Occupational Safety and Health Practices

This assignment delves into the crucial topic of occupational safety and health practices within organizations. It evaluates various aspects, including employee knowledge of workplace risks and hazards, the existence of comprehensive health and safety management systems, the implementation of regular employee training programs, and the significance of employee participation in promoting safety. Furthermore, it explores organizational efforts to mitigate risks and prevent accidents, analyzing factors such as safety measures taken, their frequency, and the effectiveness of risk elimination strategies.

Employee’s Awareness and Participation on
Safety Promotion or Education to Improve
the Occupational Safety and Health of
Employees: Vibro (H.K.) Ltd

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'm offering my thanks with adoration and truthfulness to them who were related with me
to achieve this venture work. All the diligent work, commitment towards obligation and the
affection or resilience which my chief has indicated I'm thankful to. Toward the end, I need to
thank my family and companions for their association and collaboration in my information
gathering on leading my examination chip away at basically assessing worker's mindfulness and
support on wellbeing advancement or instruction to enhance word related security and strength
of representative: A contextual analysis on Vibro (H.K.) Ltd.

ABSTRACT
The whole research project which is to be conducted is based on critical evaluation of
employee’s awareness and participation on safety promotion or education to improve
occupational safety and health of employee case study on Vibro (H.K.) Ltd. All employees
whether full-time or part-time are the responsibility of employer to keep them safe and aware of
all issues which are prevailing within organisation. These hazards are seen majorly in
construction industry where risk of getting injured is very high. The present dissertation is based
on all workplace safety and health care issues as well as on the involvement of employees or
their participation within this program of organisation. Dissertation will be covering one of the
biggest construction companies of Hong Kong which is Vibro (H.K.) Ltd. and focusing on the
workplace and health care which is linked to employee’s involvement. Company and employer
are responsible for the engagement of employees in this occupational safety promotion or
education and accidents. It is necessary that employer is promoting health and safety issues so
that employees are working there without any fear of injury. Involvement of all employees in
workplace safety issues and problems will be helping the employer in improving employee
engagement. This will also be solved by considering whatever ideas employees are giving to
management in terms of workplace safety and health care issues.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Aim and Objectives .........................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Aim...........................................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Objectives.................................................................................................................1
1.3 Research questions...........................................................................................................1
1.4 Rationale of the study.......................................................................................................2
1.5 Significance of the study..................................................................................................2
1.6 Structure of dissertation....................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................4
2.2 Understanding importance of employee awareness in safety promotion.........................4
2.3 Improvement of employee safety and health in occupation.............................................5
2.4 Encouraging employee to participate in safety promotion activities...............................8
2.5 Occupational accidents.....................................................................................................9
2.6 Eliminating Occupational accidents...............................................................................10
2.7 Action Plan for eliminating the risk...............................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................14
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................14
3.2 Meeting with health care safety experts.........................................................................14
3.3 Multiple analysis and methodologies used.....................................................................14
3.3.1 Research Type........................................................................................................14
3.3.2 Research Approach.................................................................................................15
3.3.3 Research Philosophy...............................................................................................15
3.3.4 Research design......................................................................................................16
3.3.5 Data collection........................................................................................................16
3.3.6 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................17
3.3.7 Sampling.................................................................................................................17
3.3.8 Reliability and Validity...........................................................................................18

3.3.9 Ethical issue............................................................................................................19
3.4 Background, assumption and limitation of research......................................................19
3.4.1 Background.............................................................................................................19
3.4.2 Re search limitation:...............................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS..........................................................................21
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................21
4.2 Data Analysis..................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................29
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................29
5.2 Conclusion......................................................................................................................29
5.3 Recommendations..........................................................................................................30
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................32
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................36
Appendix 1: Questionnaire...................................................................................................36
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Safer work........................................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Employee Awareness.......................................................................................................6
Figure 3: Non- Fatal occupational Accidents..................................................................................8
Figure 4: Safety management........................................................................................................10
Figure 5: Action item 2: Select controls........................................................................................11

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Workplace health and safety issues are not new within organisation but this problem is
frequently raised in the current scenario. All workers whether full-time or low maintenance are
the duty of boss to keep them sheltered and mindful of all issues which are winning inside
association. Occupational Safety and Health Administration of USA is the largest body which is
involved in the workplace health and safety issues which are occurring (Lees, 2012). Hazards
and injuries are very much common at the time when any worker is working in risk prone area of
company. These hazards are seen majorly in the construction industry where risk of getting
injured is very high. The accompanying exposition is completely in view of all working
environment security and human services issues and the contribution of representatives or their
investment inside this program of association. Dissertation will be covering one of the biggest
construction companies of Hong Kong which is Vibro (H.K.) Ltd. and focusing on the workplace
and health care which is linked to employee’s involvement. Organization and boss are in charge
of engagement of workers in this word related security advancement or instruction and mishaps
(Mannan, 2004).
1.2 Aim and Objectives
1.2.1 Aim
To critically evaluate employee’s awareness and participation on safety promotion or education
to improve the occupational safety and health of employees: A case study on Vibro (H.K.) Ltd.
1.2.2 Objectives
 To understand the importance of employee awareness in promotion or education of safety
of Vibro (H.K.) Ltd.
 To improve the health and safety of employees in Vibro (H.K.) Ltd.
 To encourage the participation of employees in safety promotion activities within Vibro
(H.K.) Ltd.
 To recommend on eliminating occupational accidents in Vibro (H.K.) Ltd.
1.3 Research questions
 What is the importance of employee’s awareness in workplace health and safety issues?
 How company could improve the health and safety problems in occupation?
1

 How encouragement of employees in safety will be decreasing occupational accidents?
1.4 Rationale of the study
Increasing day to day risk, hazards and number of accidental deaths of employees who
are working in the industries which are more risk prone are the reasons behind conducting this
study. In the current scenario, employers are making their employees trained of what are hazards
of workplace and how could they overcome those risky situations. There are many accidents
which are taking place during working of employees in industries like that of construction,
chemical, manufacturing, etc. The study will be telling how can all occupational risks and
hazards could be lessen down and increase the employee participation as well. There is also
decreasing participation of employees in the working and safety measurements which company
is undertaking. The study is also important because the employees are not getting involved in
planning and execution of safety measurements which employers tend to take.
1.5 Significance of the study
This present dissertation will be based on the topic employee’s awareness and
participation on safety promotion or education to improve occupational safety and health of
employee case study on Vibro Ltd. The complete study will be helping researchers, scholars,
students and organisation itself in improving and gaining knowledge about how can employee
participation could help in workplace safety and health care measures. The study will also be
helping in further implementation of workplace safety actions which will be taking place. The
dissertation will also be helpful for researchers to do research on the same topic for gaining
better understanding.
1.6 Structure of dissertation
Chapter 1: Introduction: This part is the opening chapter of whole dissertation which will be
telling scholar or researcher. Section will incorporate different parts like that of point,
destinations, for whom this examination will be significance and why this investigation is vital
right now. This will likewise be including the presentation part of entire research work about
well being and security measures which are to be taken by association.
Chapter 2: Literature Review: This is second chapter of dissertation which will be including all
books and journals of various authors who have said or written something about the topic.
2

