Coal Mining Risks and Management

This assignment delves into the multifaceted risks inherent in coal mining operations. It examines environmental hazards like soil contamination and water pollution, analyzes the potential for human health issues such as respiratory diseases and cancer, and considers the social impacts on communities. Furthermore, the assignment discusses various risk management strategies employed in the coal mining industry to minimize these negative consequences.

Long wall mining
Solution 2
Risks associated with mining operations and methods can be briefly explained as-
There are number of risks to your prosperity which can be associated with coal mining
operations. Despite the way that there are apparent workplace threats related to working in a coal
mine. Simply living in the region of a mine can truly cause a combination of prosperity concerns,
and the two sorts of mining (significant and surface) speak to their own specific game plan of
issues.
1. Surface mining well-being group risks
Groups arranged inside closeness of pinnacle mining districts face a far reaching bunch
of prosperity stresses due to a couple of components. The use of explosives at these goals
causes an uncommon measure of clean which can impact the respiratory soundness of
near to gatherings. These explosives are moreover produced using chemicals which have
been associated with hunting in the area. These impacts are furthermore fit for breaking
underground water tables and provoke the sullying of drinking water by generous metals,
mine leakage, and methane gas (Pandey, Agrawal and Singh, 2016). Impacts have caused
flying junk that has slammed into homes causing essential mischief and even loss of life.
Moreover, a couple of the ailments related to significant coal mining is in like manner
show in bunches arranged in the region of surface mining districts.
2. Profound coal mining well-being group chance
The prosperity comes related to significant coal mining bunch which are not normal.
Everything from extended rates of lung development, respiratory illness, and low birth
weight can be associated with bunches that are arranged close mining workplaces. Some
affliction and infection rates are particularly associated with a number of gigantic
measures of coal that are removed from mines (Jenkins, Christian, Mueller and Robbins,
2013). These medicinal issues speak to a gigantic risk to all people arranged inside
closeness of significant coal mining workplaces.

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3. Work related risk of diggers
Excavators go up against a lot of risks working in riskous coal mining areas. The risk of
harm is for all intents and purposes relentless, diggers consistently being hurt from falling
things, rigging, and house top fold. Regardless of the way that the threat of physical harm
is a bona fide stress for a few, this is by all record not by any means the only hazard that
diggers go up against. Excavators similarly hazard respiratory damage through the
strange measures of clean and other compound particulates show in significant coal
mining workplaces (Widanarko, Devereux and Stevenson, 2015). A segment of the
groups caused by these particulates joins COPD, coal laborer's pneumoconiosis (CWP,
generally called dull lung), and dynamic colossal fibrosis. The risk of damage to hearing
is also a relentless stress as the rigging diggers work around is exceptionally boisterous.
Solution 3
Trimble open pit design Dynamic design
Trimble Open Pit Design programming gives
pushed changing capacities to setup pits, seats,
roads and slants faster and less requesting and
delivers distinctive blueprints quickly for
decisions examination (Mahdevari, Shahriar
and Esfahanipour, 2014).
Dynamic design considers snappy control of
pit layout and decreases arrangement time
basically. Parameters can be changed easily for
snappy setup and reconfiguration to consider
distinctive approaches to manage pit shape,
situate sizes, and road and slant ranges. Mine
planners can quickly and successfully make
trade anticipates pit improvement used for
examination and progression (Galunin, Abrão
and Santos, 2014).
The simple to utilize interface and streamlined menus require irrelevant getting ready.

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The item uses standard industry topographical data from fiscal shells and piece models close by
customer described arrangement parameters, including seat and road criteria, to make updated
diagrams. Poor pit design can have authentic outcomes for efficiency, cost overwhelms, and
future mine progression. Essential time prerequisites merged with a limited workforce can
achieve not as much as a perfect arrangement (Mark and Gauna, 2016).
Trimble Open Pit Design programming produces dynamic results for speedier pit game plan
setup so mine planners can put more vitality in choices examination to make a perfect blueprint.
Block design
i. Store and use information by methods for standard cells, subcells, and diverse elements.
ii. Direct inverse partition audit estimation.
iii. Bolster huge number of squares - incorporate, eradicate or change factors logically.
iv. Make custom spare reports, including grade-tonnage plots (McIvor, Johnston, 2016).
Grid outline
i. Assortment of serious showing systems to develop grid surfaces.
ii. Perform complex cross section to system operations.
iii. Make stratigraphic, assistant and grade/quality cross section models using a motorized
showing process.
iv. Produce and inspect spares by overlaying polygons onto systems to make safe cutoff
points.

