proper
arrangements, have to be worked on among road construction workers. The carbon emissions,
have also risen severe health concerns for healthcare priorities found among road construction
workers and further decline in medical facilities availability.
Construction site is responsible for producing lot many pollutions or realise two types of
gases, such as nitrogen dioxide and particular matter. Furthermore, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, the third largest source for nitrogen oxides is off-road diesel equipment.
Such as in the United States, around 23 billion litres) of diesel fuel per year is being consumed
for making use of two million pieces of construction and mining equipment. The major concern
of making use of construction equipment is that it resulted in making air quality poor, lead in
climate change and is major burden on the health and well-being of construction workers.
Therefore, government and organisation engaged in construction must considered the ill impact
of making use of equipment on health of individual. Research by author has shed light on fact
that various emissions released in air, has also further declined health of road construction
workers variedly which is integral parameter.

As noted by Rehman and et.al (2022), Road construction workers, has been also found to be
competently facing huge health aspects and diseases which has led to overall decline in overall
wellbeing criteria diversely. Heavy metals, oils and toxic substances and debris from
construction traffic and spillage can be also observed with varied changes coming in construction
sites variedly. There is also further decline in physical wellness aspects among health parameters
experienced by road construction workers, where this has also lowered specific functional
growth in collective wellbeing. Research done by author is significantly authentic for extended
prior growth factor towards analysing specific parameters which hampers road construction
worker’s health variedly.
Increasing exposure to poisonous gases, and toxic working conditions fort road
construction workers further lowered vitality among health aspects of worker. Research in recent
study also signifies that author has primitively explored various types of emissions, released
during road construction work. Exposure further signifies that visual abilities and specific
respiratory abilities are further hampered, among road construction workers for engaging
towards proper scale expansion competently.
The author further illustrates that construction machinery electricity generators, digger
and caterpillar’s results in making more than traffic-related particulate matter emissions. Such
as, London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, estimated that NRMM used in construction sites
lead in emission of 7% of Nitrogen oxide, 8% PM10 and 14% of PM in London. Furthermore,
the nitrogen dioxide is also being release from gasoline fuelled engines in excavators, electricity
generators, bulldozers and off-road machinery. UK has witnessed an excessive increase in
significant health risk found among road construction workers, which has also lead to optimum
health risk exposure. Carbon emissions, has been significantly impacting breathing abilities
among workers in road construction and hampers overall wellbeing functionally. Author also
signified critically that air pollution is one of the major factor, which has declined proper
working facilities and led to rapid decline in health among workers (Mishra, Sarsaiya and Gupta,
2022).
As noted by Mohan and Xavier (2022), Hand arm vibration syndrome is commonly
referred as painful industrial disease among blood vessels, nerves and joints which is triggered
with continuous exposure on vibratory power tools and work equipment’s. Road construction
workers also faces increased risk exposure to various internal weak senses, with continuous

illness lead to developed decline in overall functional profound wellness paradigms. It has been
also found that road construction workers faces decline in proper functioning within hand
movements, and also specific decline on overall medical standards. Author in recent study has
shed light on extended paradigms where awareness about health hazards, among road
construction workers plays crucial role for developing further engagement on extended proactive
paradigms.
States that construction of road results in combustion of fossil fuel and more production
of nitrogen oxide. Likewise, the short-term exposure to NO2 for people that have health issue
such as Asthma will have negative impact. For example: it leads in causing increased respiratory
symptoms and airway inflammation in healthy people. The road construction workers, have been
also facing decline in proper healthy breathing, where gaseous emissions hinder respiratory
abilities (Onyango, 2022). Also, emissions of gases further impacts breathing, and also visual
abilities which specifies that major safety standards have to be kept measured specifically.
Health issues need to be monitored effectively, which further critically plays keen role for
developing untapped awareness. Research is authentic and critically addresses specific
awareness about major health risks faced by road construction workers in UK. There has been
structural functional decline in major healthcare availability, and medical facilities which plays
primitive role for improvising facilities.
Construction related dust includes larger size or coarse particles which are known as
PM10, (between 2.5 and 10 micrometres) generated mostly from bulk materials operations on
construction sites. Earthworks, demolitions, crushing and grinding operations have significant
impact on health parameters within road construction workers. It contributes to problems such as
fugitive dust, where road construction workers or demolition sites faces rapid decline in proper
berating. There is also primitive rise in significant exposure to coarse particles, where pollution
has led to overall healthcare decline among health in road construction workers. Also coarse
particles release, and decline in safety measures have been found to be major healthcare
parameter. Construction related workers, further have been experiencing decline in overall
wellbeing functionality which specifically lowers technical health priorities rapidly.
As discussed by Müller and et.al., (2020), the concern on road construction and their
impact on society and environment have increased because it is expected that in 2025, there will
be more than 25 million kilometres of new roads in developed countries. 72% of emission of

GHG in external environment is mainly due to rehabilitation, maintenance and road construction.
Moreover, the Carbon dioxide is one of the highest quantities of pollutant that has been emitted
by different plant and machinery that are being utilised in construction of road. That is around
500,000 kg of CO is being produced that lead in contributing 300,000 kg of nitrogen oxides. The
emission of PM 10 through construction of road is mainly due to two reason such as truck
transits on unpaved roads (47%) and truck transits on paved roads (27%). On the other hand, the
earthworks and topsoil excavation have less contribution in emission of PM that is around only
1%. The concrete production and storage crushing have contribution of around 14% and 13% to
PM that is harmful for individual living in the society.
Moreover, the Dai and et.al., (2019), specified that the growth of construction of road
across worldwide at rapid rate has resulted in increasing concern for government to make careful
and reliable evaluation of environmental impact on main activities of construction for fruitful
outcome. It has been founded that in many of the countries there are large number of total
emissions of particles and trace gases that lead in adverse impact on health and wellbeing of
individual. Likewise, the motorway construction contribute in realising gases and dust of
particulate matter (PM10) is 10%, monoxide (CO) is 57% and nitrogen oxides (NOx) 33%.
Diesel-powered construction equipment is also construction equipment that results in exhaust
particulate of PM2.5 that lead in negative impact on health of people
. Therefore, all the activities
and process involved in the construction of road carefully planned and organized in order to
reduce and mitigate the negative effect. Author specifies in recent study done, explains that
primitive decline in overall wellness within healthcare among healthcare workers specifically
plays keen role to monitor changes in health of workers.
As noted by carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are some of the major poisonous
gases which impacts overall health among road construction workers. This also signifies that
major competent engagement towards better healthcare facilities, and availability of primitive
bets safety standards are some of the best specific strategies which need to be adhered for
developing competent functional growth.
Theme2: Impacts of emission on the health of road construction workers
From the point of view of Losos and et.al., (2019), there are number of activities that are
being included in the Road construction such as operation of machines and equipment consume

natural, tunnel and bridge works, earthmovings and transportation of material. Likewise release
of nitrogen dioxide result in causing damage to human respiratory tract, severity of infection and
increase chance of person vulnerability. Moreover, if any individual is long term exposed to
high level of nitrogen dioxide then it results in causing chronic lung diseases, such as
construction of road is long process of 3-5 years that lead in resulting negative impact on health
and wellbeing of individual within the society (Huang and Fan, 2022). At the same time, it may
also lead in reducing a person's ability to smell an odour. The road construction worker’s health
risks, has been also further facing various health issues impacts all over wellbeing within
physical and mental health parameters. Workers when exposed long hours to road construction
emissions, faces significant mental health efficiency decline and loss in physical wellbeing
abilities. Study by author signifies that major road construction workers faces decline in overall
wellness criteria, where transportation of heavy materials impacts efficiency parameters.
According to Hahladakis and et.al., (2018), construction sites results in generating and
emitting different type of pollution in the environment that are major concern for health and
well-being of individual. Among which the dust and fine particulate as well as gases that is
nitrogen dioxide being realised is main reason for causing harm to health of maximum number of
people living within the society. these there are different type of emission. Likewise, it has
several impact on respiratory system of the body that is acute and chronic changes in pulmonary
function or it may also result in increasing the respiratory symptoms (Hopke and Hidy, 2022).
That is around 40% more individual are likely to suffer from asthma because of increase
emission of harmful gases during the construction process. Asthma, breathing issues are some of
the major respiratory concerns, found among people who work at road construction sites which
lowers vital competencies for improved living concerns. Carbon release and toxic gases further
declines breathing abilities, and increases acute symptoms where this hampers overall wellbeing.
Another author Mehra and et.al, (2022), also supported that during the construction
process, a radioactive gas, is being realised that is directly with increase in the risk of
developing lung cancers. Cancer is one of the most rising health issue, found among health
impacted in road construction workers which has led to rapid increase among UK. The carbon
emissions, nitrogen gases further lowers breathing abilities and decreases functional abilities for
proper competent efficacy benchmarks. It can be also analysed that significant decline in carbon