Whether author have said against the topic or said in favour of that topic is included in this part
with proper citation.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology- This chapter will be including all types of research
methodologies which are used to perform the dissertation. Like we will utilize both optional and
essential information gathering procedures with the goal that it will be anything but difficult to
direct and take out legitimate outcomes from the subject. Scientist will utilize 20 workers and
chiefs of Vibro Ltd of all level and survey would be arranged with the goal that they can disclose
to us what is well being and security measures which are to be taken.
Chapter 4: Results and discussion: This is the most essential piece of paper which will disclose
to us the real impact that representative advancement or training is having on the working
environment security and medicinal services issue of Vibro Ltd. This part will be entire
understanding of the survey which is been gathered with the goal that outcomes are produced
which are valid in each sense.
Section 5: Conclusion and Recommendation: Coming to the last piece of thesis which will give
conclusion and after that suggestions on the point. This will be telling that whether participation
of employees is important in the improvement of health and safety measures of organisation or
not.
3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This part is very much important chapter which will be telling about merits and demerits
of topic on which study is been conducted from various different authors. Literature review will
be done in thematic form so that it becomes easy to understand the whole dissertation.
2.2 Understanding importance of employee awareness in safety promotion
According to Kelloway, Nielsen and Dimoff, (2017) awareness and participation of
employees in occupation or work environment is very much important as this enables them to
understand and minimise the risk which is involved within. They all must be aware and having
knowledge of what is safety at workplace and how much this is important in working. Moyce
and Schenker, (2018) said that safety at workplace means that environment which is free of risk
and hazards which could be dangerous and harmful for employees or workers who all are
working in organisation. It is necessary that employer is promoting health and safety issues so
that employees will be working there without any fear of injury. Lay and Smith, (2017) noted
that on daily basis, there are so much news relating to safety and dangerous accidents which are
occurring that too due to sheer negligence.
Figure 1: Safer work.
[Sources: Castro and Ramos, 2017]
Controlling all the events and actions which are taken place on desk of every employee is
not possible but Castro and Ramos, (2017) said that possibility of this could be reduced if they
4

are given proper training. All organisations whether working on hazardous business or not must
be promoting safety at their workplace so that these accidents will get reduced. De Celis and
Velasco-Balmaseda, (2017) also said that not only employees but also organisation will be
benefited by promoting a healthy workforce. This will be helping organisation in managing
health and safety programmes, positive or caring image, increasing productivity, reducing
absenteeism and also reducing risk of fines and litigations. Frick and Wilthagen, (2000) also said
that this will be more beneficial for employees like in reducing stress, improving morale,
increasing job satisfaction and majorly reducing risk of getting injured while working.
Robson and Mahood, (2007) clarify that there are many health and safety regulations
which are laid down by court and government of all countries which companies need to follow.
Also, Occupational Safety and Health Administration which is been established in looking into
all matters which are related to workplace. This foundations one who is shaping a wide range of
enactments that will influence representatives and their well being was set up. De Oliveira
Matias and Coelho, (2002) likewise said that well being and security advancement inside
working environment will give a feeling of proprietorship and empowering them to find out
about security. Every one of the territories which identified with well being advancement,
nourishment, wellness and all kind of things which will be identified with security and perils.
Champoux and Brun, (2003) mentioned that if company are indulging into these health
and safety issues will be lowering the job injuries and compensation claims which will be related
to workers. Company must also be encouraging wellness programmes and general health
promotion within workplace. These programmes will be helping both; company and employees
as well as promoting cultural and workplace diversity. If employees are aware of what are the
safety measures which are to be taken by them and their employer then they will be reducing the
risk of getting harm while working. Hasle and Limborg, (2006) clearly said that in this tern
giving preparing and instruction to the representative about what are hurtful things and how to
get free out of those damages then workers will be more taught about that. They will also feel
safe that they are out of danger as having full knowledge about those hazards which could harm
them (Swuste, Corn and Goelzer, 1995).
2.3 Improvement of employee safety and health in occupation
Hohnen and Hasle, (2011) said that there are many types of risks and hazards which are
associated with workplace along with many ways to handle those hazards. Despite the fact that
5

the real one which are most hazardous to them are natural, physical, ergonomic, substance perils
and so forth., Also electrical dangers, gnawing of bugs or that of creature, extremes of
temperature, poor fittings, danger of pesticides, combustible materials, working environment
brutality, inappropriate behaviour and skin aggravations are some exceptionally basic hazard and
risks which are been looked by representatives. Quinlan, Mayhew and Bohle, (2001) said that
while these are the risks involved, there are also some safety measures which are needed to be
taken by employers which include:
Figure 2: Employee Awareness.
[Sources: Redinger and Levine, 1998]
Creating plan to promoting workplace health and safety- This will be the most
important part of management and employers as per Redinger and Levine, (1998) which will be
assessing them in educating about work related hazards and their respected safety measures. For
doing this or before making plan of safety, first thing which is needed to be done is to identify
what the risk which is associated. Once employer knows about risk then they will easily be
taking safety measures and minimizing all sorts of risks that are prevailing in the environment of
organisation.
Inspecting workplace- After employer has made the plan, it will be easy for them to
inspect the workplace and have a look at those special areas where chance of risk is higher than
that of others. Reese, (2015) said that inspecting will not be including checking of only risk
prone areas but also regularly checking all equipment and tools which employees are taking in
6

use.To guarantee that there are legitimate fire exits, fire dousers and other wellbeing apparatuses
which would be utilized at the season of crisis circumstance.
Preparing representatives This will be an essential part as recognized by Zanko and
Dawson, (2012) which will include instructing all workers about what are risks, how are they
caused, who all will be influenced by them and how to dispose of them. Preparing to workers
will likewise be including about all medical aid which should be given to harmed
representatives. All kind of preparing must be right promotion bounty with the goal that
representatives are in no sort of uncertainty and not into jeopardize as then manager will be at
risk for episode.
Talking regularly to employees- Regular meeting and engagement of employer with their
employees will also be necessary as this will be helping in discussing all health and safety issues
related. If any employee according to Arocena and Núñez, (2010) is having any kind of
confusion and he is not able to understand issues, can ask questions. It is thus the duty and
responsibility of employer to clarify confusions of employees.
Investigating incidents- This will likewise be essential notwithstanding taking so much
care mishaps could happen however examining that episode top to bottom bases will be critical.
How and why the occurrence happened all's identity in charge of that episode will be a few
inquiries which would be most critical to be replied. Robinson, (1991) likewise said that this
examination will help in taking further remedial activities with the goal that such episodes are
not happening again later on.
Keeping up of records-All the episodes or mishaps whether enormous or little or anybody
harmed it or not must be recorded inside well being and security log book. Sauter, Murphy and
Hurrell, (1990) said that this will be helpful in identifying the unsafe conditions or areas at
workplace. Record keeping will include that of medical aid, examination record and furthermore
the preparation exercises.
Making security a day by day schedule Considering well being as simply after however isn't
great at this is as critical as every single other part and regions of efficient that of assembling,
client benefit or monetary arranging. Champoux and Brun, (2003) said that association and
business must be conferred towards well being and security of worker and furthermore that of
their relatives.
7

