End-Stage Renal Disease - PDF
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Added on 2021-06-14
End-Stage Renal Disease - PDF
Added on 2021-06-14
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Running Head: END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE 1End-Stage Renal DiseaseStudent’s nameInstitutional AffiliationsEnd-Stage Renal Disease
END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE 2Part AThe rates at which the incidence and prevalence of the end-stage renal disease are rising among the indigenous Australians provides a fundamental reason for studying the situation. Statistics on health reports reveal that the end-stage renal disease is higher among the aboriginal populations than on the rest of the Australian population. Moreover, the issue raises an important aspect of reflection due to the high mortality rates of indigenous Australians who succumb to the disease as well as other co-morbid infections. Also, a particular case among the indigenous Australian population where the individuals contract the disease ten years earlier thanthe non-indigenous Australians. The situation is also unique to other illnesses that characterize the infection of the end-stage renal disease among indigenous Australians. Thus, there is a need for intervention to prevent and reduce the death rate of indigenous Australians who make up 3.3% of the total Australian population as stated by the 2011 census of Australia. Therefore, this paper will discuss primary epidemiological research of the end-stage renal disease among the indigenous Australian population and the strategy that can be used to address the situation at different levels of the society.Various epidemiological researchers conducted by scholars and healthcare professionals have revealed the significance of studying the end-stage renal disease of Australia. As far as the disease is concerned, its prevalence and incidence among the indigenous Australians are unique than in the rest of the Australians. It varies with age, gender and the methodology of treatment subjected to the affected individuals. Also, epidemiological researchers reveal that the results that take place after treatment are more inferior and fatal among the indigenous Australians than in the rest of the Australians (Luyckx et al., 2013).
END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE 3Another factor of significance is that the disease has a higher comorbidity prevalence which is more complicated than in the non-indigenous population. Therefore, the rate of stabilizing the situation is slow in indigenous individuals thus explaining why the overall population of their community is still lower than other ethnic groups in Australia. Additionally, the case has rendered the health status of indigenous individuals in Australia as poor, and their life expectancy is relatively lesser than the rest of individuals in the Australian population (Yeates et al., 2009). Correspondingly, their health situation is characterized by social determinants of health such as poverty, low education levels, high cases of unemployment, high rates of drug and substance abuse, poor nutrition and an overall situation a low socioeconomic status (Mitrou et al, 2014).Research on the incidence of end-stage renal disease conducted by the ADZDATA Registry reveal data of people receiving chronic dialysis collected in Australia. Hence, the statistical figures reveal that approximately four hundred indigenous individuals out of every onemillion Australians are enrolled in renal replacement therapy. Comparisons between the previousand current statistical information show that there was an increased incidence rate of the end-stage renal disease among the indigenous Australians before 2000 (Siva,2011). Since then, the data indicates stability and slow infection rates of the disease in the same population. However, the data does not offer clarity of whether the stabilization of the incidence rates has resulted fromthe underlying chronic kidney infections or from a propensity to treat the infection facilitated by expansion of renal services in Australian health facilities. Furthermore, an epidemiological study conducted by the Registry reveal that there was no a significant difference of people treated with the end-stage renal disease in both indigenous and non-indigenous Australians between 2003 to 2007.
END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE 4Additionally, data collected in the epidemiological research reveals that the is substantial differences in the incidence of the disease concerning other aspects. The factors include age and gender. The study conducted from 2007 to 2009 did not expose a constant age at which the disease was more or less prevalent. However, it was established that the most significant incidence lied beneath individuals of middle ages of twenty-five to forty-five years. Correspondingly, the relative incident rate of the affected indigenous Australians ranged from 3.82 to 4.46 thus making an average of 4.12 (Excell, 2009). Moreover, the fixed rate was highly characterized with associations in gender. It was clear that the female gender among the indigenous population was the most affected with a relative incidence rate of 5.98. On the other hand, the affected male individuals among the indigenous Australians have a relative incidence rate of 3.01. Moreover, another research conducted by McDonald (2013) implies that the relationship between the incidence of end-stage renal disease and age revealed a great significance. The relative incidence rate increased from 0.8 among indigenous Australians aged fifteen years old orless to 14.8 among those aged forty-five to sixty-four years. Additionally, a decrease was noted among indigenous Australians aged seventy-five years and above where the relative incidence rate fell to 2.07 (McDonald, 2013). Still, the research did not reveal a significant difference in theprevious research on females. There were still lower rates of change among the infected female indigenous Australians. It indicates that in any age bracket, the end-stage renal disease was higher in females than in males. The study also proves that younger indigenous Australians are still at a higher rate of attack than the older ones.Another epidemiological research conducted by Chan et al. (2012) reveal the relationshipamong the incidence, treatment and the geographical location of the indigenous Australians. It
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