emissions, and specific decline in facilities have lowered productive engagement towards proper
healthcare scenarios variedly.
As noted by Dar and et.al (2022), People that do smoking and intake tobacco and alcohol
are more prone to harmful health condition for examples lung cancer. At the same time, there are
lot of noise realise during the construction of road that lead in causing increased in noise level.
That is directly associated with diastolic blood pressure and higher systolic, and lead in changes
in heart rate and increase chance of hypertension. It also lead in causing mental stress and
hypertension to people because of damping activities being conducted in order to construct the
road. Mental health concerns and stress are also some of the major paradigms, which has been
rapidly reducing functional efficiency among road construction workers. Author also signifies
focus on fact that with continuous exposure to noise, and reduced safety standards used within
construction at roads further hampers vitality in healthcare priorities. This way it would be right
to said that with the aspect of construction the workers may lead to infect towards large number
of diseases. This may include the diseases that is related with the respiratory system as well as
the concerned diseases that are related with the mental illness and health. The Hong and et.al.,
(2019), has clarified that there are around 9,500 premature deaths in London has been caused
in 2010 because of explore to nitrogen dioxide and different matter present within the
environment. The premature deaths and overall decline in proper living standards, further are
found to be integral factors which have reduced overall health care aspects among road
construction workers.
It also lead in onset dementia and autism that is people tend to forget things or are not able
to remember the information for longer time frame. Along with it, there are different factors that
impact on health of individual such as poor indoor air quality, poor lighting and inadequate
ventilation. Such as there are many construction site that does not have good air quality, in poor
lighting that impact negatively on their eye. Hence, from the perspective of author making road
construction more sustainable involves careful assessment of procedure and practice of
construction, its correlated environment impact and health of individual. The significant
exposure towards chemical hazards, and noisy environment hampers health of workers which
further decreases mental alertness within wider scenarios. This further signifies that major
decline in specific facilities, and direct exposure to chemical exposure leads to decreased
functional efficacy.

Moreover, the Cheriyan and Choi (2020), examines that road construction also results in
noise emission, traffic delays as well as congestion in busy route. Thus, it lead in causing delay
to number of individuals while going to their home or their office for some work. It also
contributes in negative impact on the children of workers in their overall development or directly
affects lung development and cause emphysema, asthma, and other respiratory diseases. Noise
released by machine also lead in mental distress among the workers thus they started feeling
more irritated and frustrated while working on the construction sites. In addition to this the
pollution release during the construction of road results in damage children's cognitive abilities
or mental health to think and develop its skills and knowledge. This shows that the exposure of
work in regard to the construction sector would lead to arise various diseases among workers that
may impact their health. This shows that the releasing of harmful gases and the emission would
results in the occurrence of infection.
According to Sepasgozar and Blair, (2021), there are around more than 57,000 women that
are working or engaged in construction of roadways that are suffering from risk of breast cancer
because of presence of airborne toxic substances. The study has also helped in interpretating that
the long-term reliance to on coal for energy generation has contributed in increasing lung cancer
among the individual or workers working at construction site. Most of the workers are affected
by construction of road as it lead adverse impact on lung by causing health issue such as cancer,
asthma, dementia and many more. In the same way with respect to the construction sector there
is a high degree of risk which is associated with the related the accidents and the injuries. This
may further have counted as one of the major negative impact of construction sector. As the
frequency of risk inn relation with the occurrence of the accidents are high that may lead to have
an impact towards the women as well as men.
Mental health care aspects are widely lowered due to excess exposure of emissions, and
high noisy environment paradigms which is significantly some of the most significant parameter.
The rising health concerns such as memory loss, and stress increase further has been lowering
vitality in proper competent healthcare aspects of road construction workers. Research in recent
study by author signifies that major complications are being vitally recorded, in mental aptitude
of road construction worker due to extended time exposure to various chemicals and toxic

emissions. The road construction workers face, mental stress due to rapid exposure and excess
functional increase in chemicals which hampers specific efficacy paradigms.
CONCLUSION
From the above literature it can be right to said that with respect to the construction sector
there is high risk in relation to health to those whom are engaged in this sector. As there are large
proportion of emission which may arise in case of the construction that may further lead to have
a negative impact towards the health of the workers who are engaged in the concerned sector.
The above literature also shows that with regard to the construction sector and the emission
which would be made including the harmful gases and the pollution would lead to impact the
environment and the concerned workers in terms of occurrence of various diseases. In the same
way the above literature also shows that the workers who are engaged in the concerned sector
have a high degree of risk that is related with the affect towards the diseases as well as injuries in
terms of the occurrence of accidents.

CHAPTER -3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the specific procedures that is used to identify, select, process,
and analyse information related to specific topic. It helps in planning method that are being used
by researcher to gathered necessary information. In another words, it is defined who specific
research must be done through making use of different tools and techniques with an motivate to
gathered necessary information (Von Grafenstein, 2018). Likewise, the various methodology
that is being utilised for impact of Emissions on road Construction Worker Health can be
illustrated in detailed as follows:
Research type
Research type explained about the diverse method that are being used by scholar to
complete the study in desired manner. Qualitative and quantitative are two method of research
that are being utilised to gathered sufficient information related to the specific topic.
In qualitative study, collecting and analyzing non-numerical data in order to effectively
understand the opinions, experience and concept. It helps in getting in depth insight related to
new ideas of research. For examples: taking interview, observation and focused group are the
various method that are used to complete the qualitative analysis. Advantage of qualitative
method is that the it helps in capture information related to changing attitude in target group,
make use of flexible approach. Disadvantage of qualitative study is that it takes a lot of time to
collect the data points, at the same time sample size can be big issue (Maarouf, 2019).
While, the quantitative approach involves making use of numerical, facts and figure while
collecting, analysing and interpretating necessary information. It involves making use of polls,
questionnaires and surveys to accumulate significant detail related to impact of road construction
on health and well being of workers. The pros of making use of quantitative approach is that it
can be done rapidly, it offers more reliable and repeatable information. Furthermore, it can be
tested and checked, Straightforward analysis that helps in effectively accumulate facts and figure
for taking final decision. On the other hand, the it is difficult to determine if answers are true or
not in quantitative method, it also involves certain amount of cost in pursing the study.
Out of both of the methodology, the researcher has make use of qualitative method to
accumulate necessary information in context of impact of road construction on health and well-