Figure 3: Non- Fatal occupational Accidents.
[Source: Moyce and Schenker, 2018]
2.4 Encouraging employee to participate in safety promotion activities
As per the views of Frick and Wilthagen, (2000) all employees who are working within
organisation should be necessarily engaging themselves in health and safety care programmes. If
not, then it is the duty of employer to get them engaged in those activities so that they will be
having knowledge about the areas which are prone to hazards. Castro and Ramos, (2017) said
that engagement of employees will be regarded to as employee taking full part in activities which
are related to their health and safety and showing their enthusiasm in it. Moyce and Schenker,
(2018) noted that if the workforce is engaged in this program of organisation then this will also
be increasing their satisfaction and thus, motivating them. While Kelloway, Nielsen and Dimoff,
(2017) disagreed with the fact that it is not at all that much easy to get the involvement of all
employees who are working as there are some who must be least interested in this activity. There
are also some who are not giving the reports of minor injuries or hazards which are taking place.
This is showing their low participation in safety committees and also in other safety related
meetings. Robson and Mahood, (2007) argued that there are some employees who are involved
in regular breaking and breaching of safety rules and considering that, they will not be caught by
any authority.
8

Involvement of all employees in workplace safety issues and problems will be helping
the employer in improving employee engagement. This will also be solved by considering
whatever ideas employees are giving to management in terms of workplace safety and health
care issues Hasle and Limborg, (2006) mentioned. It was also noted that if there is proper
communication within organisation in between employee and employer then this will be
improving the employee engagement.
2.5 Occupational accidents
Fattahi and Khalilzadeh, (2018) mentioned that it is very much importance that all risks
and hazards which are likely to occur in the working area of employees must be eliminated or
reduced so that chances of accidents will be reduced. There are number of risks which are there
in organisations operating especially in construction or chemical based company like that of
injury, fire, electric shocks, impairment or death. It is the duty of organisation or management
that they are controlling all the ill effects of accidents which are taking place in organisation they
must be doing something in order to prevent these sudden happing.
As per Chi and Lin, (2018) risk or hazard could take the worst form of loss of life of that
person who is injured in haphazard and this it tern lead to increasing problems of family. So,
occupational risk assessment and then its preventions are the major part of management in this
way they could also end up forming a department which will be exclusively dealing in this risk
assessment. This will be obligatory for every employer to take care of all employees’ safety and
health so that they could be taking part in many company more profitable. Williams, Hamid and
Misnan, (2018) said that there are many measures which could be taken by the employer like that
of giving training to employees in usage of tools and techniques, replacement of dangerous
equipment if any, working environment must be improved, etc.
Andersen, Kines and Nielsen, (2018) in this part raised the question as to why
organisational measures are necessary as workers are major resources which any organisation is
having with them. If any of firm’s workers is getting injured or if they are not safe in
environment in which they are working then this becomes an obligation on the employer. Then
will be important to prevent workers from getting themselves injured than curing them after
happing of event. All different types of risks which are involved while working need to be
identified with the help of risk assessment plan and this must be prepared by employer or special
committee. As according to the survey in accidents of organisation, it was very clear that about
9

90% of injuries because of hazards are caused to humans only and 10% affect other non-human
factors.
Figure 4: Safety management.
[Sources: Bellamy, 2018]
2.6 Eliminating Occupational accidents
Zolnikov, (2018) also included that hazard prevention and their control are the most
important activities which are to be done so that this will be helping in avoiding injuries, illness,
incidents and accidents. There are steps which should be taken by employer so that they could
easily identify the risks and efforts to be made to minimize them. Bellamy, (2018) elaborated
that employer must involve workers as they are the one who are prone to injuries and having
knowledge about them. Involvement of employee within this will be making task of risk
identification and risk prevention more easy as sometimes only they know what is the risk about.
Agbo and Atombo, (2018) further included that employer could also with the use of hierarchy of
control identify and evaluate all options which are available for controlling of risk and hazards.
Development of plan of risk assessment and controlling is the most effective of all the above
suggestions which are given by Baur, (2018). As this plan will not only be identifying risk but it
will also guiding and educating employee in lowering down the risk. Employer along with risk
assessment plan should be making plan in order to protect all employees at the time of
10

emergency and sudden activities which are occurring. At the end ÖZLÜ, DERİN and ŞERİFİ,
(2018) concluded that if employer is engaged in evaluating effectiveness of control and
prevention plan so that they could do required changes which will be ensuring future protection.
Bellamy, Chambon and van Guldener, (2018) said that there are many organisations
which are investing more money in this development plan and also in employee’s health and
safety measures but they are not been able to come to specified solution in this respect. The main
problem which is identified in this matter is employee involvement which is very low as
compared to the plans and measures which are been employed into. This becomes necessary that
company are involving their workers in this activity of prevention and control so that workers
would be easily tell what are haphazard and how could it be prevented. There are certain steps
which are to be included at the time of risk identification and thereafter, its assessment so that
they could be lowered and path for healthier and safer environment could be opened.
Cardoso, Cortez and Bonomi, (2018) said that first action would be of identifying what
are control options which are available could be identified this include collecting, organising and
then reviewing all information that is helpful in determining types of hazards. After this second
action will be of selection of controls among them all which is most feasible, effective and
permanent.
Figure 5: Action item 2: Select controls
(Source: Hazard Prevention and Control, 2018)
2.7 Action Plan for eliminating the risk.
In this section of action plan, MY, Ng and BMT, (2017) suggested that followed by safe
work practice selection of control that too according to hierarchy of control will be eliminating
serious hazards. Then in the third action plan, it is also necessary that employer is developing
11

and updating control plan of hazards so that implementation becomes easier. That risk which
plan is addressing first will be determining how effective that plan is as in this process interim
controls are very essential. Later on, Thepaksorn and Koizumi, (2017) included fourth section
which will be telling about most important part that is safeguarding workers or employees at the
time of non-routine operational work and emergencies. Subsequently, fifth part will be including
implementation of action plan or control which has been selected in workplace once all kind of
hazard and risk were identified. Lastly keeping follow up of control action plan so that employer
could confirm it that all controls which are taken are effective or not. This is majorly done by
tracking progress of that implementation so that measures could be taken to improve those.
Conduction of regular inspection so that engineering control are operating as per designed and
then evaluating controls measures that are providing adequate protections.
Jerie and Baldwin, (2017) explained that there are many illnesses and injuries prevention
programmes which have been implemented throughout Hong Kong and also legislations are been
made but requirement is to encourage them. Government of country is providing assistance to
manufacturing, chemical processing, construction companies, mining industry with
environmental, health and safety hazards and risk as well. Employees are more prone to illness,
injuries and diseases like which are related to respiratory, cardiovascular and reproductive and
also that of nervous systems. Many of them are causing to serious problems of death, cancer after
that of birth defects which are seen in babies.
García and Suárez, (2017) found out that although there are no specified method which
will be effecting and eliminating accidents that are taking place within occupational area. But
then also steps must be taken like that of educating employee, keeping them aware of the fact
that safety is the best way to get rid out of risk. The best way is assessment of risk which is a
procedure of evaluating risk to health and safety of workers and employees. So, this would be
helping in stopping from occurrence of hazard at workplace which is also a continuous
improvement cycle. Getting information about what is most risk prone area, what are the risks
that are associated in that area, what among them is dangerous one, how it could be prevented
and if occurred what could be the best solution. All this could only be obtained by employees as
they are the one who are working in that area and handling different sort of risk which are
threatening them it is in their best knowledge.
12

