Strategies for Improving Employee Motivation Post Pandemic in UK: A Case Study of Marks and Spencer

This dissertation analyzes the concept of motivation, motivation theories, and the advantages of employee motivation for the organization. It explores the various strategies used by Marks and Spencer to improve employee motivation post pandemic in UK. The research aims to appraise the practice of diverse tactics by which motivation of workers can be boosted after COVID-19.

TO ANALYSE THE VARIOUS STRATEGIES THROUGH
WHICH MOTIVATION AMONG EMPLOYEES CAN BE
IMPROVED POST PANDEMIC IN UK
Name:- Gurpreet Kaur
Student ID:- 100593034
Module code:- 7IM996

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The concept of increasing staff motivating level is stated as the level of enthusiastic
approach as well as dedication showed by a specific staff member (Mustafa, Gavin and Hughes,
2018). In this way highly motivated staff members are important for the company and our highly
regarded for the organisation (Na-Nan and Sanamthong, 2019). The primarily present
classification of motivation includes inner and outer (Linder, 2018). Every organisation need to
focus on betterment of their employees and empower them to get the best output from them.
An organisation need to be able for categorising their employees better as well as apply
the right type of motivation for increasing the employee engagement level as well as employee
satisfaction (Mostafa and et. al., 2019). Some employees may respond better to internal types of
motivation whereas some may on external level of motivation (Ahmed, 2019). Internal
motivation describe that an employee is motivated within (Hepach and et. al., 2019).
Here employees become more hardworking because of high levels of motivation which
helps them perform better (Fatoki, 2019). External motivation describe that the employees’
motivational aspect which is dependent on the outer environment of the company
(Budzanowska-Drzewiecka and Tutko, 2021). Some employees may not be motivated through
internal factor which leaves out the only alternative being drive emerging from the outer
atmosphere. Employee motivation is important for every organisation as it create positive
working environment in the workplace where every feel good to work and give their best efforts
(Pham and et. al., 2020).
It is also important for the co-workers as they are happy and feel safe to work in the
organisation. Motivated employees ensure that the customers are happy and satisfied from the
offer product and service (Chen and et al., 2018). They are also responsible for achieving the
healthier consequences than their complements (Pârjoleanu, 2020). In this way motivation is
essential for continuous competitive gains for the firm (Wang and et. al., 2020). Developed
degree of motivation in the organisation creates lower level of employee turnover (Wipulanusat,
Panuwatwanich and Stewart, 2018). Covid-19 pandemic is one of the drastic situations that
affect the whole world in various manners. Employee motivation was also got affected from this
pandemic (Oosthuizen, Rabie and De Beer, 2018). Many of the people faced health issues in

covid-19 situation that also affects people to perform their job by going at working place
(Varshney, 2018). As many people in today want to perform their work from their home only
because they does not feel safe to go office to perform their job (Tupti and Arif, 2020). Here an
issue in the form of identifying ways of improving the degree of motivation of employees at the
workplace arises so that the company is able to work towards achieving their goals and aims.
Several strategic actions are taken by organisations to ensure that employees support the
company in continuously growing and winning over their competitive rivals. In this area also
employee motivation is needed for securing high level performance from each member of staff
so that their contribution towards better organisational competitive advantage is high. Businesses
are able to achieve their future vision in a timely manner by ensuring that motivational aspect of
each employee remains high at the workplace. Therefore this investigation looks in the area of
strategic actions used by a company for maintaining high level of motivational aspect in each of
their workers.
To conduct research in this topic, selected organisation is Marks and Spencer. It is a
multinational retail organisation of UK that provide quality, great value food, clothing and home
ware products to millions of customers in all over the world (Heyns and Kerr, 2018). The food
products of the company are best known for its freshness, quality and credential (Gözükara,
Çolakoğlu and Şimşek, 2019). The company have more than 1509 stores as well as over 100
websites in all over the world (Stoyanova-Bozhkova, Paskova and Buhalis, 2022). It also
provides a range of financial service with credit cards, savings and insurance facilities to their
customers (Bamfo, Dogbe and Mingle, 2018). The company was established in 1884 and its
headquarters is located in London (About Marks and Spencer, 2022).
1.2 Bearing of the subject
The current research is important for the company as it collects information regarding
employee motivation along with the strategies used in motivating employees post pandemic. Due
to covid-19 pandemic employee motivation was affected and they do not give their best efforts in
their performance (Crandall and et. al., 2020). Demotivated employee leads loss as the company
not achieve their goals on time (Vo-Thanh and et. al., 2020). The current collect information
about the different motivation strategies that help company to motivate their employee so, they
perform their task in effective manner. It will also help company to develop positive working
environment in their workplace where employee feel good to work in the organisation and help

in achieving the organisational goals and objectives (Cooke, Brant and Woods, 2019). The
current research is important for the researcher also as it helps in collecting and analysing the
information regarding employee motivation which may use by researcher in motivating
employees. It also help researcher to develop various skills which help researcher to conduct the
further research in better manner. It involves data collection, data handlings, communication,
time management, problem solving, data analytics, project management, budget handling and
many more. Further importance of current research is for the reader as it helps them to gain
insight about the employee motivation along with the factors that help in enhancing motivation
of employee after post pandemic (Utin and Yosepha, 2019). The research helps them to know
which are the most suitable choices to make when making decisions regarding gathering
information for the study so that the best outcome is gained.
1.3 Research question and objectives
Research aim
To appraise the practise of diverse tactics by which motivation of workers can be boosted
after COVID-19. A study on Marks and Spencer.
Research objectives
 To cultivate elementary understanding about motivation along with its notions utilized
within M&S
 To identify the tactics utilized by M&S for enhancement of motivation amid personnel
after COVID-19.
 To assess the merits that M&S could be grown by uplifting worker motivation after
COVID-19.
Research questions
 What is the notion of motivation along with its ideas applied by M&S?
 What are the operative tactics utilized by M&S for building motivation amid workers
after COVID-19?
 What are the gains that M&S could be grown by enhanced worker motivation after
COVID-19?

1.4 Structure of the paper
To complete the research in this topic several chapters are involves in order conducting it
in well structure manner so, the research aim and objectives are attaining effectively. The
chapters are involved in this research are described below:
Introduction- It refers to the chapter first of this research that provide basic evidence for
the peculiar area of study. It is the place to review other conclusions on the research topic. This
chapter is also classified in various topics to understand the purpose of the research (Antonakaki,
Fragopoulou and Ioannidis, 2021). It involves circumstantial information of the study, relevance
of the topic, investigation aim and objective and many more. Here the aim is to make the reader
aware of the basic elements as well as the focus of the study.
Literature review- It is a second chapter of the research that provide information about
the other authors’ opinion and thinking towards the research topic. It allow researcher to gain
familiarity with the present knowledge in their chosen field along with the limitations and
boundaries of that field. Conducting a literature review should enable researcher to find out what
research has already been dome as well as what is unknown within their topic (Song and Wang,
2019). The literature review is used in research to Secondary and existing data available to the
investigator which is of high relevance to the area of the study. Completing the review of literary
data is essential due to the assistance given to the researcher offer the reader a brief idea about
the investigation and its existing knowledge along with examination of the existing work in the
area of the study.
Research methodology- Specified section describes about the methods, approaches,
techniques and procedure that are used to conduct the research in better manner. The utilization
of numerical methodological research components is provided in this dissertation. This is
because quantitate based research supports usage of numerical data (Prins, 2020). The researcher
also used positivism research philosophy, deductive research approach, survey strategy,
quantitative research choice, chief and subordinate facts gathering method, cross-sectional time
horizon, rate distribution figures examination, questionnaire research tool and probability
sampling.
Data analysis and discussion- It is a fourth chapter for the peculiar study which
summarise the collected data for the research. It consist the interpretation of data collected
through by using analytical as well as logical reasoning for determining the patterns,