being of workers (Wang, Zhang. and Gan, 2019). It is also selected because it helps in gaining
more insight related to the workers that are being caused harm as results of road construction.
Research approach
Research approach define the key concept that are being used by the scholar to
accumulate necessary information for better decision making. Inductive and deductive are two
approach that could be used by the scholar.
Inductive approach generally involves inductive reasoning in which researcher make
efforts for observation, development of theories and pattern toward finding the end outcome. In
another words, it is process that include searching of pattern from observation, development of
explanation and patter from hypothesis. The benefits of making use of inductive approach is that
it attends closely to context and supports the generation of new theory and it more flexible as
compared to others (Wulfmeyer and et.al., 2018). On the contrary note, inductive approach
involves lot of wastage of time as well as efforts to accumulate necessary information for better
interpretation. It is also limited, observations are incorrect.
Deductive approach is emphasis on “developing a hypothesis (or hypotheses) based on
existing theory, then make research strategy in order to test the hypothesis. So, it can be stated
that deductive method means reasoning for specific general. It starts with observation and find
the pattern to drive useful insight. The biggest advantage of deductive approach is that it helps in
getting straight to the point thereby letting in time-saving, measure concepts quantitatively and
generalised the finding. On the other hand, not encourage divergent thinking hence limited the
scope of creativity. It also lead in accused of making an assumption that resulted in effective
analysis of information.
For completing study pertaining to impact of road site construction on workers has make
use of inductive approach as its emphasis on making use of it aims at exploring a new theory and
moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Thereby getting more
insight pertaining to the topic.
Research philosophy
Research philosophy can be defined as belief related to the manner in which specific set of
data, information related to specific topic are being accumulated, analysed and used within the
study. It generally deals with the source, nature and development of knowledge that helps in

extracting more useful information in limited time frame and cost. Interpretativism and
positivism are two main philosophy that are being considered by the researcher while
identifying, accumulating and analysing significant information. Interpretativism involves
researchers to interpret elements of the study hence lead in integration of human interest within
the research. It is suitable method of completing study in case of the focus of interest of the
research is either specific, unique and deviant (Hürlimann, 2019). Its advantage is that suitable
for qualitative data, builds rapport with participant and ensure validity. While, disadvantage is
that it not generalisable and low reliability that must be kept in mind while making use of it.
On the contrary hand, it can be stated that positivism is also philosophy that has been used
by researcher that can be explained as any system that confines itself to the data of experience. In
another words, it is system of philosophy basing knowledge solely on data of sense. Moreover, it
is most suitable for quantitative approach as provide objective information that could be used by
researcher in order to make scientific assumptions. Furthermore, it follows a well-defined
structure while completing the study. Despite of this, there are certain disadvantage of research
such as no understanding of the reasons behind the data collected and low in validity
Hence out of the both research approach, scholar has made use of interpretivism approach
in which it has interpreted and analysis each and every information to gathered much detail.
Thus, it has helped in saving overall cost and time frame of researcher in best possible manner.
Research design
Research design refers to the framework that has been utilised for conducting market
research method and techniques for better outcome. It contributes in understanding the design
that has been used by scholar to complete the study in most effective way. It includes several
elements that are used by scholar to accumulate data, measure information through tool and
analysis them for getting better outcome. Likewise, there are different research design being used
by scholar such as experimental studies, surveys, correlational studies, or quasi-experimental
review studies. In experiment the scholar makes experiment or use of innovative idea to extract
necessary information, while in correlation it studies about the relationship between two or more
elements (Žukauskas, Vveinhardt and Andriukaitienė, 2018).
Recent report has been done using descriptive research design, which is within format of
qualitative research used for analyzing productive information effectively for in depth critical

analysis. It enables to analyze non quantified research, and observes phenomenon about
integrated innovation rise for further extended parameters within research goals. Also research
design has been integrated with effective utilization of best research design within qualitative
format for gaining untapped working findings. Also, usage of descriptive research design has
practically enhanced working expertise diversely and evolved practical functional engagement
towards new optimum scenarios (Wang, Zhang and Gan, 2019). Therefore, in short, out of all
the researcher has make use of survey to descriptive method in which it is making study of
relationship between the road construction on health and well-being of workers. This method has
helped in learning that maximum number of workers are negatively impacted because of
construction work.
Data collection
This is an important step in respect to research. Under this step the data is collected from
various sources in relation with the research. there are majorly two methods and sources from
which the data will be collected i.e. primary and the secondary sources.
Primary sources refer that source under which the data would be collected for the first
time. This is one of the most authenticate source of data collection because it is directly being
collected from the source (Clark and Vealé, 2018). However, the collection of data from this
source is time consuming and costly because it is difficult to approach the data and the source.
Likewise, there are chances that the collected data would be affected in terms of variating in
results when the data would be collected from the source. However, in case of secondary source
the data is collected from the books, journals and other secondary sources.
Under secondary sources the data is already being collected from other researcher. This is
also a major source under which the data is gathered from published sources and other articles
(Sallis and et.al., 2021). With regard to this method of data collection the researcher may save its
time as well as cost. This is because the collection of data from the secondary sources is cost free
and require less time.
With regard to the concerned research the data will be collected from the secondary
sources because with respect to the secondary sources the data in respect to the construction
sector as well as its impact towards the workers would be easy to get analysed and collected. In

the same way through secondary data and the access towards the aspect of emission from
construction sector as well as an analysis towards the impact of emission towards the health of
the workers would be analysed. In the same way with the mode of secondary analysis the study
towards the emission from construction sector as well as impact would be analysed.
Data analysis
This the major step in respect to the research under which the collected data would be
analysed. This is counted as major step because after the collection of data, the research will be
of no use if the collected data will not be analysed (Lester, Cho and Lochmiller, 2020). This will
assist the research to meet its objective. The concerned research will have made analysed
through the method of thematic analysis under which various themes in relation with the research
and the secondary data will be analysed. With the help of thematic analysis, the in-depth analysis
of the research and the data would be possible. In the same way with the mode of thematic
analysis the qualitative data would be easy to get analysed along with the analysis of the
concepts and the facts.
However, on the other hand with respect to thematic analysis the inconsistency and the
lack of coherence is present (Castleberry and Nolen, 2018). This is because of the presence of
flexibility may sometime lead to cause inconsistency. In respect to the concerned research the
theme i.e. the type of emission that would be released during the construction work and the
impact of emission towards the health of the workers would be analysed. With this broad themes
the data in relation to the research will be analysed in in-depth manner that will summarize that
what are the emission that would be released and emit with regard to the working in construction
sector. In the same way with the theme 2 of the research the impact of emission towards the
health of the workers would be analysed. With the method of thematic analysis and the making
of broad themes the data in relation with the construction sector will be deeply analysed.
Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration is a collection of principles and values that must be abided by the
researcher to complete the study and make it more useful for different individual. Ethical
considerations in research are set principles that guides research designs and practices. The data

which is used by the researcher is identified before its release. The use of data is not result to any
damage or distress. The ethical considerations in the secondary research includes the consent of
the participants and then only the research is being further continued in effective manner. There
is confidentiality which is maintained in the entire research. Volunteer participation is being
followed in the research which is conducted. Thus, it is important to frame some ethics to be
included in the research. Likewise, it ensures confidentiality and validity of the information that
has been extracted from different sources so that no harm can be caused to any individual. Proper
reference has been made related to site from which text has been extracted and utilised to
complete the study. Furthermore, the results are being communicated in effective manner to the
interested individual in well organised manner that has helped in easily taking decision related to
the topic (Busso and Leonardsen, 2019). Hence the study is free from plagiarism or being copied
of someone else text so that it can derive necessary information that is required to achieve the set
objective of the study.
Reliability and validity
The research will be incomplete without the presence of reliability and validity. With the
presence of reliability and validity the research would be made authenticate. In the concerned
research the reliability and validity will be ensured with respect to the taking of articles and the
journals of the authenticate authors. Also it was ensured that the data which is taken for the
secondary analysis must be copyright and protected. This will lead to assist the research in terms
of making it valid and reliable. Likewise, a reference list is attached at the end which shows that
the taken data is made referred from the author and it is not copied. The validity in respect to the
research is also maintained in terms of making a selection of those articles and the secondary
data which is relevant to the research (Arifin, 2018).
Along with that the researcher has make use of article that are well published by known
author so that the information is more accurate and correct. It has also ensured that the
information is of current date only so that it can be easily trusted by maximum number of
interested people. Necessary steps will be taken to put reference and citation from where the
information has been extracted so that it can be easily reliable and more valid.

