Emphysema: Causes, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
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Emphysema is a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to chemicals and toxins like cigarettes and air pollutants. This article discusses its causes, prevalence, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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EMPHYSEMA2 Emphysema Introduction Emphysema is described as a chronic lung disease in which the natural airspaces of the lungs, that is, the alveoli, becomes larger yet reduce in numbers. Tissues surrounding the alveoli lose their elasticity. Thus, the airspaces no longer expand as well as shrink as normal. This leads to the reduction of the amount of oxygen which is transferred to the bloodstream by the lungs. Consequently, air gets trapped into the spaces instead of being exhaled, thus, making it very hard for one to breathe. Emphysema has been classified as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The disease normally results from the exposure to chemicals and toxins like cigarettes and air pollutants (Mayo Clinic Health Letter, 2018), irritants, chemical fumes, and dust. It should be noted that the health damage caused by emphysema is not reversible yet treatment can help reduce or slow the development and progress of the disease. Causes and prevalence of emphysema in the United States of America It has been empirically proven that cigarette smoking is the major cause of emphysema. Even though smoking has reduced in the United States of America for numerous years, it is still one of the main causes of the disease (Laoet al.2015) A large number of people suffering from the disease are present smokers or have been smoking in the past. It should be noted that smoking is responsible for about 81% and 91% of the COPD cases, including emphysema (Sasakiet al.2018). Emphysema considered as part of COPD is a disease which affects a huge number of individuals globally. For instance, in 2016, the study on the Global Burden of Disease revealed a prevalence of 252 million cases of COPD worldwide. Approximately 90% of deaths due to COPD happen in low as well as middle-income nations (Pulmonx Corp, 6AD 2018). The
EMPHYSEMA3 prevalence of emphysema in the U.S. is about 14 million which entails 4% white male nonsmokers and 15% white smokers (Pulmonx Corp, 6AD 2018). However, the prevalence is somewhat less for African Americans and white females. The incidence of the disease is increasing due to the rise in cigarette smoking as well as environmental pollution (Mendyet al. 2018) Reducing mortality from other causes like infectious and cardiovascular diseases is also another contributing factor for the increase in the incidence of the disease. The severity of the disease is importantly greater in people working mines which is independent of the status of smoking. Risk factors of emphysema The risk factors of emphysema include; smoking, that is, the disease is developed mostly in people smoke cigarettes, yet pipe and cigar smokers are also susceptible. Age is also a risk factor as people with tobacco-linked emphysema starts to experience the disease at the ages between 40 and 60. Other risk factors include exposure to outdoor and indoor pollution, occupational exposure to dusts or fumes, exposure to secondary or secondhand smoke, and genetics (Shaikh, Sood, Sarkar & Thakur, 2017). Complications and symptoms It is important to note that an individual can have emphysema for several years without noticing the symptoms or signs. Two of the basic symptoms of emphysema are chronic cough and shortness of breath (Mondoñedo & Suki, 2017). However, these symptoms usually appear in the early stages of the disease. Other symptoms of the disease include lips or fingernails turning grey or blue with exertion, fatigue, or chest tightness. As the alveoli get more stretched, air gets trapped in bullae which form in the lungs, producing a ‘barrel chest’ that is, the shape of the
EMPHYSEMA4 over-expanded chest. The chronic damage of the lung prevents the normal circulation of the blood by the heart. Damage of the lung can cause elevation of pressure in the part of the heart which moves blood via the lung. This is known as pulmonary hypertension which is believed to occur in people suffering from emphysema developing abdominal bloating, swelling of the leg, or prominent pulsation in the veins of the neck. Bullae may rupture or explode into the pleural space outside the lung. As the individual experiences air accumulation outside the lung, he or she can suffer from pneumothorax (Valipouret al.2018). As a result, the body can react by attempting to compensate for the low level of oxygen by increasing the number of red blood cells. However, the increase in the number of red blood cells may be so severe to the body causing blood clots. Diagnosis A physician who suspects an individual as having emphysema will probably want to know about his or her history and will conduct a lung function test (Kane, Bajpai & Biswas, 2018). The physician will conduct tests such as spirometry which examinesthe amount of air an individual can exhale in a second (FEV1) and FVC which examines the total amount of air an individual’s lung can expel. Pulmonary function test entails spirometry yet also measures the size of the lung, gas diffusion test, and oxygenation. Oximetry which measures the amount of oxygen in the blood by a device clipped on the ear, toe, or figure (Linan Donget al.2014) Treatment and prevention One of the best preventions of the disease is stop smoking. Treatment of the disease entails bronchodilators (Gasparini, Zuccatosta, Bonifazi & Bolliger, 2012)., use of antibiotics in the event of infection, corticosteroids, lung surgery or lung transplant, an exercise which helps in
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EMPHYSEMA5 strengthening of the muscles, oxygen therapy to increase the amount of oxygen the body receives on every breath. Vaccinations against pneumonia and influenza, and use of purified human alpha-1-antitrypsin.