If the employer knows about what is risk then it becomes easy to manage those risk this
is done by application of measurements in order to reduce risk and accidents bas said by Agbo
and Atombo, (2018). All the one who are responsible for implementation and evaluation of these
stated risks must know that involvement of employees is of utmost importance. Employee is the
one who can tell employer about problems which they are facing at the time of doing work and
so, their involvement in decision making process is also required. Risk which are harming
employee are necessary to be eliminated in order to protect the person who is getting hurt or
injured as this will also affecting their families with even causing death of employee.
Fattahi and Khalilzadeh, (2018) demonstrated that within Hong Kong, there is a law
which will be forming necessity to workers to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical
examinations for getting into four major occupations. This practice of examination is
recommended as a good occupational health care especially to those employees who are
certainly exposed to hazards in industrial areas. This is also proven that employer or higher
authorities if are planning layout and designing new plant then potential risk could be avoided.
Team and individual work is also important in way of avoiding and planning of risk so this will
be improving job enrichment and enhancement.
Hasle and Limborg, (2006) also identified that risk assessment and prevention planning if
done by employer will be gaining employee participation within organisation and making them
retain in organisation. Employees would also be trusting their employer that they are taking very
good care of workers who are been employed. Awareness of employee and their education in this
field will be helping in improving organisational safety and health.
13

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is the plan which will be telling the researcher or scholar who so
ever is conducting the dissertation or case study project about what will be included within the
framework of method. This will be explaining what is research about, what type of research
philosophies are used, how data is been collected and how that data is analysed of defined. All
the research methodology which are been used in this project will be elaborating topic or aim of
the project. As researcher is trying to find out what are the occupational risk and hazards which
is taking place, how can they be prevented, how could they be eliminated and how employees
education or awareness will be helping employer.
3.2 Meeting with health care safety experts
At the starting phrase of research which need to be conducted it is required that
researcher is meeting with expert in Vibro company so that they could guide them with their
working. They could be easily telling about what are the safety measure that company is taking,
what are hazard prone area and how could company ensure safety of employees who are
working.
3.3 Multiple analysis and methodologies used.
3.3.1 Research Type
Research type is showing which kind of project is been carried to find out different type
of end results. There are two type of basic research which are qualitative and quantitative. Both
of them could be used in finding out results but basic difference is that in former data which will
be showing only non-numeric form is taken and in latter numeric data is used to analyse the
results. In this research as scholar is using both these types of data qualitative in literature review
part and quantitative in analysis part with the help of questionnaire been prepared. Without the
use of both these types of research result, conclusion or recommendations could not be made so
they are equally important in research. Both these research types will be helping us to identify
about what actually questions are and how could they be solved. Qualitative data will be telling
us about reason behind
14

3.3.2 Research Approach
Research approach is the set pattern or theory which will be looking into methods that are
helping researcher to come to result. Research approaches will be more analytical for data
collection techniques however they will also be allowing for greater amount and range of
flexibility than that of quantitative research. Mainly which research approach will be applied by
scholar for taking out results will be depending upon nature of problem of research could also be
on personal experience of scholar. The approach to research will be depending upon two type’s
namely inductive and deductive approaches. Under deductive approach certain hypotheses are
been laid down and that either need to be rejected or accepted during the whole research work.
While other in inductive approach there are no specified set or formulation of hypotheses within
any research this mainly start with research questions and aim which will be done in whole
process.
So in this project scholar will be doing whole research on base on inductive approach
where at starting we will be forming questions and aim of dissertation. The aim of dissertation
will be finding out what effect employee training and giving them education will put on
organisational health and safety. This becomes easy to understand whole topic and thus will be
helping in making results and conclusions on the topic. They will be gathering information from
all valid and authentic sources so that result that need to be find out is coming out.
3.3.3 Research Philosophy
All research part will be induced to have some set of phenomenon that deal majorly with
interpretation and collection of data this part will also be including only that data which is
important for researching. In the research project mainly two type of philosophies would b used
which could be positivism and interpretivism. In becomes important to choose between these two
philosophies of research and will be influenced by practical implications. Both these are different
from each other as one the base of type of method i.e., qualitative and quantitative to be used as
in positivism there is chance of using very limited data within the framework of quantitative one
and then observation would be then made. While on other hand interpretivism data that is used is
under human interest will be gathered so that results could be generated for specified data that
was collected.
15

In the dissertation which is based on promoting employee education so that occupational
risk and hazards could be controlled in good way. If we are using interpretivism then rather than
only analysing data which is collected on bases of observation we could easily do the analyses by
combining human interest with data. With the help of this type of philosophy we could be able to
understand whole topic very easily as all aspect of occupational risk, health, safety and hazard
will be included in this dissertation.
3.3.4 Research design
This brings out the total strategy and planning according to which research will be
conducted so that results which is main aim of research is taken out in logical way. Whole
blueprint of research starting from collection of data, its measurement and then interpretation
will be done of data. Which design to be used in the research work will be decided upon factor of
choice of research method which is qualitative or quantitative one? There are some elements of
research design are strategies, methods that are related to collection and analysis of data. In this
part we will be studying that research design are of two types exploratory and conclusive. In the
former one will be done on based on exploring some parts of research areas and will not be
including taking out results from the above said explanation. Whereas, in latter method aim of
researcher will be laying on getting full and final conclusion of part. Exploratory will also be
focusing on general content of topic so that what will be getting insights of situations. While on
other hand conclusive is very much specified and up to mark what is to be included in it. All the
detailed selection of course will be done in this kind of method and data which is to be required
need to be very clear and specified.
In this present dissertation which is based on education and promotion of employee so
that they are including into part of organisational risk and hazard maximisation. Researcher will
be using conclusive type of research design so that it become very clear what the topic is all
about and how will educate employee be helping in lowering down risk which are there at time
of work.
3.3.5 Data collection
This is the main part which is included in any kind of dissertation and research project
which will be defining what will be the process and source of data to be used in the topic. It is
done so that interpretation becomes easy at the end of research project various source and type of
16