Research limitation
The research related to impact of road construction has various negative impact on health
and well being of workers, such as limited availability of time and resources to complete the
research. Despite of the fact researcher has emphases on making optimum use of available
resources and time by scheduling each activity that need to be completed for fruitful outcome. In
addition to this, the study has only involves making use of secondary research that has limited
the amount of study that is used to gathered necessary information. The scholar has focused on
making use of internet, well published books, article and journal to accumulate necessary facts,
figure and information pertaining to the topic so that necessary detail can be offered to interested
stakeholders (Hürlimann, 2019). Hence it results in Limited access to data that are necessary for
completing the dissertation in effective way. It also lead in limited access or Lack of previous
research studies on the topic therefore researcher has to focus on searching more and more
content to extract useful insight.
CONCLUSION
From the above research methodology chapter, it can be analysed and concluded that
researcher has make all significant efforts to extract useful facts and figure in order to take right
decision. Likewise, it has made use of secondary method to accumulate information, inductive
and qualitative approach to pursue the study. Hence, predetermination of method or techniques
that would be utilised to complete the study has helped in getting more and more related to
impact of road construction on health and well being of workers.

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Result and analysis are one of the most significant chapters of the dissertation that
contain summarise the key finding that has been gathered through research. It summarises the
finding on the basis of the objectives so that the interested individual can get necessary
information and take right decision. In context of the present dissertation, it includes key results
and analysis pertaining to “Impact of Emissions on road Construction Worker Health”. The
results will enable proactive analysis, developed on new findings and extended scale efficacy to
be further evolved on within recent study aspects.
Emission of noise during the road construction
From the secondary research, it can be interpreted that government are facing challenges
in context of minimising the impact of environment of road construction. Lot of dust and gases
are being eliminated during the construction that results in causing negative impact on the overall
health and well-being of workers. They are being force to work in improper or unhealthy
environment that lead in increasing chance of diseases among them which is not good for their
health. At the same time, there are range of individual that are employed within the construction
industry that are engaged in different activities which often lead in various occupational diseases
and injuries (Cui, Schito and Cui, 2020). Road construction involves ground preparation
workers, asphalt workers and heavy vehicle operators that are directly exposed to numerous
hazard that is heat, noise, dust and cold. Likewise, the more exposure to noise at construction
sites result in causing respiratory diseases, skin and eye irritation, respiratory diseases and many
more. All these results in causing negative impact on health of workers so necessary precaution
steps must be taken for ensuring their health and wellbeing.
Furthermore, the road construction involves range of activities as well as process such as
tunnel, transportation of material, bridge works, tunnel and equipment consume and generate
waste and pollution. Amount of impact of all these activities can be assessed through length and
configuration and sensitivity of the crossed sites. Along with it, the activities include hazardous
substance such as noise, heat and vibration and organic solvents that directly effect on health of
the workers.
Emission of particulate matter during road construction
The second largest source for particulate matter (PM) emissions, such that mobile fonts
result in releasing of 14.5% and 24.3% of total NOx and PM emissions respectively. Moreover,

there are various reason of increasing accidents among workers because of fatigue and loss of
concentration and extensive manual work. At last, workers are mainly exposed to silica dust that
cause issue pertaining to the development of serious ailments that is renal disease, connective
tissue damage and tuberculosis.
It has also found out that there is significant association between the exposure to specific
pollution and health of individual that are living within the society, that is it may lead in
premature death. The various health effects that construction of road have on health of individual
are cardiovascular effects that is heart attacks and cardiac arrhythmia, at the same time it also
effects on respiratory thereby lead in causing asthma attacks and bronchitis. Moreover, it has
been learned that there has been increased in number of hospital admission, absence from work
and emergency room visit, especially among people that are being suffering from lung, heart
diseases or are older in age and children (Ali and et.al., 2019). In addition to this, during the
construction of road fine particle are being release that is PM2.5 that pose greater risk to health
and well-being of individual. As these fine particles goes deep into the lung and then into the
bloodstream which adversely effect on the functioning of lung as well as hearts.
While, it can be stated that the Coarse particles (PM10-2.5) that lead in causing person
nose, eyes and throat that lead in causing coughing, sneezing, runny nose and shortness of
breath. It may lead to worsen medical condition that is heart disease and asthma to workers that
are completing their task on construction sites. At the same time, scientific studies have also
represented that the daily exposure emergency department visits and deaths, respiratory and
cardiovascular hospital admission. Hence the long term exposure to fine particulate matter result
in reducing the overall functioning of the lung, increased rates of chronic bronchitis and
mortality lung cancer and heart diseases.
Emission of nitrogen oxides during the road construction
It can also be represented from the above analysis that construction sites also cause in
emission of lot amount of nitrogen dioxide that have adverse impact on health of people or
workers that are daily completing different task on the site. It primary occur in air when the fuel
is being burned likewise, it emits from trust, off road equipment, power plant and many more
that are used during the construction of road. Likewise, it is estimated that the third largest
source for nitrogen oxides is from the off-road diesel equipment that is being utilised in

construction of road (Kelly and Fussell, 2019). Breathing of high concentration of NO2 results in
making people irritated as it causes negative impact on overall human respiratory system. Even
exposure to the gas for short time frame lead in aggravate respiratory diseases that is asthma,
difficulty in breathing and coughing (Domingo and et.al., 2020). Hence from the above
understanding it can be interpreted that there are three major concern for exposure of nitrogen
dioxide on health of human that is Increased inflammation of the airways, Reduced lung
function; Increased asthma attacks and number of cancer patient with the society. So, necessary
steps must be undertaken by construction organisation as well as government to reduce the
emission of NO2 for benefits of workers working at site.
The study has also helped in interpreting that the construction workers are operating
heavy machinery while doing operation related to highway and road construction, hence they are
being exposed to fumes from diesel exhaust, high level of noise and vibration. At the same time,
there are most of the vehicles or machinery that are used in construction sites make use of diesel
fumes that are not good for eye and nose. Or it might result in nasal irritation, asthma and
chronic bronchitis. Likewise, the occupational noise leads to accidents specific to road
construction activities (Krajnak, 2018). Vibration is one of the major problems that has been
faced by workers while completing their respective task at construction site for development of
road.
Exposure to Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
The study has extended research on specific aspects where road construction workers by
continuous working in risky sites, and toxic environment are prone to exposure to sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide. Exposure to poisonous gases and particles such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide, is specific result of continuous working at road construction sites.
Also it can be analysed that sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide are some of the major
poisonous gases which are being faced by road construction workers. There is more specific rise
to risk within respiratory organs mong bodies, where employees are at major risk within toxic
environment (O'Neill, Gopaldasani and Coman, 2022).
The specific aspects connected on continuous exposure to sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide gases hampers road construction worker’s lifestyle, respiratory organs efficiency
usage which also decreases life span on later period. Research in recent study also has varied in

depth findings, about major complications and health risks being faced by workers at road
construction projects. This also further impacts human exposure that has experimental SO2
exposure, where it causes changes in airway physiology including increased airways blockage
for proper breathing. Both acute and chronic exposure face by road construction workers leads to
increased risk for adverse cardiopulmonary events including death, which is one of the most
significant aspect. The sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide are some of the major poisonous
gases, which are further declining health wellbeing of road construction workers specifically
impacting road construction worker’s efficiency (Nizam and et.al, 2022)
Sulphur dioxide affects respiratory system among humans, primarily lung infections
which irritates eyes also physically and hampers respiratory tract with increased risk to tract
infections. It also leads to coughing, mucus secretion and aggravates conditions such as asthma
and bronchitis among road construction workers variedly. Poisonous gases released from road
construction, further declines overall wellbeing in physical and mental efficacy and declines
abilities for coping up extensive changes.
Impact of emission on the health of road construction workers
Overall, the years, there has been numerous developments in road transportation facilities
in order to provide quick services to people to move from one destination to another for meeting
their needs. Strengthen ecological environment protection is essential in construction of road in
order to provide maximum benefits to individual that are living within the society. Emission of
different gases such as particular matter, nitrogen oxide has results in causing numerous health
issue such as problem in inhaling, respiratory illness, mortality and cardiovascular diseases. At
the same time, it also lead in reducing the lung functions and causing health issue that is
dementia and autism. Hence, major steps must be undertaken by government, constructional
organisation to reduce the emission of gases for health and well being of individual or workers
working in the site. There has to be further new changes taken up consistently in road
construction workers workings situation, where this has been also found to be integral. Impact
of emissions on health of road construction workers has been significantly rising, as it further has
been found to be critical for engaging towards new changes. Impact of emissions, significantly
has been proactively diversifying towards reduced health scenarios and extended less
improvement found in strengthened new health concerns.

Respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer
Construction workers devote their all time in doing work of construction so that the road
can be build for going from one place to another. So, they are being exposed to noise, emission
of carbon oxide and particular matter that results in causing negative impact on their overall
health in terms of respiratory diseases, heart, cancer and forgetting things or having issue of
dementia. Likewise, the individual that are being exposed to carbon monoxide faces issue of
interfering the blood ability to carry oxygen in different parts of the body such as heart, brain and
other tissue (Benmarhnia, 2020). People that are having heart diseases or new born children of
construction workers are at greater risk from such pollution as compared to other.
However, an healthy person can also experience fatigue, reduce reflexes and headache
because of exposure to CO. Thereby it have great impact on health of individual. At the same
time, it has been find out that more exposed to Nitrogen oxide result in constricts air passages in
the respiratory system, hence the individual feel difficulties in intaking fresh air to live a better
lifestyle. In addition to this, construction is the largest burden of occupational cancer within
construction industry as many of the workers are suffering from cancer. That is, it accounts 40%
of death in construction industry hence precautionary steps must be undertaken for health and
safety of workers (Cao and Shen, 2019). There are over 5,000 occupational cancer cases and
approximately 3,700 deaths in construction of road. So, the major cause of cancer among
construction workers are painter and diesel engine exhaust (6-7% each), silica (17%) and
asbestos (70%).
Reduced lung function
The study has helped in learning that exposure to Sulphur dioxide results in constricts air
passages thereby creating problems for people with asthma. Also, research done in study has
analysed that road construction workers faces reduced lung function with continuous exposure to
poisonous gases released. This signifies that reduced lung function is also being found among
workers, which hampers overall wellbeing variedly and lowers proper breathing abilities within
living scenarios (Moghul and et.al, 2022).
Reduced lung function is one of the major health decline factor, which is being
experienced by workers due to continuous working at road construction projects which hampers
overall wellbeing criteria. There has to be further analysed reduced lung function, faced by road

construction workers within toxic gases release and projects where essential aspects of health are
hindered. Occupational exposures for workers in heavy and highway construction include
cement containing dust, and diesel exhaust which effects health negatively among varied
scenarios. It can be also analysed that respiratory symptoms and lung function in tunnel workers,
and operating engineers are found to be rapidly increasing. Based on recent reports, study has
also shed in depth light on asthma, chronic bronchitis which have been categories as specific
systematic diseases impacting respiratory systems. It further extended importance on prevalence
of asthma and chronic bronchitis, lung function outcome and relationships with exposure
variables.
Asbestos related diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma, lung cancer and
silicosis are some of the major illness found in road construction workers where this has
hampered overall living patterns competently. Reduced lung infection is some of the major
factor, where road construction workers face huge health risk with continuous exposure to
poisonous gases and increased complication factors. There is also extensive risk risen on
towards lower health improvement goals, and changes which need to be developed on (Mohan,
and Xavier, 2023).
Lead in causing health issue such as dementia and autism
Road construction workers, with continuous exposure to risky conditions and poisonous
gases excretion within toxic environment faces health issues such as dementia and autism which
are some of the major health risks. The study done in research also has shed light on specific
parameters where health issues within mental aspect is effected among workers, which leads to
long term illness variedly (Mehra and et.al, 2022). There is also high range health risk for
construction workers, where this hampers overall productivity and declines efficacy extensively
among varied parameters. Dementia, autism are some of the major mental disorders which are
found among road construction workers with continuous exposure to toxic working conditions.
It can be analysed that toxic gases release hampers road construction workers overall well-
being further on wider levels, where mental disorders are being commonly rising among
workers. This can be also analysed those physical disabilities, along with mental disorders such
as dementia, autism further declines extensive functional wellbeing competently. Study done in

recent research, has developed proactive findings about extensive health complications being
experienced among road construction workers. Research developed in recent study, also has
portrayed productive findings that dementia and autism, memory loss further lowers vision
productivity for improvising life patterns (Rehman and et.al, 2022). It leads to extensive decline
in lower visual abilities, and also hampers overall functional wellbeing criteria significantly on
larger grounds. There is also huge risk found among employees, due to health complications
where major mental disorders are being found to be impacting overall wellbeing. The health
issues such as memory loss, decreased respiratory abilities are some of the major complications
experienced by road construction workers among risky situations and continuous exposure to
risky environment.
Road construction workers faces decline, in proper mental and health issues within living
scenarios where dementia and autism significantly are found to be crucially rising. Reduced
health issues and proper wellbeing further hampers efficacy parameters, extensively lowers
efficacy parameters within longer time frame goals. Study done in recent findings within
research, also signifies that major complications are being found to be grown competently among
road construction workers due to continuous exposure to poisonous gases (Alshetty and
Nagendra, 2022).

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
Discussion is the chapter in which the research discusses about the all the things that it has
find out in results and analysis chapter. In another words, it interprets and assess the implications
of the results, related the element with the broader concept of literature review to justify the
finding. Compare the finding with past research, observation in order to find out final conclusion
of the study so that necessary interested individual can take right decision. Therefore, the
discussion of “impact of road construction on workers” can be explained in detailed as follows:
The above discussion has helped in assessing and interpretating that construction industry is
main contributors of causing damage to health as well as environment of the society. As it
consumes large volume of energy, furthermore emit different type of pollutants that are harmful
for health of individual. 40% of global energy is consumed by the construction industry that have
direct adverse impact on environment as it causes reduction in overall energy that is required by
people to live a better lifestyle (Sun and et.al., 2021). Furthermore, there are many countries,
organisation and individual that are interested to pursue study pertaining to pollutant emissions
of road transportation. As with construction of road, emission of harmful gases within the
environment has increased to maximum extend that lead in making life of people more difficult
to live. Hence, there are alternative strategies or set of action that could be adapted by
construction industry to ensure the health of workers to maximum extend.
Emission of noise during the road construction
One of the negative factors that has been impacting on health of individual is noise that is
realise from the construction equipment that lead in causing headache, making workers more
irritated and frustrated to work at site. Such as, during road construction works, the sound level
has been measured 75-100 dBA, at distance of 7.5 meters from construction vehicles and
equipment. While as per the health standard the acceptable noise release during construction of
road must be around 55 dBA. for good health of workers (Li, Zhao and Xu, 2019). Moreover, the
above study has helped in learning that while carrying out different activities related to levelling,
inorganic dust, loading, unloading and levelling Inorganic dust, containing SiO 2 (20 … 70%) is
being released. On the contrary note, unloading, storing and transporting lead in realising SiO2
up to 20% into the atmosphere.