relationships or trends. This chapter is most important in the research because it makes studying
data a lot simpler as well as more accurate (Wu and Guo, 2021). It helps researcher to interpret
the data straightforwardly so the researcher do not leave anything out which may help them to
derive insights from it.
Conclusion and recommendation- It is a fifth or final section included in study that
summarise and restate the work as well as answer the research questions and make
recommendations for the research (Kumar, Sureka and Colombage, 2020). The conclusion offers
the opportunity to the researcher to elaborate on the impact and significance of their findings.
Recommendations are created by looking the conclusive information of the study and it indicates
the specific directions and measures that can be taken.
1.5 Summary
The present research is conducted to evaluate the use of motivational strategies for enhancing
employee motivation in post pandemic. The research collects information about the concept of
motivation along with the theories that help in motivating employees so they perform their task
in well manner. After this, it collects information about the motivation strategies which is used in
motivating employees in post pandemic (Okoth and Oluoch, 2019). It further collects
information about the advantages that the company may gain after increasing employee
motivation in post pandemic.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Idea of motivational aspect of individuals and theoretical basis utilized in context of M&S
As per the view of Kalogiannidis, (2021), concept of motivation is an significant part in an
government as it leads to support of the overall output and growth of the business in the market.
The defining statement for motivational aspect for humans is the procedure which helps
individuals attain dedication towards an action (Agbenyegah, 2019). Motivation drives
employees to work more effectively and efficiently for the attainment of end output in an
appropriate way.
There are several factors that company uses for motivating employees such as monetary
or non-monetary benefits for their best work (Somu and et. al., 2020). Motivating employees
generally play a prominent role in putting all the human resources into final action, bringing
stability, improving employees working efficiency, attainment of business goals, establishing
relations with other superior and many more (Churcher, 2019). It is important for business firms
to make investment in creating improved workplace for employees as it helps them get high
degree of motivational component (Istanti and et. al., 2020). Motivated employees tend to be
more productive and capable of achieving success and growth in the environment with intense
rivalry (Bose and Emirates, 2018). Motivation is defined as a key factor that helps in boosting
the confidence and dedication shown by staff members so that attainment of predetermined goal
and purposes is accomplished in an effective manner (Adekoya et. al., 2019). Improved
performance of employees helps in making a positive working environment and this helps in
achieving a greater number of customers for buying the quality products and services (Zondo,
2020). In simple words, motivation is the key driving factor that helps in directing employees to
work in a systematic and correct order which results in higher efficiency of firm (Kurniawanto,
Rahmadi and Wahyudi, 2022). Businesses with better output enable their staff at position of
managers to motivate and inspire their employees by giving them rewards for best work
performed by them (Karali, 2020).
There are different motivation theories that help business organisation in managing the
performance of employees for attaining sustained objectives and goals of the business
(McGonigal and Willison, 2021). The prominent theory is Maslow’s needs hierarchy.

2.2 Maslow hierarchy of needs
According to Warrier and Prasad (2018),the theoretical basis for motivation is available in
the need hierarchy which offers systematic and defined way of looking at motivational aspects of
humans. Some of the assumptions made under the Maslow’s hierarchy security arrangement of
human needs in a hierarchical order from lower level needs to higher level needs, satisfaction of
psychological needs is a crucial factor when compared to other motivating aspects for an
employee and that there is no limit to human needs with simultaneous introduction of new needs
as older needs are fulfilled. The five levels of hierarchy provided in the hierarchy of needs theory
are physiological needs safety or security needs social belongingness needs esteem and status
needs and finally self-actualization needs (Kotni and Karumuri, 2018) (Figure 1).
Psychological needs:
The first level in the hierarchy of needs theory refers to the requirement for survival of
human beings including food water and shelter which improves employee motivation because
their basic requirements are met. It is important for the organisation to meet the psychological
needs before employees move on to further degree of motivational component.
Safety needs:
After this the second level focuses on the need for eliminating any threats two existence
and getting a more stable orderly unsafe life which includes both professional and personal
stability and safety (De Sousa Sabbagha, Ledimo and Martins, 2018). Safety needs mainly
includes safeguarding them from any cases which involve violent behaviour and threat to their
mental or physical state
Love and belonging needs:
The third section of the Maslow hierarchy needs refers to the requirement for friendship
affiliation and satisfactory interactions with others. In this need, employees require love and
belongingness from their colleagues and managers which leads to betterment of staff
contribution in enhancing establishment output.
Esteem needs:
The quarter stage present in the hierarchy which looks at status related needs refers to the
requirement of a positive self-image which is respected and valued by others. Esteem need is
based on the acknowledgement and respect from the others. Employees in the organisation
mainly need respect form their managers and colleagues due to which they can give their best

performance. Company must focus on offering regular recognition and appreciation for the tasks
as it helps in creating positive impact on their esteem.
Self-actualisation:
Finally, the self-actualization stage provides employees high satisfaction is there it will
do reach their highest potential while achieving this stage of the motivational hierarchies (Hale
and et. al., 2020). The self-actualisation employee mainly feel trusted and empowered which
encourages engagement level and growth. In order to feel self-actualised, staff generally feel
challenged at work but no overloaded and overwhelmed.
Source: Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Theory for Marketers (2020)
As per the opinion of Prasetio, Luturlean and Agathanisa (2019), employee motivation
improvement is demanded in the retail industry as global retail supply chain consists of
thousands of employees whose highest potential is required for delivering quality product and
service to the consumer. The major advantage of Maslow need hierarchy is that this ensures
employee safety at workplace. Besides this the theory also assists in inculcating team
performance so that overall employee retention can be increased and at the same time managerial
capabilities can be developed (Fallatah and Syed, 2018). The disadvantage of this theory is that
this model lacks behind the empirical support so that rank ordering cannot be made with
perspective of needs of individual (Altymurat, Muhai and Saparow, 2021).
There is another theory related with motivational factor which is elaborated as under:

2.3 Two factor theory
As per the viewpoint of Hitka and et. al., (2021), two factor’s theory which is also
referred to as motivation hygiene theory potential rewards provided to employees are divided
into two classifications which are hygiene factors and motivators with each of the factor having
different impact on employee motivation. Herzberg's Two factor theory (1968) is one of the
motivational theory which focuses on including two main factors such as hygiene factors and
motivational factors.
Illustration 1: Two factor theory of motivation
Hygiene factors:
The hygiene factor mainly includes the factors which helps in making staff feel satisfied
within workplace such as pay, benefits, job security and comfortable working conditions
(Alshmemri, Shahwan-Akl and Maude, 2017).
Motivational factors:

Motivational factors mainly include the factors which helps in boosting the motivational
level of staff in terms of overall worker happiness and productivity (Holmberg Caro and Sobis,
2018). There are various factors which helps in increasing the motivation of staff such as
recognition, meaningful work, autonomy and many others (Shannon, 2017).
Thus, by implementing this theory, company can boost the productivity and efficiency of
employees within workplace by providing feedback, improving working conditions and giving
staff more autonomy (Pauga and Cakula, 2019).
Figure 1: Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation(2019)
This is considered an effective theory in the field of workplace and employee motivation
because it can be applied alongside Maslow’s theory of motivation and is commonly considered
an extension of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Acquah and et. al., 2021). The first category of
rewards provided to employees in their working environment according to the two factor theory
is dis satisfiers or hygiene factors (Siruri and Cheche, 2021). The key benefit of this theory is
that this defines all the reasons of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among employees so that by
working on these factors motivation level with employee can be encouraged and their
contribution within working activities can also be increased (Prasad Kotni and Karumuri, 2018).
The major disadvantage within this theory that the theory pre assumes that to have correlation
between satisfaction and employee productivity. Sometimes this aspect is not necessary for every

individual as needs are different for every individual (Pakdel and et. al., 2018). The discussion of
motivation theories within the current chapter will lead the researcher to identify the gap between
current academic knowledge and the method that how organisation may develop motivation
within an individual.
2.4 Strategic actions for improving workforce motiavtion
For the current case study Marks & Spencer has been selected as the organisation as this
will lead the researcher to acquire wide information related with motivation and factors
associated with this. Marks & Spencer is a giant organisation which means that the company
employs so many employees in their organisation so that this is easier for the researcher to gather
accurate and reliable information related with the topic and organisation.
According to Sapta, Muafi and Setini, (2021), during the global crisis due to covid-19
pandemic, one of the objective and target of every organization was to keep motivating their
employees to ensure smooth business functioning. There have been different strategies placed by
businesses to achieve the same. Organisation can also implement some of employee share
schemes with objective of continuing to retain, motivate and engage their employees during the
success journey of the organisation through concept of shared ownership (Olusadum and
Anulika, 2018).
2.5 Benefits of workforce motivators after COVID
According to the perception of Ekhsan and et. al., (2019), employee motivation during the
pandemic situation has enriched organizations with several advantages. These advantages
directly or indirectly result into increase in income and revenues for the companies (Elrehail and
et. al., 2019). Organisation provides various benefits resulting in high profitability and increased
employee satisfaction (van der Kolk, van Veen-Dirks and ter Bogt, 2019). There has been
successfully established an inclusive and diverse place to work with a respectful company
culture (Campos-García and Zúñiga-Vicente, 2018). All these positive impressions for the
company in the mind of employee with inspire and lead them to work with high and increased
efficiency. Since they are also part of decision-making process for the organization it will make
them feel part of these decisions and they would be involved in making sure that organization
works dedicatedly towards achieving these goals.
Establishments enhancing the level of drive and enthusiasm of staff members is a
necessity in the present corporate world because of its positive influence on customer experience

