Barriers to Adoption of PV Systems

This article explores the barriers and challenges to the adoption of PV systems, focusing on economic and management barriers. It discusses the current energy scenario in Bangladesh and the potential of solar energy. The article also highlights the government's energy plan and strategies for renewable energy. Future projects and initiatives are also mentioned.

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Introduction
Electricity is an indispensable element for both monetary and social advancement in this era.
Adequate, reliable as well as reasonably priced electricity supply is basic essential for national
advancement. Because of developing energy utilization around the globe and famous depletion
of petroleum product holds, an incredible enthusiasm on elective energy sources may be seen
these days. Bangladesh is a thickly populated nation having 160 million individuals with high
energy utilization rate. To support the present improvement rate, Bangladesh needs to beat issues
of intensity emergency (Amin et al., 2016)
Diffusion research regarding PV frameworks has existed since 1980s with developing interest.
Numerous researchers have contemplated concern from sociotechnical point of view. A few
analysts have concentrated on monetary perspectives while others have dissected strategy and
board measurements. Numerous experimental studies have showed up in various settings, not
just based on classification of nations. Considering obstructions has been of basic enthusiasm for
some fields, including renewable electricity source investigate. Be that as it may, there is no
complete and late examination on boundaries to selection of PV frameworks.
Reducing this gap, the aim of this article is to research barriers to selection of PV frameworks in
an assortment of settings. To address this, we directed broad and methodical writing survey
dependent on the Web of Science database by concentrating on appropriation of PV frameworks
by family unit adopters. Sustainable electricity source, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV),
would be a potential source to illuminate this. In this paper, the present energy situation of
Bangladesh is introduced and possibilities of solar PV based power age are talked about. The
present by and large situation of solar home systems (SHS) has been featured (Hosenuzzaman et
al., 2015). The activities officially taken by the administration, future undertakings, boundaries

and difficulties are depicted. A couple of recommendations are additionally exhibited to confront
and beat the boundaries and difficulties.
Global current Energy Scenario
In 2012, overall energy demand was estimated to be 17 TW. For 2050, anticipated sum is as
much as 30 TW. The World Energy Council (WEC) gives a worldwide demonstrated coal hold
of around 850 BT (Billion Tones) which is probably going to most recent 150 years. World Coal
Association (WCA) and British Petroleum (BP) propose this is sufficient to give us 118 years at
current rates of generation. WEC proposes that 37 percent of assessed recoverable oil has been
devoured. In 2010, the rest of oil holds are believed to be around 1.3 trillion barrels of oil. The
BP gauges an all-out residual hold of 187 trillion cubic meters of flammable gas in 2011
(Hossain, Rakin, Al Mamun and Haque, 2017). The WCA gauges that this will go on until
around 2070 expecting current creation rates. The WEC recommends that flammable gas could
be critical supply of energy for following 130 years.
Bangladesh Current Power Scenario
As indicated by the ongoing estimation, Bangladesh has around 3,300 MT (Million Tons) of coal
assets out of which 800 MT are demonstrated stores. To this extent cumulative number of gas
fields established are 24. Absolute recoverable stores are 20.605 trillion cubic feet (TCF).
Absolute gas utilization up to June 2011 is 9.788 TCF (Hossain, Hossain and Uddin, 2017).
Absolute outstanding store is 10.817 TCF. An aggregate of 708.92 billion cubic feet (BCF) gas
was delivered in the financial year 2010-2011. Despite the fact that less in amount compared
with gas and coal saves, oil stores of around 40 million barrels additionally have been found in
Bangladesh. To fulfill the need we import oil from abroad.

Bangladesh positions third among best 20 nations where individuals need access to power. Until
2010, 66.6 million individuals which are 45 percent of nation's populace were out of power. The
quantity of Bangladeshi individuals under power inclusion expanded from 22 percent to 55
percent in two decades ago. Just 43 percent of provincial occupants and 88 percent of urban
individuals were brought under power inclusion until 2010 (Hussin, Issabayeva and Aroua,
2018).
Present Government Energy Plan
The viewpoint plan of arranging commission of legislature of Bangladesh for period 2010 to
2021 has prescribed energy blend to accomplish the age of 20,000 MW by 2021. Focuses of
power generation by 2013 and 2015 are 7,000 MW and 8000 MW individually.
Energy Policy
The 2010 policy paper for sector of electricity was created by the MEW and embraced by the
Bangladesh government in 2010 because of its cooperation in 2009 Copenhagen Climate
Summit. This plan characterizes the nation's methodology and desire for sector of electricity and
sustainable power source hotspots for year 2020. As far as administrative measures, it prescribes
the improvement of energy protection law that will give a stage of norms as well as guidelines
for utilization of sustainable energies just as devise of financing plans to support their dispersion
(MEW 2010). Sun oriented PV is seen as key answer for come to 12% inexhaustible focus for
2020.
Scenario of Renewable Energy
All inclusive sustainable energy sources produce 3.47 percent of entire electricity demand, while
in Bangladesh it is just about 0.45 percent. The arrangement empowers the private and open