Exposure to Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
It can also be discussed that the CO is colorless, odorless gas that is generated when
something is being burned, so main sources of generation of gas is machinery that burn fossil
fuel. It is also very harmful for individual when inhaled in large amount. Workers are working
daily at construction site so they inhale maximum amount of CO gas that results in reducing the
amount of oxygen that transported in blood stream to critical organs such as brain and heart. At
high levels carbon dioxide results in causing dizziness, confusion, unconsciousness and even
death of workers. At the same time, the study has helped in learning that emission of CO is high
concern for health of constructional workers that are already suffering from heart disease. Hence
the people that already are being suffering from reduce ability from getting oxygenated blood to
their hearts in situation when they need more oxygen than usual
(Usmani and et.al., 2020). Furthermore, have vulnerable effect on people that are being suffering
from increased stress. So, short-term exposure to elevated CO reduced oxygen to the heart and
results in chest pain that which is known as angina.
Emission of nitrogen oxides during the road construction
The study has helped in discussing that the Nitrogen Oxides is family of poisonous that is
highly reactive with the gases, that is mainly formulate when the fuel is being burned at high
temperature. Power plants, industrial boilers, cement kilns, and turbines are various equipment
that are being utilised in the road construction that results in causing harm to individual living
within the society. It NOx often appears as a brownish gas, are critical components of
photochemical smog and produce yellowish-brown colour of the smog. The study has evaluated
that the high level of nitrogen dioxide results in causing damage to human respiratory tract and
more vulnerability to health and well being of workers. It has severity of respiratory infections
and asthma, hence long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide results in cause chronic lung disease
that is very harmful for individual (Trupia., 2018). Furthermore, diesel or gasoline fuelled
engines in mobile cranes, industrial trucks, static engines and off-road machinery lead in
generation of nitrogen dioxide during the road construction process. At last, the National ambient
air quality standards have also lay emphasis that the nitrogen dioxide is one of the most pollutant
elements that cause adverse impact on health of people. Common outcome of respiratory
symptoms are shortness of breath and cough that lead in issue in intaking fresh air to stay healthy

and fit for longer time frame. Hence, it must be ensured that proper environment being offered to
workers to work so that they have to face less health issue in future scenario.
Emission of particulate matter during road construction
Since long it has been recognised that the road construction constitutes of important
source of particulate matter. In another words, during the process of construction of road, another
matter that highly realise which cause negative impact on health of workers that is particulate
matter. Particulate matter are mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air,
among which some of the particles that is dust, dirt, soot, or smoke are large as well as dark
enough to be seen with the naked eye. Study has helped in discussing that the size of particulate
matter has direct link with potential causes of health problem in individual. Likewise, the main
problem is being cause by small particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter as they can be
easily getting into the lung or bloodstream leading in causing greater harm to workers
(Jędrzejczak and et.al., 2021.). Exposure to such type of particle lead in directly affecting the
lung and heart of workers, for examples causing premature death in people with heart or lung
disease, decreased lung function, aggravated asthma, nonfatal heart attacks and irregular
heartbeat. It lead irritation of the airways, coughing or difficulty breathing, hence older adults
are the most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure. Therefore, the study has helped
in discussing that it contributes in causing several health issues and among which the main cause
of it is reduced visibility (haze).
Impact of emission on the health of road construction workers
The above results have contributed in analysing and discussing that the road construction
workers are frequently exposed to high amount of airborne particle and noise levels compared
with the average population. Workers spend most of their work time in doing different activities
in construction industry so that the road can be made and appropriate facilities can be offered to
people to move from one place to another for their respective purposes. Hence, the realse of
harmful pollution from construction activities has lead in increased cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality among the workers. Likewise, the study has helped in knowing that construction
workers are facing issue of reduced lung function, chronic bronchitis, and asthma because
working at site on regular basis (Malik and et.al., 2019). Neither government or organisation
have taken active steps to reduce the impact of emission of gases on the workers so that they can
live healthy and safe live as other individual within the society.

Respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer
In recent scenario, Air pollution is becoming one of the most risk factors for
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that has lead in causing health issue. Emission of gas has
results in causing several million premature deaths worldwide every single year because of
emission of gases such as particulate matter, carbon dioxide and others. The mortality rate is also
high among workers as they do not have sufficient finance, better lifestyles and access to
effective healthcare facilities that are essential for their overall health and well-being. At the
same time, it has been extracted that effect of noise on health include release of stress hormones
and sleep disturbance in the workers (Hong and et.al., 2019). The fine particulate matter of size
(PM2.5) that realise from smoke, dust and vehicle exhaust are 30 times smaller than the width of
the average human hair are harmful for the body. Such as Fine and ultrafine particulate matter
circumvent the mechanisms of human body through deflect, detain, and destroy.
Moreover, the research has helped in understanding that higher levels of PM2.5 were
directly associated with hospital admissions and deaths from cardiovascular disease. Likewise,
the workers while working at construction sites inhale smaller particulate matter that lead in
blocking nose, and inflammation of lung which finally results in causing Respiratory illness,
cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer (Matz and et.al., 2019). It was also
learned that there is increasing number of asthmas among the workers and children that are
exposed to road dust particles. Hence steps must be undertaken to reduce the impact of small
particle on health and well-being of workers with an motivate to reduce mortality rate to
maximum extend.
Reduced lung function
Lung are the most important organs that are responsible for exchange of gases during the
respiratory system that also removes carbon dioxide from blood. Diseases, allergies and infection
and working environment are different factor that lead in compromising the effective functioning
of the lung, such as especially for those working at construction sites. Due to their direct
exposure to dust particle, there has been higher tendency to experience a decrease in lung
function volume. Moreover, construction workers are working at minimum wages as well as
unaware about the health issue that are mainly cause because of road construction (Hong and
et.al., 2019). At the same time, there are many workers that do smoking while completing their

respective task that has lead in increasing risk of respiratory health problem to more extend.
Therefore, as the workers are being directly exposed to harmful chemical suffer from reduce in
lung functions.
Lead in causing health issue such as dementia and autism
Furthermore, it can be discussed that one of the major impacts of road construction on
health of worker is causing dementia and autism. Workers working at construction site are more
exposed to dementia risk, especially Alzheimer’s disease. It is also expected that by 2050, across
the worldwide, the number of people being suffering from dementia can be exceed to 130
million. Thus, making it more costly and global health crises issue that must be addressed by the
government on priority basis. Noise realise from Road construction is directly associated with an
increased risk of vascular dementia among large number of workers completing their respective
task in most effective way. Machinery as well as equipment that are being utilised during the
construction results in emitting huge amount of noise that lead in causing mental stress, harm to
health of workers (Zhang and et.al., 2018). In addition to this, it can be discussed that aluminum
and silicon are two elements of PM2.5 road dust particles that are associated with low birth
weight. Hence, Long-term exposure to aluminum was found to be associated with Alzheimer
disease or forgetting things randomly. There are many individuals that are being suffering from
respiratory allergies because of Aluminum likewise, there are workers facing asthma. Along with
it, the people that are suffering from more stress level at construction sites face issue of autism
that directly impact on their overall health.
From the above discussion it can be interpreted that the health problem among construction
workers is increasing at rapid phase, because of realise of particulate matter and carbon oxide.
Such as the individual are facing issue of lung cancer, dementia and autism, Respiratory illness,
cardiovascular disease and mortality and many more (Hahladakis and et.al., 2018). Hence, with
increase in number of diseases among the individual, government and road construction
organisation should actively take steps to reduce the same for health and well-being of workers
and overall development of society at fast speed.