(Boon and et. al., 2018). Therefore, increased level of customer motivation would help them in
providing their whole efforts in providing enhanced and high quality of customer services that
would help organisation in retaining their customer bases by satisfying them through efforts of
their employees (Nasifoglu Elidemir, Ozturen and Bayighomog, 2020). Moreover, by initiating
various motivational strategies of rewarding the employees based on their performance, the
employees would be highly motivated and work with complete dedication (Guterresa, Armanu
and Rofiaty, 2020). All these increased efficiency and effectiveness in working as result of
motivation through companies’ strategies would help company in achieving all their
organizational objectives and visions as they would feel part of same (Malik, Froese and Sharma,
2020). It would also result in saving various operational costs for the business due to efficiency
in resource utilization. All of these will directly or indirectly contribute towards increasing the
income and profitability of business. The market sustainability too would have a gain out of
these in this big time of competition around the world in different sectors (Kurdi and Alshurideh,
2020). The financial performance of business would be highly enhanced as the result of all this
advantages which would help in increasing the brand image and market share for company by
providing a sense of reliability to its customers (Pârjoleanu, 2020). Therefore, it can be clearly
noted from all the above explained benefits and advantages of employee motivation strategies
that they have turned positive result for business in different aspects which result in enhanced
financial performance and increased market share.
Research Gap: From the above literature review the gap identified in the existing data is the
positive and negative influence of different motivational theories on employee output. The
theoretical concepts and model have plenty of information about their implementation and
provides detailed description about the factors which motivate employees. Therefore, the
identified gap is the influence of various motivational theories and concept on employee output
and the negative as well as positive impact of the theoretical models. The focus of this
investigation is completing this research gap by understanding the employee motivation concepts
and theories in context of the retail sector, specifically Marks and Spencer. Retail employees
have direct contact with consumers and have different demands when it comes to employee
motivation (De Sousa Sabbagha, Ledimo and Martins, 2018). This issue has not been specifically
investigated in the retail sector and the present investigation on the topic can offer great insight
into the area of motivational theory application in the retail sector which can be used by

businesses to improve their employee performance and productivity. The theory which will be
borrowed for data collection for this present investigation is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
because it is easy to understand and apply. The another research gap is that there is no such
research which was conducted on motivation factors within Marks & Spencer. So this is the
major research gap and by the support of current research the investigator will be able to bridge
the research gap.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Plan of action adopted by the researcher in order to conduct the investigation of the study
is research methodology (Bairagi and Munot, 2019). It is that study which comprises of all types
of questions for better clarity in order to ascertain the availability of the level of knowledge. That
is why it comprises of clear goals which are derived from the research questions. Furthermore, it
also has the list of the sources which are used to gather the data. It has taken the limitations on
the researcher's access to data, location, time, and various other factors with moral issues. The
researchers carry out the objectives of the study in a more thoughtful manner because of the
ethical considerations. Each participant must sign the consent form in order for the study to be
ethical (Säfsten and Gustavsson, 2020). The candidates' personal information will be protected
under the Data Protection Act. This is defined as a systematised and methodology based way off
studying a specific area so that the research is able to explain specific procedure for collecting
suitable data and establishing hypothesis as well as a training objectives of the investigation.
Here information associated with data gathering and usage of the specific information is included
with detailed justification and analysis. In this way the research is completed as scientifically as
possible so that the best and high quality results are gained.
The usage of a detailed tourist methodology for completing the investigation provides assistance
to investigators as they are able to follow through a systematised way of completing the
investigation making it easier and simplistic (Thomas, 2021). The research methods section is
one of the crucial parts since it describes the way in which the information is collected and
analysed which is relevant to the chosen topic (Grabs, Husaković and Husetović, 20). Along with
it, there are numerous approaches for obtaining the information on the selected issue, including
data collection, philosophy, strategy, and many others. The research technique gives the
researcher the ability to create a thorough plan and keep track of their activities, which will aid
them carry out the study more successfully (Ratnam, 2019). That can be done by using Saunders'
research onion structure, the researcher will use a range of research techniques to collect data for
this study. As a result, it is said to be the useful framework since it mainly focuses on
categorising the research technique into separate elements. It makes it simple to grasp the study
more clearly and choose the best research method for the need of the study. It is known to
provide proper findings with the help of detailed plan which has the power to keep the study on

track. Explaining the methodological justification for various choices of the study helps make it
more comprehensible (Eisend and Kuss, 2019).
Systematic organization and examination of information is completed by detailing the
methodological framework of the study. This area of the investigation helps examine
believability of the study. The procedure makes use of a several types of ways of gathering
information methods, in-depth observations, and statistical analysis. The research's numerous
components could be examined by several ways so as to deliver high quality final investigation
methodology. Research methodology is an important section of the dissertation is utilized to
gather information, analyse and examine the information related to the chosen subject matter.
There are various methods so that the data associated with subject matter is gathered such as
philosophy, approach, choice, data collection and many others. It is beneficial to create specific
methodology for investigation as it supports better planning and also keep track on their
activities in order to complete the investigation in better manner (Basias and Pollalis, 2018).
Within this investigation, researcher will use Saunder's research onion framework in order to
gather the data with different research methods. Thus, it is effective framework as it focuses on
classifying the research methodology in different parts so that it become easy to understand the
research in better manner and determine most appropriate methodology for attaining purpose of
the investigation.
In the current research quantitative method is used as it helps in collecting and analysing
numerical information. Researcher used positivism research philosophy to conduct the present
research as it provides freedom to researcher to use their opinion and insights to collect
information for the research. In the research, deductive research approach is used by the
researcher as it allows them to explain causal relationship in between different concepts and
variables in the research (Hughes and Barlo, 2021). The survey research strategy is selected by
the researcher in the current research as it help researcher to collect information from the large
population in minimum cost and time. This is a suitable strategic direction which can lead to
information gathering in reliable inform the respondents. The selected research choice for the
current research is quantitative research choice as it focuses on producing more factual and
reliable outcomes from the collected information. The researcher used cross-sectional time
horizon for the current research as it helps in conducting the research in less time. This
investigation is finished by usage of chief and subordinate information gathering ways as it helps

in collecting more valuable and reliable information for the research. Under the chief way of
gathering information the facts and data is gathered from the sources in direct manner. In the
complete opposite direction is the subordinate way of gathering information where available
information from options is gathered such as books, journal, scholarly articles and many more.
The researcher used questionnaire as research instrument that help researcher to collect
information directly from the respondents (Ratnam, 2019 ). This is common way of gathering
information because of its inexpensive nature. For analysing and measuring numerical data, the
research used frequency distribution data analysis as it helps in using directly sourced
information and makes it organized so that it becomes understandable and accessible. Non-
probabilistic technique for getting samples is applied for this research as it helps in collecting
data in low cost. The researcher selects 30 respondents from the non-probability sampling. The
selected respondents are the managers of Marks and Spencer that provide accurate and up-to-
date information for the research. In data analysis and discussion part, collected data is analysed
and discussed for getting the result of attainment of research purpose (Daniel, 2018). After
collecting and analysing data, all the information is summarised in conclusion part and answer
the research questions. The current research also provides recommendations to the company in
order to improve their employee motivation in order to improve outcomes from the investigation.
The different study ways and means used for conducting the investigation in effective and
efficient manner are as follows:
3.1 Research Philosophy
Here the belief for gathering, analysing and using the data in appropriate manner
(Dźwigoł and Dźwigoł-Barosz, 2018). Research philosophy is one of the diverse topics which
has proper details linked with association of knowledge in a proper manner. It is defined as the
proper set of principles regarding the point of view or stance taken during the research. It is that
technique which is utilised for describing how one views the collection, analysis, and proper
application of data. Positive philosophy and interpretivism philosophy are the two primary types
of research philosophy (Knottnerus and Tugwell, 2018). According to Steve Johnson, the
researcher chose positivism philosophy for the current study since it facilitates the quantitative
collection of data. This philosophy analyses quantitative data to more clearly depict trends and
patterns.