data collection methods are primary and secondary. Generally both these types of data collection
mode are been used in all dissertation and project as without which we could not been able to
come to conclusion. Primary data collection technique is been used from the sources which are
new and fresh and that are not been used in any other type of dissertation. The author will be
need to take out new data from fresh sources ensuring that data was not earlier used by anyone.
They all include questionnaire which we will be preparing taking into part about 25 workers and
management staff of Vibro (H.K.) Ltd so that researcher could analyse that whether education
which are given to employees are effecting and beneficial for organisational health and safety or
not. For analyse of the topic we will also be using secondary data source of collection.
In this type of data collection technique we would be using many types of books,
journals, websites and literary review so that we are able to come to conclusion. As the topic
which is been studied in this part will be on education given to employees about their health and
safety. Secondary data will be very helpful in concluding with research work as there are many
authors who are included in this research project whose literature work will be mentioned in this
part some will be against the topic and some will be included in favour of the topic which will be
written.
3.3.6 Data Analysis
This is mainly the last part of dissertation which will be included making conclusion and
then drawing down recommendations for the further corrective actions which need to be taken in
organisation Vibro (H.K.) Ltd as this is been used. Data will be analysed by taking into account
the questionnaire which will be prepared by researcher in their part. Whole data will be first
organised into simplified form so that we could be easily understanding what data all about is.
Then that data would be analysed with appropriate methods. At the starting point we will inspect
the data, sorting them whole and after that we would analyse whole data. As if the data is not
been analysed we will not been able to come to specified conclusion and the whole research will
then be of no use at the end. The topic of the whole research is occupational health and safety
and how could educate employees would be helping us in these procedures.
3.3.7 Sampling
Sampling is the method of choosing particular type of participant who will be
participating into the process of doing research work. All the participants who are to be used
17

must be independent but identical from each other they should be having or facing same
conditions so that it becomes easy to come to specified solution. As discussed in the above part
of data collection and analysis that we would be using 25 employees from Vibro (H.K.) Ltd
which is a construction company of Hong Kong. Random sampling method would be used for
this part under which we would be using those employees are workers of company who are more
prone to occupational risk and hazards. That each employee who is been chosen from
organisation would be most eligible for this task from whom 10 questions would be asked. After
the question are asked they will be answering all those questions so that researcher could come to
specified conclusion and some important recommendations could be made.
These sampling will be used to identify importance of employee’s awareness in
occupational risk and hazards identification and then their elimination. Only those employees are
been used in this part who are having knowledge about the risk which are been there around
then. These employees must also be directly in touch with day to day activities of organisation
like construction of buildings and dams which will be telling that they are more prone to these
problems.
3.3.8 Reliability and Validity
Dependability implies that the information which was gathered and investigated is that
solid or taken or distinguished to be as valid in all sense or not. Legitimacy will be for what
amount long time the information would be taken in to think after some time period. So all
information which is accumulated by specialist ought to be from credible and dependable
sources which can be citied in look into work. Information which is taken by certified
destinations source ought not to be locales like that of Wikipedia and all information which are
there on destinations should likewise be copyrighted on so that there are no further issues.
This is also important part of any dissertation which mentions that all data that are
collected must be reliable and valid. This means that data collected should not be correct and
taken from authentic source so that conclusion could be made. Reliability of data within whole
dissertation will be done as in the dissertation we have to cite all data which is been collected.
Data collected must be correct and accurate in all aspect so that we are not facing any problem at
time of conclusion of the whole project. This is also one of the ethical issue of dissertation which
18

author or researcher could face as if the data is not good and reliable then it could be legal issue
as well.
3.3.9 Ethical issue
This likewise should be remembered while the researcher is directing his work and
distributing from that point like they should not hurt anybody in this exploration work. They
should likewise be regarding nobility of all exploration members like respondents who are to be
utilized as a part of work . The damage which is said in there must be both physical and mental
and information security or insurance should likewise be looked in there. Before taking any kind
of meeting of respondents they should be pre educated and afterwards their assent ought to
likewise be taken in a composed frame so that there are no further issues. This ought to be
constrained to respondents as well as to books and diaries which they should utilize. Books and
diaries should likewise not hurt in any of the ways which will be under moral issue and this
should be considered.
Some basic moral issues are as per the following:
 Educated assent this is intense issue which will tell that all respondents who are
associated with inquire about work are purposely and deliberately partaking during the
time spent statistical surveying.
 Recipient are not hurt this is additionally of significance which will set out that all
respondents and different source which are to be utilized are not hurt in any of various
ways.
 Regard of secrecy from any place source information are ot be gathered should be kept
private and this information ought not be spilled to some other site. As the information
which is gathered is exceptionally private and mystery and not be spilled out without the
assent of respondents who are members of research work.
3.4 Background, assumption and limitation of research.
3.4.1 Background
This would be including various factors that are used within safety and health of worker
and how would they be affecting part and role of employee motivation or retention within
19

market. Vibro is amongst the best construction companies which are working within Hong Kong
for longer years.
3.4.2 Re search limitation:
Limitations in research will not be enabling the researcher to do whole research in more
efficient way these will be causing hinder in finding out resources used in dissertation. They will
also not allowing scholar to know about what is been concluded from the whole research work
thus making the dissertation of no use. So they must be knowing about what could not be
allowing them to work with full power and regulating how we could be able to come to
conclusion and giving suggestions. One of the main limitation of this particular research work is
that it is to take out result that is awareness of employees be helping in lowering down
occupational health and safety scholar is using only 25 employees. As the company Vibro which
is been selected in this research is very correct and proper this will be helping us to analysis all
types of risk. In Construction Company employee risk is very much high so this will be the best
choice to make conclusions from and thus helping in giving the recommendations as well.
20

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
After the researcher is able to collect all kind of data from 25 employees of Vibro (H.K.) Ltd
which is basically a construction company in Hong Kong. Researcher will thus be interpreting
whole data so that they are been able to come to specified result from the data. This will thus b
helping in completing dissertation which was started with the aim of employee participation and
its importance for occupational risk and hazards planning and eliminating as well. In this whole
part of result and discussion researcher will be making various themes in regard to questionnaire
been prepared. After the themes and questionnaire is been prepared then we will be analysing the
whole so that some conclusion could be drawn out of them all. Questions have been asked to
almost 25 staff of Vibro Ltd who are been selected as per random sampling method and those are
selected who are more prone to risk. It becomes very important that researcher is been taking out
results and discussing then so that pros and cons of topic that is taken could be reviewed.
4.2 Data Analysis
Theme 1: Knowledge about the risk and hazards within organisation.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Yes 20 80.00%
No 5 20.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
From the total of 25 employees who were asked question about do they have any
knowledge about what are risk and hazards that are prevailing in their organisation? Most of
them i.e., about 80% said that yes they are having knowledge what are risk and hazards that are
there in environment where they are working. While on the other hand 20% were those also who
were having no such kind of knowledge. They said that they are not been aware of such risk or
hazards which are there within organisation. Mostly among those who were having no certain
information were those who have been recently joined the organisation or who were new so they
were not be completely informed about risk and accidents which could happen.
21