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the above report it can be concluded that with globalisation and growth in industry
overall construction of road has been increased across worldwide. So that the people have
facility of moving from one place to other for different purpose, such as entertainment, fun,
enjoyment and many more.
The research has helped in summarised that there are number of gases that are being
emitted during the road construction that are harmful for worker as well as people living nearby.
The major pollutant air that has been released during the process of road construction are
particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide that has lead in
adversely impacting on health of maximum number of individual within the society. It has
helped in understanding that CO is the pollutant emitted in the highest quantity mainly by the
machineries and plants (Malik and et.al., 2019). Furthermore, it has been accumulated
information that the earthworks, tunnels and worksites of bridges realise more emission of
harmful gases that is 2.5 to 5 times higher as compared to emission during the storage and
concrete production worksites. Such as it has been stated that around carbon monoxide (CO) is
57%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) is 33% and particulate matter (PM10) is 10%. It has also
contributed in summarising that the smaller are particle the more they impact on health of
workers as cause issue inflammation or breadthening issue.
The study has also contributed in summarising that the Construction sites involves
reduction in overall lung functions due to harmful gases being inhaled by workers while
completing their respective task. There are various causes of reduce in lung function such as a
person may be suffering from allergies, working in poor environment that have emission of huge
amount of harmful gases etc. Moreover, at construction sites, there are workers that do smoking
which cause negative impact on their lung, increase chance of cancer among them (Zhang and
et.al., 2018). So, they must emphasis on avoiding smoking, use of mask and other equipment to
stay protected and healthy for many years. At the same time, it can be stated that morbidity
among the construction workers varied with type of work and comorbid factors, that is smoking,
intaking of alcohol and many at the construction site.
Detailed research has helped in learning and identifying that PM10 penetrate deep into
the lungs for all those individuals that are either in direct contact or inhale the polluted air. due

to inhalation of poor air quality, individual working on construction sites are at more risk of
developing many health consequence that are not good for their overall health and well being in
current and future scenario (Jędrzejczak and et.al., 2021). Moreover, it can be stated that air
pollution is heterogeneous, complex mixture of gases, liquids, and particulate matter thus it lead
in consistent increased risk for cardiovascular. Diesel engines is mixture of air pollution that
consist of both solid as well as gaseous that have negative impact on health and well-being of
workers. Likewise, it has affects include cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations, and
premature death among the workers that are performing several tasks in order to construct road.
From the above analysis it can be interpreted that Diesel Particulate Matter are very small
that can be easily inhaled into the lungs and different parts of the body. It can easily cause lung
cancer among the workers hence steps must be encountered to reduce the emission of gases
during the constructional of road. It has helped in summarised key points related to smallest
particles, (PM2.5) are also known as nano particles that directly transferred into the bloodstream
of the human body. Chemical reaction is mainly responsible for generation of harmful gases such
as PM and carbon dioxide on the construction sites that directly inhale and effect on their overall
health. While, it can be stated that the Nitrogen dioxide is produce with nitric oxide during the
combustion process undertaken by workers so that the road can be created and a better platform
can be provided to people to travel from one destination to another for different purposes.
In short it can be interpreted and summarise from above research that pollution or gases
emit during the construction process lead in more Heart and blood vessel diseases like strokes
and hardening of the arteries. Furthermore, it can be cause even if the individual is few years
exposure to even low levels of PM2.5, such as it results in increasing number of chances of
hospital admission, heart attacks as well as strokes that are not good for overall health of the
person (Hahladakis and et.al., 2018.). At last it can been concluded that research will be useful
for government, workers, construction organisation and public to take corrective steps to protect
people from being harmed due to emission of harmful gases during construction process.
RECOMMENDATION
From the above analysis it can be suggested that expected growth of the road
constructions across worldwide enforce that careful and reliable evaluations of negative impacts

of road construction on workers. It should focus on taking more steps to reduce the emission of
gases so that workers can have good health and lifestyles ahead in future scenario. Such as:
1. First and foremost, suggestion for the government is that it must emphasis on knowing
the main sources of dust generation, finding the way it can be controlled as well as
monitor the activities. So that minimum gases can be emitted in the environment that
could have negative impact on the health of workers that is particulate matter, carbon
oxide and many more (Tawalbeh and et.al., 2021). Therefore, reduction in emission of
harmful gases will contribute in making healthy and safe environment for workers to
complete their assigned task in most effective manner.
2. Government must emphasis on promoting Health education among the workers so that
they are aware about the way they can keep themselves healthy and fit for longer time
frame. Along with it, the construction company must take protective measures at
workplaces and periodic health check-up with an motivate to minimize the morbidity. It
can also make employees aware about the way they can keep themselves save and secure
from diseases while working at construction site.
3. Third suggestion pertaining to abatement of CO and NOx is that government must
enforce greener construction policy with an aim to reduce the emission of harmful gases
and ensure health of workers. For examples: it should avoid making use of old machinery
as well as equipment, olde engines as they mainly result in emitting huge number of
harmful gases within the environment (Losos and et.al., 2019). In addition to this,
installation of exhaust retrofits can also be done at road construction sites for betterment
of all that is workers, people living near construction site.
4. Emission control measures is almost significant for reduce the damage of the pollutant
emissions and in order to meet emission standards and requirements and to prevent
harmful effects of pollutant emissions on human health. Furthermore, government and
construction sites must investment its overall time and efforts in educating, making aware
and training workers related to the way they can stay safe and secure (Liu, Liu and Wang,
2020). This will lead in making them self-aware to stay protected from harmful gases in
order to avoid respiratory illness, lung cancer or reduction in functioning of lung.

5. Furthermore, it can be suggested that workers should not do more smoking as it results in
adversely impacting on the functioning of the lung. As smoking and inhale of polluted
air results in harmful impact on health of workers. In addition to this, workers must focus
on minimizing waste through making use of available resources in optimum manner so
that end objectives can be achieved. It should also explore more recycling options to
reduce the amount of wastage or polluted gases being realise from construction activities.
6. Environment-Friendly Tools, products as well as material must be used to minimise the
waste of resources and consumption of energy in the construction industry. Through
more environment friendly tool, it can save overall cost, ensure the well being of
individual and delivered good services to people living within the society. The goals of
the company are to protect the workers from being harmed as results of inhale of harmful
gases (Trupia, 2018). Such as carbon oxide, particulate matter and other harmful gases
that impact adversely on the lung, heart results in causing lung cancer and cardiovascular
diseases.
At last it can be stated that by following to all the above suggestion government of the all
countries and organisation can contributed in reducing the impact of harmful effects of gases on
overall health of workers. So, sustainable action taken towards construction of road will yield in
providing maximum benefits to large number of people living within the society.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Ali, M.U and et.al., 2019. A systematic review on global pollution status of particulate matter-
associated potential toxic elements and health perspectives in urban
environment. Environmental geochemistry and health, 41(3). pp.1131-1162.
Alshetty, D. and Nagendra, S. S., 2022. Impact of vehicular movement on road dust resuspension
and spatiotemporal distribution of particulate matter during construction
activities. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(1), p.101256.
Arifin, S.R.M., 2018. Ethical considerations in qualitative study. International Journal of Care
Scholars, 1(2). pp.30-33.
Benmarhnia, T., 2020. Linkages between air pollution and the health burden from COVID-19:
methodological challenges and opportunities. American journal of
epidemiology, 189(11). pp.1238-1243.
Busso, L.D. and Leonardsen, A.C.L., 2019. Qualitative research as reflexive process: a word
limitation challenge in qualitative medical research publications?. Nordisk
sygeplejeforskning, 9(3). pp.182-187.
Cao, Y. and Shen, D., 2019. Contribution of shared bikes to carbon dioxide emission reduction
and the economy in Beijing. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51. p.101749.
Castleberry, A. and Nolen, A., 2018. Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy
as it sounds?. Currents in pharmacy teaching and learning. 10(6). pp.807-815.
Cheriyan, D. and Choi, J.H., 2020. A review of research on particulate matter pollution in the
construction industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254. p.120077.
Clark, K.R. and Vealé, B.L., 2018. Strategies to enhance data collection and analysis in
qualitative research. Radiologic technology. 89(5). pp.482CT-485CT.
Cui, P., Schito, G. and Cui, Q., 2020. VOC emissions from asphalt pavement and health risks to
construction workers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244. p.118757.