The chosen philosophy allows the researcher to obtain information on the chosen topic using
their own judgement and perspective. This concept was chosen because it allows the researcher
to maintain proper reliability, allowing the study's aims and objectives to be properly reached.
Research philosophy is a framework for acquiring and analysing data. Studies using positivism
and interpretivism are two separate approaches. It was decided to employ positivism for this
study since it is trustworthy and focuses mostly on predicting and explaining the research
process. This way of thinking will make it easier to collect data, which will make research easier.
One of the many subjects with appropriate details connected to knowledge connection in an
appropriate way is research philosophy. It is described as the appropriate set of guidelines for the
position or point of view adopted during the investigation. There are mainly two forms of
research philosophy such as positivism and interpretivism philosophy (Greening, 2019). The
positivism philosophy analyses the quantitative information so that the trends and patterns can be
shown in better manner (Shahar and et. al., 2019). The chosen philosophy provides freedom to
the investigator so that they can use their own opinion and perception for gathering the
information related to the chosen topic (Mehrad and Zangeneh, 2019).
3.2 Research approach
Research approach: The basic definition is plan and proper set of procedure which
comprises of various steps in relation to data collection and analysis (Singh, 2022). It helps in
suggesting the appropriate research which will be created on the basis of reviewing literary
information and its examination. That has main aim to test this theory to discover if it is true in
specific circumstances. The inductive approach is in completely opposite direction because novel
theoretical notion is developed here. In that process the general assumptions that are made in the
research approach's strategy and procedure are used to collect data on the chosen topic. The two
basic categories of research methods are known as deductive and inductive. The current study's
logical approach was chosen since it emphasises the methodical gathering of quantitative data.
Deductive reasoning is selected because it makes it easier to do research and enables for the
examination of information using facts and figures and statistical data (Tayebi, 2019). Testing
theoretical notions can be easily done by usage of deductive approach that are based on
numerical data. Consequently, this approach greatly contributes to reaching the investigation's
aim and goals. Research approach includes the plan and process through which broad
assumptions are made in order to collect information related to the chosen study (de Vries,

2020). The motive behind choosing deductive approach is that it helps in conducting the research
findings and also evaluate the information through statistical facts and figures (Brandenburg and
McDonough, 2019). With the help of the deductive approach, researcher can test the theories on
the basis of the numeric piece of information (Bauer and et. al., 2021). Thus, this approach is
helpful in attaining the aim and objectives of the investigation in significant way.
3.3 Research choice:
Research choice is another type of research methodology that the researcher uses to
determine the kind of data needed to finish the present investigation. Quantitative research
choice and qualitative are the two main types of research options. In relation to the present study,
the researcher has expressed interest in choosing quantitative research for this study because it
aids in gathering and getting information in a quantitative manner. the researcher can easily
gather data from a large number of samples with the use of the quantitative research option,
focusing on providing objectivity and precision. Researchers will be able to acquire information
more quickly and affordably by choosing quantitative research methods. It also emphasises using
the information acquired to produce more factual and trustworthy results (Ledford and Gast,
2018). Quantitative research is the process of acquiring numerical data that will be used to make
predictions in order to get findings from a broader population. It also eliminates the issues
because it concentrates on reliable data and it is also possible to focus on the variety of
information thanks to this research. Comparatively, qualitative research emphasises gathering
data through free-form discussion and is characterised as having no numerical references. This
study is less trustworthy than the research stated above, yet it is utilised to gather in-depth
information in order to produce fresh ideas (Rinjit, 2020).
3.4 Research strategy
It is known to involve the step-by-step approach that aids in giving the researcher
guidance for finding material connected to the topic of choice (Djafar and et. al., 2021). By using
a research plan, a researcher can collect data efficiently and systematically accomplish the
study's goals and objectives (Shields, 2019).. Different types of research strategy are
categorised, including surveys, case studies, observations, systematic literature reviews, and
many others (Fryer, Larson-Hall and Stewart, 2018). For the peculiar investigation, the
researcher focuses on the survey technique because it gathers data from a large population,
enabling researcher to access various opinions and ideas on the selected topic. The survey

approach was selected because it focuses on drawing accurate results from the investigation
(VanKooten, 2019). Using survey methods, the researcher can capture the opinions of
individuals who reflect the greater population.
Through research strategy, researcher can gather the data in effective manner and also
achieve the goal and purposes of the study in systematic way (Kapur, 2018). The reason behind
choosing survey strategy is that it focuses on drawing valid conclusion for the investigation
(Han, Chen and Tian, 2021). Through survey strategy, the researcher can journalise the opinions
of representatives among the wider population (Daniel, 2022). Thus, this strategy is helpful in
providing good statistical information which supports suitable completion of the research.
3.5 Research instruments
Various tools which are used in research are those for gathering, analysing, and
measuring data. Among the various options are tests, questionnaires, checklists, and many more
kinds of research tools. A questionnaire is used by the researcher in this study to get data from a
lot of people. A questionnaire has the benefit of successfully reaching a large number of people.
Since the researcher no longer needs to spend money collecting data on the chosen subject, this
technology is cheap (Acharyya and Bhattacharya, 2019).
3.6 Data collection
Research methodology section of collecting data is referred as the key research method
that the researcher does to learn more about the topic of interest for better understanding. The
two basic types of data collection procedures are primary and secondary data collection methods.
Main goal of using information gathering method of primary information requires collection
proper or unprocessed data that is relevant to the planned inquiry (Djafar and et. al., 2021). A
secondary data collection strategy is the acquisition of second-hand information (Mohajan,
2018). The current investigation's data collection kind and method are the researcher's primary
concerns. The researcher employs a variety of scholarly sources that is papers, journals, internet
resources, books and many others. In order to obtain secondary data while focusing on
developing questionnaires to collect primary data. In this stage of the research process, various
methodologies are used. It is further separated into primary research and secondary research
sections. It promises more accuracy and trustworthiness because the data is acquired from many
original sources. Data collection is one of the important research method which is implemented
by the researcher for accumulating the information related to the chosen topic (McKim, 2017).

Primary data collection methods focus on collecting fresh or raw information related to the
proposed study (Fitchett and Heafner, 2017). Secondary data collection method involves the
collection of second hand information (Alvesson and Sköldberg, 2017). In the current
investigation, the researcher focuses on selecting both the form of data collection method. For
accumulating primary data, investigator focuses on framing questionnaire whereas for obtaining
secondary data various scholarly sources are used by the investigator such as articles, journals,
online sites, books, etc. The reason behind choosing primary data collection method is that it
allows investigator to gather information directly from the chosen participants by asking
questions (Mertler, 2019). Researcher has selected secondary data collection method as it allows
them to collect data from different published sources. Thus, both the methods help in completing
the investigation in better and systematic manner.
3.7 Data analysis
Researchers are successfully able to quantify and evaluate the data they have gathered
thanks to the techniques and instruments employed in data analysis. Various options are present
at the hands of investigators for examination of data. The reason the researcher focused on
picking frequency distribution analysis for this investigation is that it facilitates measuring and
evaluating the data relevant to the chosen topic (Schumm, 2021). Researchers can easily
communicate the full study to the reader using frequency distribution analysis. As a result, the
investigator is able to use a graph and various tools to summarise the information acquired using
this method (Abutabenjeh and Jaradat, 2018). Through frequency distribution analysis,
researcher can present the whole study in well-defined manner which can be understandable by
the reader (Lu, 2022). Using Ms-excel the collected information would be accumulated in order
to align the same with research objectives. Thus, this method allows investigator to use graph for
concluding the collected information (Boyce and Bowers, 2017).
Sampling:
Sampling is explained as the statistical method that gives researchers access to
trustworthy data for their studies (Bauer and Scheim, 2019). The two fundamental types of
sampling are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Selection for the suitable
technique for collecting sampling for the current investigation was non-probability for the reason
of it being less costly method that helps to get useful data. It is better to use non-probability
sampling and ease sample collection procedure was the basis for identification of participants.