Theme 2: Is organisation having system to regulate Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and
regulation.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Yes 18 72.00%
No 4 16.00%
Neither yes nor no 3 12.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
For organisation it is also very much important that they are regulating with all type of
Work Health and Safety Act 2011 which government is imposing within company. This will
however be helping company with complying with regulations and then in claiming with
compensation from government if any hazard occurred. So from the total of 25 employees of
Vibro Ltd who were asked stating that whether company is complying with these acts and
regulations 18 of them said that company is having systems which are governing them under the
act. While 4 of them disagreed by saying that company is not been completely following the
rules and regulations which are been laid down in Work Health And Safety Act 2011 and
management should be taking steps to ensure the health and safety of employees. While 3 of
them, were having no idea about this matter that whether company is following or not.
Theme 3: For regular health and safety training of employees.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Yes 20 80.00%
No 5 20.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
22

20 of the employees also agreed with the point that Vibro is taking steps like that of
training and education to them so that they are aware of what should be done at the time of any
accident at workplace. On the other hand there were some who was not agreeing with the part
that they are getting any kind of training which will be helping them in health and safety of
employees. Employees who were not agreeing with this part of regular health and training were 5
which means 20% of total 25 employees.
Theme 4: Importance of employee awareness in promoting safety.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Agree 10 40.00%
Disagree 5 20.00%
Highly agree 7 28.00%
Highly disagree 3 12.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
From the above table it is very clear that about 40% of the employees are agreeing with
the point that awareness of them in the health and safety is very much important. They said that
if organisation is giving us training and making us understand what all risk are there are how
they could be eliminated then it will be helpful for us. While 5 of them said that it is not really
very important to give the employee awareness about what risk are and how could they be
minimised. Some of them were in highly agreement with this statement they were completely in
favour of employee’s awareness in promoting safety. Whereas, 3 i.e., 12% of them were in
highly disagreement with the awareness of employee in safety promotion.
Theme 5: Is organisation promoting participation of employees in health and safety.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Yes 18 72.00%
No 7 28.00%
23

Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
Majority of the employees from total of 25 identified that Vibro is promoting health and
safety with the help of employee participation within organisation i.e., about 18. While there
were some like about 7 of them who said that they are not agreeing with the fact that Vibro is
promoting their participation into health and safety of employees. They also mentioned that
company must be doing so, this will in turn be helping them in advising management about what
are various kinds of risk and hazards that are prevailing into a construction company.
Theme 6: Methods of employee’s encouragement for health and safety promotional activities.
Particular Respondents Frequency
By giving them chance to
participate
18 72.00%
By taking their advice at time
of planning of safety.
4 16.00%
Investigating about risk 3 12.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
The one who in the above part said that they are not agreeing that Vibro is emphasising
on employee's encouragement for health and safety included that there are some methods which
could be helping management in their participation. For which about 18 of them agreed that first
of all management must be giving them chance to participate in planning and procedures
regarding to their health and safety. Other 4 of them mentioned that management must be taking
their advice at times when they are planning for health and safety. If company is able to
investigate about all types of risk in organisation then they will be easily encouraging their
participation. With this point only 3 of them agreed i.e., 12% of them.
24

Theme 7: Safety measures taken by organisation.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Agree 7 28.00%
Disagree 5 20.00%
Highly agree 10 40.00%
Highly disagree 3 12.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
As it was said in the above literature review that safety measurement must be taken by
company who are dealing with very risky process or products in their business (Robson, Irvin,
Culyer and Mahood, 2007). Even if they are not dealing with any kind of risk then also it is the
duty of management that they are keeping their employees and workers safer and healthy. If the
worker is safe and healthy then they will be motivated to work and if they know that their
company is doing something for their health and safety. Vibro which is a construction company
and it is evidence that organisation is using all kind of safety measures which shows that they are
very much concerned for the health and safety of their employees. So from this above table it
was analysed that 10 out of 25 workers who were taking part in successful research project said
that they are in completely agreement with this fact that their company is applying safety
measures. Which shows that majority of them are telling that their organisation is complying
with all steps which are to be taken at time when there is any accident taking place.
While on the other hand 5 of them said that company must be applying the various type
of safety measures which they are not been followed within company. They also mentioned that
management is not at all worried about them and their health which is somehow demotivating
them. They are not been able to work in the environment where safety is not given importance.
While there were some about 3 of them who were in complete disagreement with statement that
company is giving importance to safety measures of workers.
Theme 8: Interval of when these measures been taken.
25

Particular Respondents Frequency
1-3 months 10 40.00%
3-6 months 5 20.00%
6-9 months 7 28.00%
1 year 3 12.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
From the above literature review it was also clear that all the measure which company
will be taking or the inspection which they would be taking should be on regular bases. It is not
like that company is only taking the steps to keep the organisation safe and secure from all types
of risk, hazards and diseases. This should be taken on regular interval of time so that management
is aware of what are the risk that are threatening employee’s and not allowing them to perform
their task. Company should be ensuring that all safety measure are been taken on regular terms of
interval it will be helpful for them to identify what new risk are arising in the working of
employee. Thus, they would be easily taking steps and making plan for what all things should be
included in the safety and health of employees.
So from the above table which is the interpretation of after how many intervals of time
organisation should be making safety measurements about 10 of respondents said that they want
interval of management checking hazards and risk should be 1-3 months only. This time will be
enabling company with all kind of risk which are been growing within area which is more risk
prone. While 5 of them said that this must be done within every 3-6 months this will be also
helping them in making decisions in regard to health and safety measures of employees. While on
the other hand 3 of them said that management should not be wasting their much time in taking
specified measures. As they could do this in every 1 year which will be sufficient for them to
analyse what are the risk that are involved and how they will be able to take specified steps of
measures.
26

Theme 9: Safety measures plan been implemented in Vibro Ltd.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Yes 18 72.00%
No 7 28.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
After they have been able to identify what are the risk, hazards, accidents and disease
which are prevailing within organisation and planning is done it becomes important to
implement that planning. Unless and until the planning is not been made organisation will not be
able to implement that plan and do something for employees (Hasle and Limborg, 2006). As we
have understood with literature review that planning and its implementation is very much
important part of occupational risk and hazard assessment procedure. Thus, this will be enabling
company in eliminating risk that are causing harm to employees. In this process company should
also be enabling the employees to get participating and awaring them as well which will be
helping in better implementation of process of company. Employee in this term could also be
happy and satisfied with their work with work which management is doing for them. They will
be feeling that company is concerned about health of employees so in tern motivated to do their
job in good and better way as well. All employees who are working in the organisation are
directly the responsibility of employer under whom they are performing their duty. Thus, this
becomes duty of that employer that all its workers are safe and secure that they are not facing
any problem while doing their work and performing duty towards company.
So from the above table and literature review it is interpreted that only planning is not
sufficient for organisation to perform in better way. They must also be following Health and
Safety Act 2011 into their organisation. From the total of 25 employees 18 of them said that
company is following and implementing the safety measures which they will be planning within
organisation. While 7 of them said that they are not agreeing with the statement that company is
not been able to meet all obligations for safety planning and its implementation procedure which
they must be doing.
27