Cui, P., Schito, G. and Cui, Q., 2020. VOC emissions from asphalt pavement and health risks to
construction workers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244. p.118757.
Cui, P., Schito, G. and Cui, Q., 2020. VOC emissions from asphalt pavement and health risks to
construction workers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244. p.118757.
Domingo, J.L and et.al., 2020. Adverse health effects for populations living near waste
incinerators with special attention to hazardous waste incinerators. A review of the
scientific literature. Environmental Research, 187. p.109631.
Dzwigol, H., 2020. Innovation in marketing research: quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Hahladakis, J.N and et.al., 2018. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics:
Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and
recycling. Journal of hazardous materials, 344. pp.179-199.
Hahladakis, J.N and et.al., 2018. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics:
Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and
recycling. Journal of hazardous materials, 344. pp.179-199.
Hernández-Pérez, L. G and et.al., 2022. Incorporating the occupational health in the optimization
for the methanol process. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 74,
p.104660.
Hong, J and et.al., 2019. A framework for reducing dust emissions and energy consumption on
construction sites. Energy Procedia, 158. pp.5092-5096.
Hong, J and et.al., 2020. An empirical analysis of environmental pollutants on building
construction sites for determining the real-time monitoring indices. Building and
environment, 170. p.106636.
Hopke, P. K. and Hidy, G., 2022. Changing Emissions Results in Changed PM2. 5 Composition
and Health Impacts. Atmosphere, 13(2), p.193.
Hürlimann, C., 2019. Research Philosophy and Ethics. In Valuation of Renewable Energy
Investments (pp. 111-126). Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden.
41

Jędrzejczak, P and et.al., 2021. The role of lignin and lignin-based materials in sustainable
construction–a comprehensive review. International journal of biological
macromolecules, 187. pp.624-650.
Kelly, F.J. and Fussell, J.C., 2019. Improving indoor air quality, health and performance within
environments where people live, travel, learn and work. Atmospheric Environment, 200.
pp.90-109.
Krajnak, K., 2018. Health effects associated with occupational exposure to hand-arm or whole
body vibration. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 21(5). pp.320-
334.
Latheef, S.A.A., 2021. Unit-4 Collection of Demographic Data from Secondary Sources. Indira
Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi.
Lester, J.N., Cho, Y. and Lochmiller, C.R., 2020. Learning to do qualitative data analysis: A
starting point. Human Resource Development Review. 19(1). pp.94-106.
Li, C.Z., Zhao, Y. and Xu, X., 2019. Investigation of dust exposure and control practices in the
construction industry: Implications for cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 227. pp.810-824.
Li, P.H and et.al., 2019. Health risk assessment for highway toll station workers exposed to PM2.
5-bound heavy metals. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(4). pp.1024-1030.
Liu, J., Liu, Y. and Wang, X., 2020. An environmental assessment model of construction and
demolition waste based on system dynamics: a case study in Guangzhou. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 27(30). pp.37237-37259.
Losos, E.C and et.al., 2019. Reducing environmental risks from belt and road initiative
investments in transportation infrastructure. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper,
(8718).
Maarouf, H., 2019. Pragmatism as a supportive paradigm for the mixed research approach:
Conceptualizing the ontological, epistemological, and axiological stances of
pragmatism. International Business Research, 12(9). pp.1-12.

Malik, A and et.al., 2019. Advancements in input‐output models and indicators for consumption‐
based accounting. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(2). pp.300-312.
Manu, E., and et.al., 2021. Identifying and sourcing data for secondary research. In Secondary
Research Methods in the Built Environment (pp. 16-25). Routledge.
Matz, C.J and et.al., 2019. Human health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP): a
scoping review protocol. Systematic reviews, 8(1). pp.1-5.
Mehra, S., and et.al, 2022. Impact of construction material on environment. In Ecological and
Health Effects of Building Materials (pp. 427-442). Springer, Cham.
Mehra, S., and et.al, 2022. Impact of construction material on environment. In Ecological and
Health Effects of Building Materials (pp. 427-442). Springer, Cham.
Mishra, U. C., Sarsaiya, S. and Gupta, A., 2022. A systematic review on the impact of cement
industries on the natural environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
pp.1-12.
Moghul, N. B., and et.al, 2022. Hand held drilling tools and Health problems of construction
workers. Rawal Medical Journal, 47(1), pp.224-226.
Mohan, G. and Xavier, A. S., 2023. Effect of dust pollution from construction sites on on-site
construction workers. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 12(1).
Mohan, G. and Xavier, A.S., 2022. Impact of dust on health of on-site construction workers–a
case study. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 10(1).
Mohan, G. and Xavier, A.S., 2023. Effect of dust pollution from construction sites on on-site
construction workers. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 12(1).
Müller, A and et.al., 2020. The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of
sources. Science of the Total Environment, 709. p.136125.
Neuendorf, K.A., 2018. Content analysis and thematic analysis. In Advanced research methods
for applied psychology (pp. 211-223). Routledge.
Nizam, C. M and et.al, 2022. A Short Review on Heat Stress and Heat Strain in Construction
Industry: The Effect on Worker Performance, Associated Health Effect, It’s
43

Measurement and Control Mechanism. Human-Centered Technology for a Better
Tomorrow, pp.559-566.
O'Neill, C., Gopaldasani, V. and Coman, R., 2022. Factors that influence the effective use of safe
work method statements for high-risk construction work in Australia–A literature
review. Safety science, 147, p.105628.
Onyango, J., 2022. Health Impacts of Building Materials on Construction Workers. In Ecological
and Health Effects of Building Materials (pp. 543-566). Springer, Cham.
Pandey, J., 2019. Deductive approach to content analysis. In Qualitative techniques for
workplace data analysis (pp. 145-169). IGI Global.
Penkała, M., Ogrodnik, P. and Rogula-Kozłowska, W., 2018. Particulate matter from the road
surface abrasion as a problem of non-exhaust emission control. Environments, 5(1). p.9.
Piccardo, M. T and et.al. 2022. Odor emissions: A public health concern for health risk
perception. Environmental Research. 204. p.112121.
Rehman, S., and et.al, 2022. Health Impacts of Construction Workers: A Short Introduction.
In Ecological and Health Effects of Building Materials (pp. 371-381). Springer, Cham.
Rehman, S., and et.al, 2022. Health Impacts of Construction Workers: A Short Introduction.
In Ecological and Health Effects of Building Materials (pp. 371-381). Springer, Cham.
Rouf, Z and et.al. 2022. Volatile Organic Compounds Emission from Building Sector and Its
Adverse Effects on Human Health. In Ecological and Health Effects of Building
Materials (pp. 67-86). Springer, Cham.
Ryan, G., 2018. Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse
researcher. 25(4). pp.41-49.
Sallis, and et.al., 2021. Secondary Data and Observation. In Research Methods and Data
Analysis for Business Decisions (pp. 37-50). Springer, Cham.
Sepasgozar, S.M. and Blair, J., 2021. Measuring non-road diesel emissions in the construction
industry: A synopsis of the literature. International Journal of Construction
Management, 21(6). pp.582-597.

Sun, K and et.al., 2021. A review of human and animals exposure to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: Health risk and adverse effects, photo-induced toxicity and regulating
effect of microplastics. Science of The Total Environment, 773. p.145403.
Tawalbeh, M and et.al., 2021. Environmental impacts of solar photovoltaic systems: A critical
review of recent progress and future outlook. Science of The Total Environment, 759.
p.143528.
Trupia, L., 2018. System boundary expansion in road pavement life cycle assessment (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Nottingham).
Usmani, R.S and et.al., 2020. Air pollution and its health impacts in Malaysia: a review. Air
Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(9). pp.1093-1118.
Von Grafenstein, M., 2018. The principle of purpose limitation in data protection laws (p. 77).
Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Company KG.
Wang, Z., Zhang, H. and Gan, X., 2019, November. Research on Solution of Ship Low Sulphur
Fuel based on IMO Sulphur Limitation Regulation. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science (Vol. 401, No. 1, p. 012012). IOP Publishing.
Wulfmeyer, V and et.al., 2018. A new research approach for observing and characterizing land–
atmosphere feedback. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(8). pp.1639-
1667.
Zhang, Q and et.al., 2018. Carbon element flow analysis and CO2 emission reduction in iron and
steel works. Journal of cleaner production, 172. pp.709-723.
Žukauskas, P., Vveinhardt, J. and Andriukaitienė, R., 2018. Philosophy and paradigm of
scientific research. Management culture and corporate social responsibility, 121.
45