EMPHYSEMA6 References Mayo Clinic Health (2018). A family friend was recently diagnosed with emphysema, but he never smoked. Are there other causes of emphysema? Mayo Clinic Health,36(10), 8. Gasparini, S., Zuccatosta, L., Bonifazi, M., & Bolliger, C. T. (2012).Bronchoscopic Treatment of Emphysema: State of the Art.Respiration,84(3), 250–263. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1159/000341171 Kane, S., Bajpai, S., & Biswas, T. K. (2018).A clinical study of COPD in the elderly with special reference to HRCT chest and PFT.International Archives of Integrated Medicine,5(9), 99–104. Lao, T., Glass, K., Weiliang Qiu, Polverino, F., Gupta, K., Morrow, J., … Xiaobo Zhou. (2015). Haploinsufficiency of Hedgehog-interacting protein causes increased emphysema induced by cigarette smoke through network rewiring.Genome Medicine,7(1), 1–13. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-015-0137-3 Linan D., Jun Li, Wushuai J., Lu Z., Mingshu W., Hongli S. & Shuqian L. (2014).Emphysema early diagnosis using X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging at synchrotron light source.BioMedical Engineering OnLine,13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475- 925X-13-82 Mendy, A., Salo, P. M., Cohn, R. D., Wilkerson, J., Zeldin, D. C., & Thorne, P. S. (2018). House Dust Endotoxin Association with Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema.Environmental Health Perspectives,126(3), 1–6. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2452
EMPHYSEMA7 Mondoñedo, J. R., & Suki, B. (2017).Predicting Structure-Function Relations and Survival following Surgical and Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Treatment of Emphysema.PLoS Computational Biology,13(2), 1–17. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005282 Pulmonx Corp. (6AD 2018).FDA Approves Zephyr Endobronchial Valve for Treating Severe Emphysema.Business Wire (English). Sasaki, M., Chubachi, S., Kameyama, N., Sato, M., Haraguchi, M., Miyazaki, M., … Matsuo, K. (2018). Effects of long-term cigarette smoke exposure on bone metabolism, structure, and quality in a mouse model of emphysema.PLoS ONE,13(1), 1–14. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191611 Shaikh, M., Sood, R. G., Sarkar, M., & Thakur, V. (2017). Quantitative Computed Tomography (CT) Assessment of Emphysema in Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its Correlation with Age, Sex, Pulmonary Function Tests, BMI, Smoking, and Biomass Exposure.Polish Journal of Radiology,82, 760–766. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.903278 Valipour, A., Slebos, D.-J., de Oliveira, H. G., Eberhardt, R., Freitag, L., Criner, G. J., & Herth, F. J. F. (2014).Expert Statement: Pneumothorax Associated with Endoscopic Valve Therapy for Emphysema - Potential Mechanisms, Treatment Algorithm, and Case Examples.Respiration,87(6), 513–521.https://doi.org/10.1159/000360642