Theme 10: Recommendations for eliminating occupational risk and accidents.
Particular Respondents Frequency
Training employees 18 72.00%
Employee participation 4 16.00%
Planning for risk 3 12.00%
Total 25 100.00%
Interpretation:
It becomes important and necessary that at the end employee they are giving
recommendations about what could be done at the time when they need to eliminate occupational
risk and accidents. Employees participation and their involvement in their own health and safety
measures to be taken is very much important as they are the one who can easily tell about what
are risk involved and how could they be eliminated from. It is supported with the last theme of
literature review which is done in the 2nd chapter of this dissertation. Company must be
complying with Works Health and Safety act 2011 which will be stating that both risk
assessment and risk management is very much important so that planning could be made of the
prevailing hazards within the workplace.
So from 25 employees of Vibro 18 of them said that training which is given to them will
be helpful in eliminating the risk. As if employees would be made aware with what all are risk
involved then they will be able to manage those risk at their end only. While 4 of them said that
if employees participation s increased within company then risk could be eliminated or if not the
at least it could be controlled. On the other hand 3 of them said that if management is been
involved in making plans which are safeguarding employees then they would be easily
eliminating risk and accidents.
28

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
This is the last chapter of whole dissertation which is giving clear form and results as to
what is actually been concluded, what was good and what need to be improved. This becomes
very much important in whole project as we only need to be come to specified answer to the
questions.
5.2 Conclusion
It is concluded that health and safety at workplace is quite important so that employees can
accomplish work with much ease. This is essential so that employees can be safeguarded from
any incident that could took place in company. As, Vibro HK Ltd is the biggest construction
company and is involved in providing cement and related items to the customers. Thus,
construction organisation is mainly affected by various incidents that may be occurred in the
workplace. Thus, it is recommended that employees' should be made aware of occupational
hazards and incidents that may take place at any time. Thus, employers should organise training
programmes so that risks may be minimized up to high extent and employees can achieve daily
work with much ease. This will make them aware about how to accomplish work so that risks
may be minimized and organisation may achieve goals in the best possible way.
Implementing training sessions will make them aware about how to handle
different equipment’s and tools so that hazards may be reduced up to maximum possible extent.
This will ensure that employees' participation can be achieved with much ease. The hazards can
be minimized by initiating safety and health check to prevent occupational accidents at the
workplace. To identify unsuitable and activities involving risk, safety checkers should be
appointed so that they inspect activities from a different perspective and as such, safety can be
ensured with much ease. Beginner training should be imparted so that they may be well-
equipped with the activities and work prevailing in the organisation. Moreover, they might be
able to build some sort of confidence which is required so that they may become handy with
organisational work and as such, occupational hazards can be reduced up to high extent. This is
important as training will promote them to work with due care and utmost diligence. This is quite
essential as it provides and promotes health and safety at the workplace.
29

5.3 Recommendations
It is recommended that employees' should be made aware of their rights so that they can
ask for any compensation in the event of any hazard quite effectively. In relation to this, it is
required that employers' should provide workers all the rights and compensation so that they may
be encouraged to accomplish more work. Employees' involvement is also required so that they
may be made aware about the hazards and risks that might be incurred at the construction site. It
is also recommended that if employees' fall ill, then medical facilities should be provided to them
and as such, through implementing this, they may be cured as well. Moreover, in the workplace
site, various warning boards should also be posted so that they may be aware about such warning
and can accomplish works with due care and with utmost safety. Employers should also provide
protective clothing to workers. This is termed as googles, helmets and related items should be
provided to them so that worker's body can be protected from any kind of injury or incident that
might take place at construction site. This will help them to protect from occupational hazards
and will be able to accomplish work with much ease. Thus, protective clothing is useful and
should be provided by the employers.
Employees' participation is highly significant as it helps them to get an idea about the
work and they can talk with each other and share their views. Full participation should be made
so that workers must be informed about hazards and how to effectively overcome those with
much ease. Moreover, if full participation is implemented in the organisation, it will not help
only employees but company can also be benefited. This is evident from the fact that when
employees provide their views, then they also provide some suggestions and improvements that
could be done by the management. Thus, employees' participation should be encouraged by the
organisation. It can be concluded that to ensure health and safety at the workplace, employees'
participation along with training sessions are major aspects which should be implemented quite
effectively by the organisation and ensure risks are minimized up to great extent. It is also
important to have strict measures implemented in the organisation so that workers may be given
ample of protection and no other persons may be allowed to visit to there as it can be dangerous
for their lives.
It is also recommended that employees should follow the training guidelines so that
protection can be ensured quite effectively. The interaction between health and organisational
work should be made by employees so that they may be able to accomplish work with full safety
30

and attain effective work with much ease. Employees should be involved in safety planning so
that safety can be ensured quite effectively. Proper work instructions should be provided to
workers so that they may be able to do work with much ease. This is important as it helps
company to ensure that safety is prioritised quite effectively and as such, it will prevent
employees from any occupational incidents that might occur in the organisation. Furthermore,
cleanliness should also be implemented so that productivity can be increased up to high extent
and safety can be ensured with the help of cleanliness at the site. It is also required that workers
should be encouraged to participate in safety recommendations and suggestions so that overall
improvement can be accomplished with much ease. This will initiate new suggestions from them
and as such, improvements can be implemented. As such, educating workers should be done so
that they may be able to accomplish work quite effectively and as such, risks can be minimized
up to high extent as well. Thus, occupational hazards may be reduced in the organisation.
31

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Agbo, A. A., and Atombo, C., 2018. An Empirical Inquiry into Maintenance Work of Auto-
Mechanics and its Relative Bearing on Road Traffic Accidents-A Developing Country Case,
Ghana. In International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa. 34(2). pp. 139-160.
Andersen, L. P., Kines, P. and Nielsen, K. J., 2018. Social identity, safety climate and self-
reported accidents among construction workers. Construction Management and
Economics. 36(1). pp. 22-31.
Arocena, P. and Núñez, I., 2010. An empirical analysis of the effectiveness of occupational
health and safety management systems in SMEs. International small business
journal. 28(4). pp. 398-419.
Baur, X., 2018. Asbestos-Related Disorders in Germany: Background, Politics, Incidence,
Diagnostics and Compensation. International journal of environmental research and public
health. 15(1). p.143.
Bellamy, L. J., 2018. Doing What Is Right or Doing What Is Safe. In Beyond Safety Training.
pp. 85-96.
Bellamy, L. J., Chambon, M. and van Guldener, V., 2018. Getting resilience into safety
programs using simple tools-a research background and practical
implementation. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 172. pp.171-184.
Cardoso, T. F., Cortez, L.A. and Bonomi, A., 2018. Economic, environmental, and social
impacts of different sugarcane production systems. Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining. 12(1). pp. 68-82.
Castro, I. and Ramos, D.G., 2017, March. Understanding the management of occupational
health and safety risks through the consultation of workers. Occupational Safety and
Hygiene V: Selected papers from the International Symposium on Occupational Safety and
Hygiene (SHO 2017), April 10-11, 2017, Guimarães, Portugal. pp. 17
Celis, I.L.R., and Velasco-Balmaseda, E., 2017. Women’s occupational health and safety
management: An issue for corporate social responsibility. Safety science. 91. pp.61-70.