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Answer 4
The complex design and decision making process can be briefly explained as-
Best sequence for long wall mining
There are two techniques for mining coal usefully: Mining and progress Long divider methods.
Precisely when the coal is less than six meters critical, the best strategy is to utilize the single cut
Long divider method. While if the coal mine will be more than 6 meters, the financial issues
security and dependability of the technique ought to be viewed, for example if the mining
criticalness is 20 m, the multi-cut technique can be utilized 5 times for wrinkle thicknesses of 4
m or the Long divider top coal giving in philosophy can be utilized to expel a layer at the base of
say 4m and the rest can be permitted to fold with a specific extreme goal to ponder the
recuperation of the coal wrinkle that breakdown (Shi and Cai, 2013). Of the two, the Long
divider top coal framework is best as it reduces the cost of the operation. The measure of coal
lost in the rubble amidst the overlap is unimportant and can be stigmatized by the central focuses
accumulated when showed up distinctively in connection to the favorable circumstances that
would have been spent uncovering the 4 layers utilizing the multi-cut methodology (Horberry,
Burgess-Limerick and Steiner, 2016).
The rationality utilized as a part of the middle of the mining procedure is process is either pull
back or progress. For the drawback system, the passages are utilized to obstruct the Long divider
board and once this is done, the extraction of the coal from the wrinkles starts from the total of
the board and advances towards the front and key fragment of the coal mine. In the motion
picture framework, in any case, the mining starts at the essential segment and moves towards the
fulfillment of the board (Zhang, Peterson, Neilans, Wade, McGrady and Pugh, J., 2016). As the
coal is cleared, water driven structures and control frameworks are begun to enable the vehicle to
advance and transport the coal to the designated an area. Consistent change on the two segments
on each side that is inside and out that truly matters dead work is disadvantageous in the progress
long divider framework. This is with a specific end goal to guarantee that the sections are both
open because of the gob circled when the hollows crease. The ventilation of the mine is
additionally energized while utilizing the progress Long divider system (Kowalska, 2014). The

Long wall mining
drawback philosophy is bolstered as it ousts coal from the wrinkles and the ventilation work is
broadly less and there is no need for additional dead work amidst the framework.
Mining methods
Long divider mining is a to a great degree useful underground coal mining system. Long divider
mining machines contain distinctive coal shearers mounted on a development of self-propelling
water energized house top underpins. The whole procedure is automated. Long divider mining
machines are around 800 feet in width and 5 to 10 feet tall. Long divider diggers seclude "sheets"
- rectangular bits of coal as wide as the mining gear and as long as 12,000 feet (Zhang, Peterson,
McGrady and Pugh, 2016).
Huge shearers cut coal from a divider go up against, which falls onto a vehicle line for clearing.
As a long divider excavator propels along a board, the rooftop behind the digger's way is
permitted to fall. Financially, the theory costs are twice higher for Multi Slice Long divider
framework when showed up diversely in connection to Long divider top coal falling method.
Showed up distinctively in connection to the Multi-Slice Long divider framework, the Long
divider Top Coal Caving procedure is more productive as it is more settled as it requires less
work and furnish and can be related with thicker wrinkles more practical. Made by the French in
their coal mining industry, the Long divider top coal giving in philosophy has one face of the
wrinkle tackled the base while the coal that is left on top is taken from the window through the
house top fortify (Yakovleva, 2017).
Panel width decision while mining
Gob trim consolidates setting particular material into the mining a territory with a definitive
target of supporting overburden. For long divider mining, gob brighten is in like way called
finish trim.
More often than not, there are three essential troubles for coal mines to execute trim, of which
one is that the low efficiency with embellishing can't energize the high mining creation. With

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everything considered, the coal profit of 1 million tons for reliably can't be gotten for an entire
refilling long divider face, which is a long way from the necessities of a high-competent current
coal mine (Rout, 2013).
Column sizes
Column sizes in mining are a non-subsidence for a mine, protecting the essential farmland above.
It is among the most secure and a champion among the most normally unselfish ways to deal
with oversee mining coal today, making a non-subsidence condition and keeping up clean water
principles. The level of the segment relies on the idea of the coal wrinkles, the nature of the roof
and the hardness floor of the mine, the impact of the gasses open perceptible all around and to
what degree the portions ought to fortify the coal wrinkle, in like manner called the time
subordinate strain. Right when the coal is solid, the mining operation will require sections with
lesser width (Moffat and Zhang, 2014).
The portion edges will be affected by the idea of the rooftop; if the rooftop is solid, the edges
will be walloped. The strain on the segments increments with the development of time while the
store passed on stays unwavering. Thusly, if the segment is not acceptable in resources, it might
come up short paying little notice to be persevering at the start times. Camp declares that
portions are essential for the security of the laborers in the mines thusly the standard motivation
driving the fragments that are set to the head door section and the last part area is supporting the
overlying strata. The head section is utilized for transporting the excavators, coal and the plans
while the tail territory is utilized for ventilating the mine from clean. The measure of the
fragments to be utilized relies upon the thickness of the wrinkles, the gear being utilized and the
criticalness at which the mining is to be done. Right, when the portion is too thick, there are
catastrophes made since the coal at the segment is not mined (Roiger, 2017). Despite the path
that there is probability to mine the coal at the area as the mining drives, there is still coal
difficulty by an irrelevant rate when pull back mining is related. Right when the area is too thin,
there is the likelihood that the coal rooftop will overlap into the mining region. The overlay will
incite experts being hurt, backing off the technique in light of interruption of the basic stream of
work, and lost a level of the coal that should have been mined because of aggravation to the