parts to create elective wellsprings of energy to get together to 10 percent of all out power
request through sustainable power source, for example, sunlight based, wind, biomass as well as
hydropower by 2020 (Islam, Sarker and Ghosh, 2017). Because of characteristic level landscape,
the hydroelectric potential is generally little and it is assessed to be around 330 MW, out of
which 230 MW has just been created. The main hydro control station of nation, producing limit
of 230 MW by 7 units is situated in Kaptai over waterway Karnafuly.
Solar Energy Potential of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a standout amongst the most encouraging nations of solar energy. It is positioned
in range of 20.30 and 26.38 degrees north scope and 88.04 and 92.44 degrees east. It is a perfect
area for solar energy usage. The nation has on normal 300 daylight days and daylight of 4.0 - 6.5
kWh irradiance maintained the potential without a doubt. This made it conceivable to accomplish
80 percent development of solar home framework (SHS) yearly (Islam, Akhter and Rahman,
2018). It empowers individuals to utilize lights, fans and TVs and so on living in remote area
without national framework. Most extreme measure of sunlight based radiation is accessible on
the period of March-April and least on December-January. The all out solar energy achieving
Bangladesh is 180×109 MWh every year which is multiple times energy produced as power.
Photovoltaic Initiative
Photovoltaic applications are exclusively reliant on solar home systems (SHS) in Bangladesh. In
excess of 50,000 new SHSs are being introduced each month. Bangladesh has officially praised
the establishment of 2 million frameworks by July, 2013. SHS comprises of solar board, a
battery and a charge controller which is a monetarily practical answer for power in towns where

network power would be excessively costly. The battery is charged by sun oriented board, which
thusly gives power to family units.
This accomplishment of spreading the SHS to remote spots of nation has been conceivable due
to immediate usage of universes in provincial family units by NGOs that have gotten budgetary
support from contributors (Mandal et al., 2017). A stream diagram is given about the reserve
stream in the Figure 1. The universal contributors like IDA, ADB, IDB assets at loan cost for
limited residency to government. Government gives stipends to IDCOL. At that point IDCOL
gives such stipends to Partner Organizations (PO) like BRAC, GRAMEEN SHAKTY alongside
other to lessen SHS cost, limit building and delicate credits. Contributors give delicate advances,
gifts and specialized help through IDCOL to POs. Shoppers are straightforwardly associated
with POs and they get administrations from POs. Inevitably, POs select territories, introduce
SHS and give after deals support and stretch out smaller scale credit to clients.
Figure 1: Solar Home Systems Funding (Mollik et al., 2016)
Government Strategies

In line with Government's Renewable Energy Policy, government has wanted to deliver in any
event 500 MW control from sustainable power sources by 2015. Government has dispersed all-
out interest between open divisions and private areas. Government has exempted salary charge
for next 5 years from business creation of sustainable power source. The plans are given
underneath progressively:
 Solar Park: The Park will straightforwardly be associated with matrix. Almost, 100 to
150 MW of sun oriented power is principally surveyed for sunlight based park in various
areas (Mollik et al., 2016).
 Roof Top Solar Power Solution: Aggregated 3 megawatt pinnacle Solar Panel previously
introduced all through the nation under thought.
 Solar LED Street Lighting: There are 6 city enterprises in the nation that works around
5000 kilometers lanes. As per Asian Development Bank's (ADB) primer investigation, 33
LED units may be required to charge 1 kilometer road. The undertaking is expected to
include 10 megawatt sun based power through Solar LED
 Solar Home System in Educational Institutions: The task means to give 7000 solar power
frameworks to choose government and non-government foundations.
 Solar Powered Irrigation System: Under the proposed program, an aggregate of 10,000
sun oriented water system siphons will be introduced everywhere throughout the nation
to supplant diesel based siphons (Nikita et al., 2016).
Future Projects
 In 2013, after effective culmination of primary stage, World Bank has as of late endorsed
Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development II (RERED II) task to help
another 550,000 frameworks in remote provincial zones of Bangladesh

 ADB is happy to finance for 500 MW photovoltaic tasks in Bangladesh's off-framework
regions. It intends to present 3,000 MW of sunlight based power frameworks in Asia
pacific districts by 2013
 Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) is set to introduce 2,000 PV
smaller than expected lattice control plants by 2014 out of an offer to bring its off-matrix
territories under the power arrange (Rahman and Kholilullah, 2017). Plants with a normal
limit of 25 kW will be introduced in the off matrix regions of Bangladesh, which will
create 113 kWh consistently
 Government has wanted to upgrade national power age ability to 16000 MW by 2015.
The sunlight based power commitment to this sum is evaluated to be 500 MW
BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES
Economic barrier
The reception of PV systems faces a few monetary obstructions. Such obstructions can be in
various structures, in view of both time and area. As is known in the writing on advancements,
the expense of a development more often than not diminishes with time and can fluctuate
contingent upon the area. Financial hindrances are normally identified with surprising expense of
sun oriented PV modules. The dispersion of PV frameworks is likewise influenced by the
expense of other energy sources in the district in light of fact that potential adopters may need to
pick between PV frameworks and conventional energy sources (Sharif et al., 2018). In the event
that the expenses of contending sources are low, such may comprise a boundary to PV reception.
The lower the establishment cost of PV frameworks, the more probable that individuals will
receive them. Therefore, staggering expenses for interest in PV frameworks are regularly seen as
an obstruction to appropriation, e.g., in China as well as Japan.