for the study for the manage the overall research ends and purposes. The procedure for usage of
statistics based values and examining them without losing the sight for the overall population is
one of the characteristics of non probability sampling. After comparing the two alternatives
which are at hand for deciding the suitable sampling technique for the investigation it is
understood that usage of non probability sampling is more effective as it helps complete
sampling from inefficient size elf group. However for the accomplishment of the objectives for
this particular investigation it is determine that the chosen sampling technique will be probability
sampling because it leads to better inquiry procedures as specific value of respondent's is pre
selected and used for the investigation. Non probability sampling is complete opposite to this as
the respondents are picked on a random basis which is not suitable for this specific investigation.
Commonly utilized techniques for getting research sample are probability and non-probability
(Balwan, Balwan and Saba, 2022). In the current investigation, non-probability sampling is
chosen by the investigator as it is a cost effective method which helps in taking out feasible
results (Matović and Ovesni, 2021). In the current investigation, 30 managers of Marks and
Spencer is selected using non-probability sampling by the investigator for obtaining the
information in better manner. Using convenience sampling the respondents were selected within
the research so that to manage overall research objectives.
3.9 Time Horizon
Specific time period for the research which comprises of observations. The time horizon
frequently known to determine the amount of time required for an effective and efficient
information in the collection process. The two main categories of time horizon are cross-
sectional and longitudinal as it enables the researcher in order to acquire the information over a
reasonable amount of time (Moraga and et. al., 2020). The researcher has focused on selecting
the cross-sectional time horizon and it also helps in obtaining up-to-date and cutting-edge
knowledge about the chosen subject (Buckingham Shum, Echeverria and Martinez-Maldonado,
2019). The time horizon in research is also refers as the time period which is considered to be
crucial in the study. In that process, it helps in analysing the population at this period is
something the researcher is interested in. The choice of using a specific method as the timeline of
the investigation is dependant upon the objective of the investigation. In this area of the research
methodology the factor of population is also considered for selecting the most suitable timeline
for the research because of its impact on the objective of the study. Selecting a suitable time

horizon means selecting the time need it for efficient and high quality completion of a specific
research. In this area of research methodology the basic alternatives which are present for
completing a study are longitudinal and cross-sectional. For the peculiar study the choice taken
for time horizon is cross-sectional as it allows the researcher to collect the information in
adequate time period (Husain, 2019). It also helps in collecting trending and up-to data
information related to the chosen subject matter.
4 Ethical consideration
To order to safeguard the research in an ethical manner each of the selected applicants must sign
a consent form. It is regarded as evidence of the target's consent to take part filling out the
questionnaire. Similarly the confidential data about the participating respondent’s Is going to be
kept and a complete safety so that their anonymity and privacy remains safe. For getting the
guarantee related to study's goals are successfully attained, certain ethical considerations are
included. Additionally, informed consent is required in order to avoid problems with the study's
primary data collection (Buckingham Shum, Echeverria and Martinez-Maldonado, 2019). The
word "ethics" is the vital and important element of the research because it supports in conducting
the investigation in an ethical manner. Respecting everyone, granting participants the right to
have their data protected, and obtaining informed consent are only a few examples of research
ethics that must be applied to the project. In that process, the ethical considerations drive the
researchers to carry out the study's goals in a more deliberate manner. The consent form must be
signed by each participant for the study to meet ethical standards. The Data Protection Act will
safeguard the candidates' private information.

CHAPTER 4: DATA FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
The entire amount of respondents who participated in the survey questionnaire were 30. Out
of these respondents 18 were male while 12 were female. All the respondents belonged to young
age category with upper age limit being 39 years.
Data interpretation
Figure1: Motivation has essential part in boosting the working efficiency and capability of
employees within an organisation
Q1) Do you think, motivation has essential part in boosting the working
efficiency and capability of employees within an organisation?
Frequency
a) Affirmative 24
b) Not at all 4
c) Unsure 2
Interpretation: Based upon the above graphical representation, this has been evaluated that
among the 30 participants 24 are responding towards yes, 4 are in favour of no and other of them
are with the option cant say. It states that yes motivation is important for employees for attaining
the predetermined objectives of the business. Also, motivation is important and found it as
secondary source while 2 respondents can’t say anything about the concept of motivation and
how it is important for the company.

Figure 2: What is the character and importance of motivation for the retailing segment of
Britain
Q2) State own awareness, what is the character and importance of
motivation retailing segment of Britain?
Frequency
a) Helps in increasing productivity 9
b) Increased profitability 8
c) Less employee turnover 6
d) High employee engagement 4
e) Increased employee retention 3
Interpretation: Motivation is an important element for an organisation because it helps in
increasing the working effciency of employees. There are total 30 respondents out of which, 9
participation have stated motivation helps in growing the productivity of the business within the
competitive marketplace, eight respondents have said that it's far beneficial in growing the
profitability for gaining fulfillment inside the marketplace. 6 respondents it facilitates in less
worker turnover which leads to decreased absenteesim, four respondents have said that it enables
in increasing engagement amongst personnel at the same time as three respondents have said that
it additionally enables in increasing employee retention.
Figure 3: What are different theories of motivation that Marks and Spencer use for improving
performance of their employees

Q3) As per your perspective, What are the different strategies used by the
Marks & Spencer’s manager to motivate their staff?
Frequency
Continuous feedback 16
Providing rewards 14
Interpretation:As per the above gathered data from the graph, it is analysed that there are several
aspects of motivation that help company in gaining success and growth in the market by
improving the employees working capability. Out of the total of 30 respondents, 16 are
responding towards continuous feedback and rest of them are in favour of providing rewards.
Figure 4: These theories are useful for Marks and Spencer in improving the overall performance
of employees within an organisation
Q4) Do you think that these theories are useful for Marks and Spencer in
improving the overall performance of employees within an organisation?
Frequency
a) Intensely approve 7
b) Approve 8
c) Disinterested 4
d) Differ 6
e) Intensely differ 5

Interpretation: Based upon the above graphical representation, this has been evaluated that
among the 30 representatives, out of which, 8 respondents agree with the above statement and
find it useful for the company, 7 respondents strongly agree with the fact and said that it is
important for the business. 6 respondents have said that they disagree with the above statement
and do not find it much fruitful, 5 respondents strongly disagree and do not believe in the
usefulness of these theories and 4 respondents are nuteral with the above stated statement.
Figure 5: Stating the several tactics supporting Marks and Spencer in enhancing motivation
among employees in the time of pandemic?
Q5) As per your opinion, state the several tactics supporting Marks and
Spencer in enhancing motivation among employees in the time of
pandemic?
Frequency
a) Providing continuous feedback 4
b) Create a positive working environment 6
c) Encourage physical activity and breaks 8
d) Giving rewards and incentives 7
e) Promoting flexible working hours 3
f) Empower learning and problem solving 2
Interpretation: It has been discussed from the above collected information from the graph, that
several tactics support company in raising the overall motivation of the employees in order to

make them perform in an effective and efficient manner. 8 respondents have said that Encourage
physical activity and breaks is the most effective strategy that helps company in boosting the
motivation level of employees, 7 respondents have said that giving rewards and incentives to
employees help in making them valued and important within the company. 6 respondents have
said that creating a positive working environment also helps in improving the working efficiency
of employees, 4 respondents have said that providing continuous feedback helps in knowing
about the weaknesses and strengths of employee performance, 3 respondents have said that
providing flexible working environment for employees is also an effective strategy that helps in
increasing motivation among employees while 2 respondents have said empower learning and
problem solving is also best for improving employee productivity and knowledge.
Figure 6: These strategies have an essential part for enhancing the motivational drive among
staff of Marks and Spencer during COVID-19 pandemic
Q6) Do you think that these strategies have an essential part for
enhancing the motivational drive among staff of Marks and Spencer
during COVID-19 pandemic?
Frequency
a) Affirmative 23
b) Not at all 5
c) Unsure 2

Interpretation: Based upon the above graphical representation, this has been evaluated that
among the 30 respondents, 23 respondents have stated yes and agree with the above declaration
and discover motivation as an essential thing that helps in enhancing the performance of
employees, five respondents have stated no and do now not consider the above assertion that
these strategies helps in increasing motivatin among employees. While 2 respondents have said
may be and are nit sure about the fact that these strategies are that useful or not.
Figure 7: Explain various benefits of motivation that helps the UK retail industry in increasing
the morale of employees in the time of COVID-19 pandemic
Q7) As per your perspective, explain various benefits of motivation that
helps the UK retail industry in increasing the morale of employees in the
time of COVID-19 pandemic?
Frequency
a) Enhanced employee satisfaction 7
b) Build effective decisions 4
c) Better customer service 6
d) High dedication towards work 5
e) Increased efficiency and effectiveness among employees 8
Interpretation:It has been dervied from the above graph that motivation have several benefits
that help business organisation in achieving success and high profitability in the business market.
There are mainly 30 respondents, out of which 8 respondents have said that motivation helps in

increased efficiency and effectiveness among employees for gaining predetermined objectives, 7
respondents have said it helps in enhacing the satisfaction among employees as they are getting
all the facilities. 6 respondents have said that it helps in creating better service for customers
from employees, 5 respondents have said that it helps in increasing their dedication level for
acheving high growth in the market while 4 respondents have said it helps in making productive
decisions so that they deal with any unceratin situation in a proper manner.
Figure 8: These benefits are fruitful for the company in the time of pandemic and helps in
improving the working culture within the UK retail industry
Q8) Do you think that these benefits are fruitful for the company in the
time of pandemic and helps in improving the working culture for the
retailing environment of Britain?
Frequency
a) Affirmative 22
b) Not at all 5
c) Unsure 3
Interpretation: The interpretation on the basis of graphic information is that motivation provides
various benefits to employees that help them in increasing their productivity and prifitability in
the competitive business market. There is affirmative answer offered by twenty two participants
from overall participants stating yes motivating employees is important for the company because
it helps in increasing the retention level, five participants have replied with disagreement that as

motivating employees requires many factors and time. 3 respondents have said may be and is not
sure about the fact that motivation provides these benefits to the company.
Q9) Own awareness about barriers affecting M&S after COVID? Frequency
a) High employee turnover 5
b) Less sales and profitability 3
c) Decreased working efficiency of employees 7
d) Reduced productivity 6
e) Lack of satisfaction among customers 9
Interpretation: It has been discussed from the above collected information from the graph that
the company faces several challenges at the time of pandemic and this results in decreased
productivity and sales in the market. There are total of 30 respondents, 9 respondents have said
that lack of satisfaction among customers is that major challenge that company face as
employees are not feeling that much safe, 7 respondents have said that decreased working
efficiency amomg employees is considered as a challenge and this results in less growth in the
market, 6 respondents have said that reduced productivity is major challenge that company face
because of COVID-19 pandemic. 5 respondents have said that high employee turnover is also a
challenge for the company because the company faces high level of absenteesim while 3
respondents have said that less sales and profitability is also a challenge for the company because
of less sales of products and services in the market during pandemic.

