 w t g Q  qwtr + qrwg + qb + Cm
Tm /
T ................................... (2)
where
 w t g Q - the radiant energy absorbed by the solar panel
qwtr
the heat transferred to the water to give the temperature rise across the panel,
t g - transmissivity of the cover
 w - the absorptivity of the panel and the material,
Qb - the conduction heat loss from the base,
Cm
Tm /
T - thermal lag term for unsteady operation
Tm - the mean mat temperature
The heat which is transferred to the a=water cvan be obtained by adopting the below changes :
Twoi  Two  Twi
qwtr  m cw  Two  Twi   m cw Twoi .........................................(3) (Green et al., 2015)
where;
m - is the mass flow rate of the water over the solar panel in kg / s.
cw - is the specific heat capacity of the water.
A combination of conduction and radiation is responsible fo the transfer of heat back to the panel. This
can be noted in the below form;
.............(4) (Pfenninger et al., 2014)
where
Tw and Tg - absolute temperatures of the gas and water which is stuck between the cover and the panel
 w - the emissivity of the brine surface
 - the Stefan-Boltzmann constant  56.69 1012 kJ / m2 K 4 s.

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