The mind-boggling expenses of PV establishment are referenced in numerous examinations that
are situated in few nations, for example, South Korea, Greece as well as USA. Models are spread
over both off lattice, e.g., in Ethiopia and Senegal and on network applications, e.g., in Italy as
well as USA. Such discourses likewise incorporate outsider proprietors. Furthermore, the
recognition on the mind-boggling expense of PV frameworks can fluctuate. Koinegg et al.
contend that the apparent expense of PV frameworks can be a boundary to selection. For
structure incorporated PV frameworks, the expense isn't really as high as normally seen.
Management barrier
Lack of as well inappropriate management is one of primary hindrances in the dissemination of
new innovation, not least for PV frameworks, particularly when they are utilized in country
settings. One of principle the executives hindrances is the unseemly organization business
portfolio for objective market. At the point when PV framework is used to supply power access
in country regions in low pay economies, distinctive business techniques ought to be executed
contrasted and high salary economies where it is frequently utilized as elective power supply
(Tasneem, Annie, Uddin and Salim, 2016). What's more, actualizing comparative plans of action
with respect to urban utilization isn't material in provincial settings in view of a few conditions
that separate this market from higher salary adopters. Suitable money related plans are required
for low salary markets. Such are, for instance, expense for administration and microcredit.
Money related plans are significant, as talked about in Section 3.3, and organizations ought to
think about such plans when entering the PV advertise

Economic barrier
Related to their high value, PV frameworks are normally not gainful without approach support in
numerous nations. In this way, strategy measures are of essential significance for fast
dissemination of earth cordial developments among them PV frameworks.
Right now, most nations have an assortment of strategy measures to help sustainable electricity
sources. In any case, now and again, existing approach backing can be expelled, causing a stun
impact in the market. The instance of Spain is one case of such a phenomenon. Movilla et al.
fused such a boundary when considering the Spanish instance of dissemination of PV
frameworks. Along such lines for Austria, Brudermann et al. likewise referenced the negative
effect of decrease of sponsored feed in taxes on reception. Inadequate and incapable strategy
support is frequently referenced as a boundary in a few examinations in various settings, e.g., in
Netherlands and USA (Tasneem, Annie, Uddin and Salim, 2016). For instance, Vasseur et al.
show impact of conflicting national endowment plots in the Netherlands that may demoralize
business people from putting resources into PV frameworks. In South Korean instance of smaller
scale age as concentrated by Jeong, arrangement support additionally exists yet some potential
adopters still would prefer not to introduce PV frameworks.
This is on the grounds that the advantages of receiving PV frameworks are not more than the
expenses. For this situation, the potential adopters incline toward direct endowments rather than
low intrigue credits. Such befuddle between request and strategy measures may likewise be seen
on account of some UK urban areas, where the strategy measures don't relate to financial
elements.
Strategic Framework

Strategic niche management
Strategic niche management is an approach recently developed that may aid in induction of a
broad social technical transitions aimed at more sustainable development. Its main aim is to
contribute to a wide shift to more sustainable economic growth via integration of a combination
of system-wide as well as technological progress social institutional transformation.
As an aspect of socio-technical transition studies, strategic niche management is a system which
enables deeper analysis of the movement that occurs inside a socio-technical niche. The niche
may be perceived as an alternative configuration to a current system or reign in which new
technologies as well as radical innovations take place. Strategic niche management is thus used
in the management of technical innovation alongside facilitation of the design of policies and
experiment at niche level. Besides, it as well presents an analytical concept and model of
research which enables extensive exploration of interaction that takes place between a niche and
the environment. Going by the strategic niche management, solar electricity niche in Bangladesh
is defined as protective space having a market as well as set of projects which abide by specific
regulations even as it engages a network of actors.
Conclusion
It is the most opportune moment to think unique and not to go for power age by just customary
methods. Limiting the dependence upon petroleum products and concentrating on sustainable
electricity source like sun based photovoltaic will be a manner by which such creating nations
can limit their effect on nature as well as make proficient ventures. Many created and creating
nations have officially taken strategy to go for 100 percent sustainable power source by 2050
where hindrance for Bangladesh is the absence of arrangement execution. As Bangladesh's sun

oriented industry is exclusively subject to import office so we need to spend a great deal of
remote cash in this field. We need matrix associated framework through using unutilized space.
We trust that with assistance of such assets Bangladesh can trade power satisfying inside need in
not so distant future.
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