Figure 10: What are the strategic ways that Marks and Spencer can adopt for reducing the risk
of COVID-19 pandemic within their organisation
Q10) As per your perception, what are the strategic ways that Marks and
Spencer can adopt for reducing the risk of COVID-19 pandemic within
their organisation?
Frequency
a) Provide remote working to employees 7
b) Online training and meetings 3
c) Ensure safety of employees 5
d) Create a healthy working environment 9
e) Give appreciation and recognition 6
Interpretation:It is interpreted from the above graph that there are several strategic ways that
help company in overcoming the risk of pandemic on a certain level. There are total 30
representatives out of which 9 representatives have said that creating a healthy working
environent is the strategic way that helps in boosting the confidence of employees, 7 respondents
have said that providing remote work to employees helps in increasing their working capability,
6 respondents have said that offering appreciative environment. 5 respondents have said that
ensuring safety of employees is also important in the time of pandemic as they are scared of
getting infected while 3 respondents have said that providing online training and organising
meetings online is also a strategic way to motivate employees in the time of COVID-19 situation.

Figure 11: these ways help Marks and Spencer in minimising the risk of pandemic and helps in
gaining success in the business market
Q11) Do you think that these ways help Marks and Spencer in
minimising the risk of pandemic and helps in gaining success in the
business market?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) Not at all 3
c) Unsure 2
Interpretation: As consistent with the above the graph, it's far analysed that those strategic
approaches enables an enterprise in lowering the chance of COVID-19 pandemic and results in
surviving in the tough state of affairs. Out of the total of 30representation , 25 respondents have
said sure and consider the above said announcement in order that new modifications can be
tailored without difficulty for better increase, three respondents have said no and do no longer
agree with the above statement because this requires more money and time investment. While 2
respondents can’t say anything as they do not about the exact effect of the pandemic on the
performance and productivity of the business in the long run.

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
One of the strategy which company can present to show their commitment towards their team is
to double the monthly savings limit due to which the motivational level of staff get boosted.
There were multiple other strategies which can be used by company, one of that was there were 3
groups of workforce during the time of pandemic including Office based and the organization
adopted for them to use the communication by emails (Moe, Katz and Alesia, 2018). Another
group was Non-office based workers have been given preference through digital channels and
they too were sent only email communications and the third group is for everyone else they were
sent printed invitations as the organization was not sure if they had their correct email address
(Grabs, Husaković and Husetović, 2021).
During the pandemic situation across the world, one of the key motivating factor for
employees happened to be that they have to be considered as a significant member of
establishment growth (O’Keefe, Horberg and Plante, 2017). Company has realized the same and
considering that, they came through with some of the strategies to achieve that would lead to
higher amount of employee engagement than ever before (Dharma, 2018). As the result of their
efforts here, even during the time of uncertainty, take up and savings level of employees was
increased suggesting extraordinary employee engagement (Theresia and et. al., 2018). The
objective of this strategy was primarily to make sure that they regularly consider the efforts of
their hard-working employees and reward them based on their performance which would help
them in working with even more efficiency and effectiveness (Holtom and Darabi, 2018). They
have moved away from printed form of communication that have resulted in digitalisation and
reduction in the cost expenses for organization. Third objective of this strategy and plan was to
drive greater digital engagement and it has resulted into multiple positive outcomes (Al
Kerdawy, 2019). The organisation focuses on their employee’s motivation and also continuously
looking to keep their digital momentum keep going (Guul, Pedersen and Petersen, 2021).With
such a positive result of campaign for moving towards 100% being digital, the belief of company
is that these changes will not be affecting the take up rates, but they are going to send an
important message about the increasingly digital culture of this iconic branch and the
motivational and satisfaction level of their employees (Sonnenstuhl and Trice, 2018)

Some of those benefits are that their colleagues and employees have felt being valued and
appropriately rewarded as the result of strategies of motivation implement by company as the
result of pandemic
Theme1-Basic understanding about the motivation along with its theories used within Marks
and Spencer
According to the above literature review, it has been outlined that the motivation is
considered the way through which Marks and Spencer encourage their employees to give their
best in their performance. Motivated employees care about the success of the business as well as
work better in the organisation (Nelson, 2021). Employee motivation is describe as the level of
commitment, energy as well as innovation that employees of Marks and Spencer hold during the
working day. Improving and maintaining motivation in the organisation is not an easy task for
the company, as not every task will be interesting. There are many theories which have been
developed to help company to motivate their employees so, they perform their task in better
manner. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs an effective that classify the needs of individual in
hierarchal order that states that when the basic needs of employee satisfied than they tend to
focus on fulfilling their further needs. The Marks and Spencer need to focus on satisfying their
basic needs then focus on another in order to motivate them so they give their best efforts in
achieving organisational goals and objectives. Two factors theory of motivation is another theory
which is used by the Marks and Spencer for motivating their employees (Babaeinesami, 2019).
The theory states the factors that affect the delight and motivation level of personnel. The
concept holds that the motivational factors in addition to hygiene factors required to be addressed
independently. It is critical for the Marks and Spencer to recognize what hygiene factors are and
how to improve them. From the above discussion, it's been mentioned that motivation and its
theories play a crucial time period in any enterprise of agency because it's far allows to attaining
the first-class overall performance and productivity of the personnel for attaining the
organisational desires and goals. . Motivation is the process of guidance, maintaining the goals-
oriented behaviours of employees to attaining the more profit for the company (Medina 2021).
motivation is the unique process of everyone that helps to allow the gaining the outcomes such as
performance, productivity, personal growth, sense of purpose, enhanced wellbeing and many
more. It is also defining as the path that change the thinking, behaving power and feeling of the
human. It has been discussed that it is an internal process which is defined as the need, condition

to change the desire, either in the environment or self. It is an act that is helping the company to
attaining the organizational purpose. It has been discussed from the above discussion, there are
several theories of motivation which is the study of understanding the employees needs and
wants and motivate them by providing the needs of them. Motivation theories helps to make the
employees more productive which is attaining more profitability of the organisation. It can be
said that Maslow theory of needs is defining as the important theory because it is attaining highly
motivated employees and individuals for the company which is the huge advantage because it is
helps to achieved the goals and objectives of the business (Liu, and et.al., 2021). Apart from this
there is one more theory of motivation that is also known as the two-factor theory which aims to
motivate the employee by factors. That factors are divided into two groups such as hygiene
factor and motivational factors. These factors help to motivated the employees by fulfilled their
needs and wants. The theories of motivation help to attain many competitive advantages where
the company is able to perform within the competitive market with the motivation and aiming to
achieved the goals and objectives of the company as well. The overall discussion has been
discussed that motivated employees are known as the valuable asset which can value of the
organisation and maintaining the revenue and business growth. it has been analysed motivation
of employees is necessity as it leads to organizational progress. it is the one of the most critical
features of the management that is increasing the performance of the organisation. Motivated
staff or employees can easily attract the customers towards the company and increase their
satisfaction as well. Motivation theories are also important for the organisation because it is
helps to increasing the performance and growth of the business (Yadav, and Veettil, 2021).
Theories of motivation is the way that suggest many ways to keep the employees motivated
towards their work and for the organisation goals and objectives. Theories of motivation has
been providing many beneficial advantages for the company which is the best way to improving
the employee motivation.
Theme 2: To identify staff motivation tactics applied by Marks and Spencer
As per the above presented information it can be analysed that the organization's application of
diverse marketing strategies is considered to be essential for the development of the company.
Along with it, it also supports improving consumer quantity and retention. That is why, having
an effective marketing strategy also helps them connect with their target audience. There are
some of the marketing strategies used by the company to attract customers for better growth