Champoux, D. and Brun, J. P., 2003. Occupational health and safety management in small size
enterprises: an overview of the situation and avenues for intervention and research. Safety
science. 41(4). pp.301-318.
Chi, C.F. and Lin, S.Z., 2018. Classification scheme and prevention measures for caught-in-
between occupational fatalities. Applied Ergonomics. 68. pp.338-348.
De Oliveira Matias, J. C. and Coelho, D. A., 2002. The integration of the standards systems of
quality management, environmental management and occupational health and safety
management. International Journal of Production Research. 40(15). pp.3857-3866
Fattahi, R. and Khalilzadeh, M., 2018. Risk evaluation using a novel hybrid method based on
FMEA, extended MULTIMOORA, and AHP methods under fuzzy environment. Safety
Science. 102. pp.290-300.
Frick, K. and Wilthagen, T., 2000. Systematic occupational health and safety management:
perspectives on an international development. Pergamon Press.
García, S. A., and Suárez, I. F., 2017. Occupational accidents and their prevention in Spanish
digital press. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social. (72). pp.1608-1625.
Hasle, P. and Limborg, H. J., 2006. A review of the literature on preventive occupational health
and safety activities in small enterprises. Industrial health. 44(1), pp.6-12.
Hohnen, P. and Hasle, P., 2011. Making work environment auditable–A ‘critical case’study of
certified occupational health and safety management systems in Denmark. Safety
Science. 49(7). pp. 1022-1029.
Jerie, S. and Baldwin, J., 2017. The effectiveness of behaviour based safety (BBS) in accident
prevention at a pine timber processing plant in Nyanga District, Zimbabwe. Review of Social
Sciences. 2(6). pp. 01-10.
Kelloway, E. K., Nielsen, K. and Dimoff, J. K., 2017. Leading to Occupational Health and
Safety: How Leadership Behaviours Impact Organizational Safety and Well-Being. John
Wiley & Sons.
Lay, A. M., and Smith, P. M., 2017. The relationship between occupational health and safety
vulnerability and workplace injury. Safety science. 94. pp.85-93.

Lees, F., 2012. Lees' Loss prevention in the process industries: Hazard identification,
assessment and control. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Mannan, S., 2004. Lees' Loss prevention in the process industries: Hazard identification,
assessment and control. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Moyce, S. C. and Schenker, M., 2018. Migrant Workers and Their Occupational Health and
Safety. Annual Review of Public Health. (0). pp.13-14.
MY, I., Ng, Y. G. and BMT, S., 2017. D8-3 The Paper Submitted to the Asian Conference on
Ergonomics and Design: Malaysia Occupational Safety and Health Status in Agriculture:
Overview. The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics. 53(2). pp. 656-659.
ÖZLÜ, A., DERİN, İ. G. and ŞERİFİ, B. A., 2018 A Report on the Comparative Study of
Occupational Diseases Registration Practices and Surveillance in Turkiye, Belgium and The
Netherlands. Annual Review of Public Health. 2(3). pp.13-14.
Quinlan, M., Mayhew, C. and Bohle, P., 2001. The global expansion of precarious employment,
work disorganization, and consequences for occupational health: a review of recent
research. International journal of health services. 31(2). pp. 335-414.
Redinger, C. F. and Levine, S. P., 1998. Development and evaluation of the Michigan
Occupational Health and Safety Management System Assessment Instrument: a universal
OHSMS performance measurement tool. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal. 59(8). pp. 572-581.
Reese, C.D., 2015. Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC
press.
Robinson, J.C., 1991. Toil and toxics: Workplace struggles and political strategies for
occupational health.
Robson, L. S., Irvin, E., Culyer, A. and Mahood, Q., 2007. The effectiveness of occupational
health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review. Safety
Science. 45(3). pp.329-353.
Robson, L.S., and Mahood, Q., 2007. The effectiveness of occupational health and safety
management system interventions: a systematic review. Safety Science. 45(3). pp. 329-353.

Sauter, S. L., Murphy, L. R. and Hurrell, J. J., 1990. Prevention of work-related psychological
disorders: A national strategy proposed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). American Psychologist. 45(10). p.1146.
Swuste, P., Corn, M. and Goelzer, B., 1995. Hazard prevention and control in the work
environment. Report of a WHO meeting. International journal of occupational medicine
and environmental health. 8(1). pp. 7-10.
Thepaksorn, P., and Koizumi, A., 2017. Job safety analysis and hazard identification for work
accident prevention in para rubber wood sawmills in southern Thailand. Journal of
occupational health. 59(6). pp. 542-551.
Williams, O. S., Hamid, R. A. and Misnan, M. S., 2018. Accident Causal Factors on the
Building Construction Sites: A Review. International Journal of Built Environment and
Sustainability. 5(1). pp. 7-10.
Zanko, M. and Dawson, P., 2012. Occupational health and safety management in organizations:
A review. International Journal of Management Reviews. 14(3). pp. 328-344
Zolnikov, T.R., 2018. Occupational Safety and Health. Autoethnographies on the Environment
and Human Health. pp. 39-51.
Online:
Hazard Prevention and Control. 2018 [Online]. Accessed through:
<https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-prevention.html>.

APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Questionnaire
Q1 Do you know about all risk and hazard which are prevailing within organisation?
A. No
B. Yes
Q2 Do organisation is having system which will be governing occupational health and safety
act or its regulations?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Neutral
Q3 Do your organisation is having program for regular training health and safety of employees?
A. No
B. Yes
Q4 Do you think that employees awareness will be important in promoting safety?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Highly agree
D. Highly disagree
E. Neutral
Q5 Do you think that organisation is promoting participation of employee in health and safety?
A. No
B. Yes
Q6 How would the company be encouraging employee participation in safety promotional
activities?

A. By giving them chance to participate
B. By taking their advice at time of planning of safety.
C. Investigating about risk.
Q7 Do you think that Safety measures are been taken by organisation?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Highly agree
D. Highly disagree
E. Neutral
Q8 On what interval of time these measures are been taken?
A. 1-3 months
B. 3-6 months
C. 6-9 months
D. 1 year
Q9 Is the safety measure plan been implemented?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Neutral
Q10 What could be done to eliminate occupational risk and accidents?
A. Training employees
B. Employee participation
C. Planning for risk