Long wall mining
strata and the mistake with immaculate and other undesirable parts. A typical section measures
six to forty-five meters in width and six to twelve meters long. To help the help of the fragments,
extra help is given by rooftop shooting (Jenkins and Robbins, 2013).
PART A
The spread sheet is attached-
The spreadsheet is attached below.
PART B
The given values for the above geometry are as follows

Pit Floor
Down Dip (7 degrees)
7.2 km
6.1 km
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 Pit Pillar (100 m)
 Seam thickness (3.6 m)
 Main gate development dimensions
o 4 headings (3.6 m x 4.5 m)
o 3 pillars (8.0 m wide)
 Main gate pillar width (50 m)
 Head and Tail gate development dimensions
o 2 headings (3.6 m x 4.5 m)
 1 pillar (8.0 m wide)
The given diagram of the geometry is as follows-
Now applying the Simpsons rule for the given geometry as-
Area of the above geometry can be analyzed as-
Area= h
3 ( f 0+ 4 f 1 +f 2 )

Long wall mining
Volume Of The Coal Mine L= 1000
Width Length Height Volume
1150 3050 3.6 12627000
1150 3000 3.6 12420000
1150 2950 3.6 12213000
1150 2900 3.6 12006000
1150 2800 3.6 11592000
1150 2700 3.6 11178000
1150 2700 3.6 11178000
1150 2900 3.6 12006000
1150 2600 3.6 10764000
1150 2400 3.6 9936000
1150 1400 3.6 5796000
1150 1250 3.6 5175000
total 126891000
x f(x) h/3 area volume f(x)ii h/3 area volume
0 3050 400 2900 400
1200 3000 400 3050 400
2400 3050 400 7240000 26064000 2800 400 7160000
2577600
0
3600 2950 400 0 2600 400 0
4800 2950 400 7120000 25632000 1500 400 5880000
2116800
0
6000 2950 400 0 1350 400 0
7200 2600 400 6940000 24984000 700 400 3040000
1094400
0
21300000 76680000 16080000
5788800
0
Total Volume 13456800

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0
Pillar volume
Pillar type Length
Widt
h Height Volme
Pit pillar 100 100 3.6 36000
Main gate 50 50 3.6 9000
THE 3
PILLARS 8 8 3.6 230.4
8 8 3.6 230.4
8 8 3.6 230.4
T.
VOLUME 45691.2
Volume Of Seam Coal Using Panel Length As 1400M
2300 2900 3.6 24012000
2300 3000 3.6 24840000
2300 2800 3.6 23184000
2300 3000 3.6 24840000
2300 2700 3.6 22356000
2300 1500 3.6 12420000
total 131652000
x f(x) h/3 area volume f(x)ii h/3 area volume
0 3000 600 2700 600
1800 3050 600 3050 600
3600 2700 600
1074000
0 38664000 2850 600
1065000
0
3834000
0
5400 2800 600 1900 600
7200 2600 600 9900000 35640000 700 600 6690000 2408400

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0
2064000
0 74304000
1734000
0
6242400
0
total volume 136728000
Thus the % of coal that is recovered is
length of panel
volume
(simpsons)
volume
(panels)
pillar
volume
volume
remaining
% of coal
recovered
1150 134568000 126891000 45691.2 7677000 6%
2300 136728000 131652000 45691.2 5076000 4%
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Jenkins, W.D., Christian, W.J., Mueller, G. and Robbins, K.T., 2013. Population cancer risks
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Kowalska, I.J., 2014. Risk management in the hard coal mining industry: Social and
environmental aspects of collieries’ liquidation. Resources Policy, 41, pp.124-134.

Long wall mining
Mahdevari, S., Shahriar, K. and Esfahanipour, A., 2014. Human health and safety risks
management in underground coal mines using fuzzy TOPSIS. Science of the Total
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mining science and technology, 26(1), pp.9-18.