(Ashour, El-Refae and Zaitoun, 2021). Furthermore, it is must to maintain the level of employee
motivation so that the operations of the business are performed properly. Organizations can also
incorporate some employee share plans through the shared ownership concept in an effort to
keep their employees satisfied, inspired, and involved as the company grows and succeeds.
Along with it, the chosen company has made use of motivating employees and the factors that
affect it. Because motivation plays an essential role in the life of employees and the employees
have been facing though time during the pandemic. The management of the company have to
take the responsibilities in order to make the better decisions during the time of Covid-19. They
have made the useful strategies so that operations and activities can be planned in a better
manner. As it can be seen that the Covid-19 pandemic has distanced people from their places of
employment, their co-workers, and the daily activities. All these things lead to cause stress, low
morale and team cohesion to break down and all such elements affect the level of productivity.
Therefore, it is more crucial than ever to actively promote an inclusive environment at work. In
addition to this the management of the company communicated with the employees so that they
will be able to share their feelings and views. Such sharing will enhance the overall growth of the
company and employees (Terziev and Klimuk, 2020). As there are range of employee
collaboration tools can be used by the organisation with the aim of managing its workforce.
Procedures used in an organisation to manage individuals and their talents are tools for managing
employee cooperation. These technologies make it possible to manage workplace engagement
effectively. To manage its workforce and their talents, the organisation can make use of
technology like document synchronisation tools, communications tools, file sharing tools, cloud
storage systems, and others (Kim, Seo, and Choi 2021). These are the tools that can help to ease
access and lessen organisational issues. The chosen company has also started to involve
employees in taking major decisions of the company. So that they will be involved in the
operations of the company and feel more connected with the company. In relation to that the
company is able to build strong bonds with the teams so that better productivity can generated
and generation of profits. As the emotions of the employees are also essential that is why the
chosen company focuses on the perspectives of the workforce. In the time of Covid, the
employees face difficult issues that is why they need leadership and guidance from the seniors.
Along with it, proper recognition and appreciation is required to elevate the morale of the
workforce. On the basis of study, employee’s lack of motivation or sense of support is primarily

caused by a lack of appreciation or acknowledgment. The employees should be personally
thanked and acknowledged for their noteworthy accomplishments as part of the recognition
concept. The senior management who takes on responsibility for all employees, everywhere,
must apply this on a regular basis. For all levels of leadership, it is essential to keep the things
organised (Kryshtanovych and et.al.,2020).
According to above mentioned opinion of other authors, it has been outlined that Covid-19
situation affects the employee motivation which may create problem for the Marks and Spencer
to operate their business in better manner (Rayner and Morgan, 2018). Developing and
implementing effective strategies for motivating employees can provide positive impact on the
overall productivity and morale of the company. Setting attainable goals in effective goals is
considered as one of the effective which may use by the respective firm for enhancement of
motivational aspect of staff. The goals should be specific, measurable, actionable, and relevant
and time bounding. These goals are excellent motivational technique for employees that make
them to perform well for achieving those goals. Another strategy that help company to improve
their employee motivation is post pandemic is provide immediate praise for accomplishments.
Formal reviews are useful for the Marks and Spencer to Offer designated remarks that can raise
average morale by using providing high quality praise to their employees when they're doing a
first rate task for completing the tasks (Kwon and Kim, 2020). Positive reward additionally
motivate worker to continue their paintings hard. Another beneficial method that facilitates
Marks and Spencer to improve employee motivation in post pandemic is to create an incentive
application that at once rewards group members for accomplishments. Offering powerful
incentives not simplest encourages employees to behavior their excellent work but also given
them for striving.
Theme 3- Advantages received by Marks and Spencer by enhancement of staff motiavtion
As per the mentioned literature review, it has been discussed that there are many benefits
that Marks and Spencer could be gained by increasing employee motivation in post pandemic. It
helps company to increase productivity level in the organisation. As employee motivation
encourage people to work productively as well as results in better revenue outcomes. Employee
productivity influences employee experience and promote higher job satisfaction in the
organisation (Mirzaee and Ghaffari, 2018). Another benefit that Marks and Spencer could gain is
more innovation in the organisation. As motivating employees including effective Rewards and

other advantages grows a tradition of innovation in the organisation. When the personnel of
Marks and Spencer sense preferred and supported within the enterprise they want to venture
themselves. The company does not underestimate the importance of motivation at workplace as
it stimulates growth of the organisation. The managers of the company who recognises what
benefits motivate their teams may often see the best results. Another benefit that the company
could gain while improving motivation of employee in post pandemic is it decreases the level of
absenteeism in the organisation. When managers of Marks and Spencer cares about their team’s
wellbeing and workload which decreases the absence level as employees feel less overwhelmed
and stressed to work in the organisation (Cantele and Zardini, 2018). Businesses build high
performing workforce by looking out for their interests. Increasing staff turnover is the most
costly situation for the company as the company need to invest more time and cost in recruiting
and hiring new employees for the same post. When the employee feels demotivated in the
organisation they does not want to work in the organisation so, they leave the organisation. By
using effective motivation strategies for improving employee motivation in post pandemic help
company decrease the level of staff turnover in the organisation. When employee benefits and
motivation is provided together to the employees which may contributes high retention rates.
When employees received perks including reward incentives, they may feel highly motivated as
well as are unlikely to look for another role. The other benefit that the organisation may gain
while improving employee motivation in post pandemic is great reputation and stronger
recruitment (Stone, Cox. and Gavin, 2020). A strong internal brand is describes the outcomes of
data-driven strategies that depend on the feedbacks of the employee. When the company has
happy and motivated employees in the organisation may help company to retain and attract top
talent. Further benefit that the organisation may gain while improving their employee motivation
in post pandemic is it help company to increase customer satisfaction. When employees feel
highly motivated in the organisation they give their best efforts in their performance which helps
in offering better products and service to the customers which makes them satisfied. Customer’s
satisfaction helps company gain competitive advantage and greater success.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
From the above research, it has been concluded that motivation is an important for
employees of any company or organisation because it is helping to attaining the best
performance of them. Motivated employees or staff helping to achieved the goals and objectives
of the company which is the benefit for the company to attain more profit and sale. Motivation is
the term that is enhancement of employee output leading to better commercial returns. With the
help of motivation employees are able to give their best performance and increase their work as
effectively and efficiently towards attaining the goals and objectives of the business in an
appropriate way and manners. It has been analysed that there are some several factors which had
been applied by firm for attainment of financial and non-monetary benefits for the best work of
employees. It is necessary for every company or organisation to having the motivated staff and
employees because it is helping to increase the productivity and performance of the employees as
well as of company. motivated employees also helping the company to creating the positive and
healthy environment of the business. It has been analysed that for effective and efficient working
of the employees working environment should be good because it has increased the employee’s
motivation towards their working. Motivated employees and staff can gain better market position
over rivals which is also the advantages for the company. motivation has been defined as the
management term that is boosting and encouraging the employee’s confidence for the
organisational goals and objectives.
It has been analysed from the above research that there are some theories of motivation
which is also known as Maslow hierarchy of needs which is helps in employee’s motivation. The
motivation theories help to attaining the sustained objectives and goals of the business. It is also
helping the employees to manage their skills and capabilities to achieving the goals and target of
the company. the Maslow theories of needs defined that there are some needs which is necessary
to increase the motivation of the individuals and employees. The Maslow theories of needs such
as physiological needs, safety needs, love & belonging needs, esteem needs and self-
actualization. These theories are basically for marketers where they are able to fulfilled these
needs of the employees to motivate them and enhancing their best performance for the company.
this theory of Maslow helps to fulfilled the employees physiological and social needs that is

helps in betterment of staff motivational level. It has been analysed that there is one more theory
of motivation which has been also known as two factors theory of motivation. The two factor of
this theory such as motivational factors and hygiene factor defined that employee’s satisfaction is
also one of the most important terms by providing some benefits such as pay, job security and
comfortable working condition, times etc. for increasing the motivation of the employees. This
theory of two factors helps to encourage the employees for giving their best to achieving the
goals and objective of the company with success. As it has been analysed that like customers,
employees are also play a vital role in any company or organisation and their motivation towards
their work and role. These theories of motivation are necessary for M&S for motivating their
staff and employees to attaining more competitive advantages and profits.
From the above report, it has been concluded that there are some effective strategies that
has been taken by M&S to increasing the motivation of employees during the post pandemic of
Covid-19. The examination of the circumstance of Covid-19 was the difficult and tough situation
that has been faced by everyone during the pandemic many employees lost their job which
decrease their motivation towards the words. After Covid-19 M&S used some effective ways for
increasing the motivation of employees where they used to provide some benefits and
opportunities to employees such as remote working, bonus, appraisal, listening their problems,
employee engagements etc. these all ways is helping the company to enhancing their
performance and attain effective working. They motivated their staff and employees by
encouraging them for get the bonus on their best performance that strategy is so helpful for the
company because it is helping to attain the best performance of the employees. They motivated
their staff by providing the remote working during the Covid-19 situation because it is help in
their health and care which is improving their motivation towards their work and role. It has been
analysed that these all-effective strategies helping the M&S to improve their employees’
performance by motivating them during the post pandemic. There are many more effectives
ways to improve the employee’s motivation such as analysing their performance, increasing the
salary, giving some bonus and opportunities to prove their self, remote working during the health
issues, building the healthy relation and many more. These all-effectives ways help to increase
the motivation of the employees which is helps to make the motivational environment and
culture of the business. It is also helps to derive better profits for establishment and support
commercial gains.

From the above research, it has been analysed that increasing the employee’s motivation
during the post pandemic attaining many advantages and benefits by M&S where they are able to
increase their sales and profit. Increasing the employee motivation also helps to increasing the
positivity within the company. motivated employees help to achieved the goals and objectives of
the company as well which is increasing the future growth and planning of the company.
increasing the employee’s motivation also helps in compete within the competitive market which
attain many competitive advantages such as profitability, performance, productivity, sales,
promotion and many more. These all advantages have been gained by the M&S by increasing the
employee’s motivation. Thy are also able to gained the best performance and productivity of
employees. They are able to gained effective and efficient working of the employees. The overall
research has been concluded that motivation of the employees is very important for achieving the
business goals and objectives. Motivation can boost the employee’s morale and performance.
Motivation theories also important for every organisation or company because it is increasing the
motivation of employee by understanding their needs and wants by the company. the ways that
are used by M&S was very effective and efficient that is also enhancing the performance and
productivity by motivating them effectively and eventually. Motivation is important for
increasing the profitability and productivity of the company and achieved all the function and
operation of business by motivated staff and employees. Motivation of employees refers to the
energy level, commitment, enthusiasm and amount of creativity of the employees that brings the
organisational goals and target. Employee motivation can be defined as the key of success of the
organisation where it has been attaining many advantages and opportunities towards the goals
and objectives of the organisation. Motivation of employees is the term that is refers to the
attitude of the employees towards their working and role. It has been analysed that motivation
within the workplace is important because it is helps to get high quality consequence in terms of
staff output. Motivated staff helps to maintain the relation with customers and increase the sale
of the product. There are many more benefits of employee motivation such as it has been
improving the quality and customer services, improving worker performance, improving the
relation between management and workers.
Recommendations
From the above research, it has been analysed that M&S should adopt some suggestions
and recommendations for improving the performance and productivity of the employees by

providing some more ways of motivation. It will help the company to attaining more
opportunities and beneficial advantages. M&S should analyse the employees’ previous
performance and motivated them to increase their performance for achieving the future goals and
objectives of the company. they should build the healthy and good relation with employees
which is helps in increasing the communication between them. By making the good relation with
employees it is help the company to know about their employees, understand the needs and
wants of the employees etc. they can provide some monetary and non-monetary benefits to their
employees such as increment in salary can also boost the employee’s motivation. They should
maintain their workplace as healthy and good environment; it will also help them to increasing
the employee motivation. They should provide leadership and better culture of the business; it
will also help to increasing their motivation towards achieving the business goals and objectives.
There are many more ways to improve the employee’s motivation. Motivation of employees is
one of the most important terms because it is helping the company to attaining the best
performance and productivity of the employee as well as company. there are some
recommendations that is recommended to M&S to adopted for the better change within the
employees and improving their motivation towards their work and role. The recommendations
for M&S are as given below that is helps them to improve the motivation of employees and staff
for attaining the profitability and productivity of the employees-
 Creating a friendly environment: it is the one of the best ways to positively affecting
staff motivational mind set because creating the friendly environment helps to encourage
the employees towards the work and role. Friendly environment of the organisation is
also leads to better staff potential. So, it is recommended to M&S that they should create
the friendly environment of the business and maintaining the good relation with
employees which is helps to increase the motivation of the employees that is attaining
many competitive advantages of the company.
 Acknowledge employee’s achievements: it is an important term to acknowledge about
the employee’s achievements because it is helps to better understanding towards the
employee’s performance. It is helps know more about the achievement of employee, like
what did they achieve in past and what should they can be achieved for the future. So, it
is recommended to the M&S, they should acknowledge about their employee’s

achievement to get the perfect performance of the employees and achieved the goals and
objectives of their business.
 Rewarding employees: it is also the best way to increase the motivation of the employee
because rewarding system is one of the most important terms for motivating the
employees. Rewarding system is all about providing the bonus and rewards on the best
performance of the employees. So, it is recommended to the M&S that, they should
provide their employees some reward system which is helps in attaining the best
performance and productivity of the employees. It will also help to increasing the
profitability and productivity of the company.
 Positive communication is the key: positivity is the key of success and the positive
communication with employees is the key success of any company or organisation
because positive communication can increase the employee’s motivation positively and
effectively which is helps in attaining many more opportunities and advantages of the
business. So, it is recommended to the M&S that, they should create positive
communication with the employees for obtaining and enhancing their best performance
for the future goals and target and increasing their motivation positively.
 Encourage friendly competition: it is one of the best ways to increasing the employee
motivation within the workplace because encouraging the friendly competition is within
the workplace which is increasing the motivation of each member of the staff. It is also
results in higher commercial success as staff members provide higher output within the
workplace. Encouraging the friendly competition is between employees of the company
which is helping to motivated the employees for obtaining the best performance of the
staff. So, it is recommended to the M&S that, they should encourage the friendly
competition within the workplace for attaining the best and good performance of the
employees and increase their motivation as well towards their work and role.
 Have a meaningful and worthwhile goal: it is the necessary term to motivated the
employees because every company and organisation should heave meaningful and
worthwhile goals which is easy for the employees to understanding their goals and target.
So, it is recommended to the M&S that, they should have a meaningful and worthwhile
goals and objectives that is helps in increasing the motivation within the employees for

the organisation and business. It will also help to making the right decision for the future
goals and target.
 Create a career path: creating the right career path for employees is also the best ways
to improve their motivation towards the company and achieving the goals and objectives
for the company. creating a career path is defined as the objectives of the employees that
is aiming for making the best career. So, it is recommended to the M&S that, they should
create the career path of the employees which is helps to give the right direction and
motivation for the employee’s future and goals.
 Be a leader worth following: for motivated the employees and staff being a leader is one
of the most important terms because leaders are play a vital role in motivation of the
employees. Be a leader worth following is hence that employees are able to under the
guidance of leaders which is helps them in motivation. So, it is recommended to the
M&S that, they should provide a leader for managing the staff and employees which can
motivate them and encourage them to achieved the business goals and objectives to
increase the profitability of the company.
 Encourage creativity: it is the best way to motivate the employees because encouraging
creativity is also one of the most important terms within the business which introduce
new creativity within the business. It is also increasing the employee’s interest towards
their work because they are able to do new things and make some creativity. So, it is
recommended to the M&S that they should encouraging creativity within the organisation
which is helps to improve the employee’s performance and productivity by motivated
them for their work. It is also helps to collect the effective and efficient working of the
employees for the company.
 Don’t let employees become bored: it is also the best ways to encourage the employees
as motivated because it is an important term to let to understand that employee should
enjoy their work and culture of the organisation. It is recommended to the M&S that they
should don’t let their employees become bored because it is helps in increasing their
motivation towards their work and collect the effective and efficient work and
performance of the employees.
These all recommendations provide many advantages. These strategies towards employee
benefits would ensure that they are able to retain their employees and workforce for long

period (Jungert and et. al., 2018). This would help them in saving large amount of training
costs incurred towards new employees due to high employee turnover and moreover the
larger benefit of same is that the existing employees who are part of organization from long
duration would be able to provide enhanced and better services (Sutrisno and Sunarsi, 2019).
One of the major advantages of all these strategies towards employee benefits would ensure
that they are able to retain their employees and workforce for long period (Jungert and et. al.,
2018). This would help them in saving large amount of training costs incurred towards new
employees due to high employee turnover and moreover the larger benefit of same is that the
existing employees who are part of organization from long duration would be able to provide
enhanced and better services (Sutrisno and Sunarsi, 2019).

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APPENDIX
Questionnaire