Oil and Gas Industry: Challenges and Innovations

This assignment delves into the multifaceted world of the oil and gas industry. It examines crucial topics such as stress corrosion cracking in pipelines, LNG plant construction practices, integrated gas and power systems planning, coal seam gas developments, sustainable landfill management, and the resilience of energy supply chains. The analysis also explores legal frameworks surrounding offshore installations, decommissioning, and artificial reefs, as well as the impacts of coal seam gas activities on soil resources. Finally, it touches upon current trends in oil and gas storage and transportation within China.

Running Head:ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
OPERATION MANAGEMENT IN GAS PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION IN AUSTRALIA
Name of the Student
Name of the University

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
2. Reference List..............................................................................................................................5
3. Mind Map....................................................................................................................................6
4. Literature Planner........................................................................................................................6
References......................................................................................................................................20

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Literature Review
1. Introduction
The onshore pipeline industry of Australia plays a vital role for meeting the need of
the people of Australia by providing energy, efficiency and robustness in environment
infrastructure system. In Australian economy the pipeline and gas plays a very important role
for the construction of new onshore pipelines, that has the expansion of existing pipeline
system and hence the development of gad infrastructure (Antilleet al. 2014). The Australian
Pipeline & Gas Association (APGA) has identifies that all the Companies as a part of the
association should be able to actively pursue strategies ensuring the excellence in safety,
security and health outcomes in every aspect of the business activities. Since the industry
determines the expectation of the people associated, regulators and wider community, it
minimizes the incidents that affect the workforce of the environment (Maslen2014).
The standard of Pipeline-Gas and Liquid petroleum has been prepared by the members of
Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipeline.
The members together decided to develop this standard. These standards are general and
unifying standards that cover the high pressure petroleum pipeline. The series comprises
standards from Part 0 to Part 5; general requirements, design and construction, welding,
operation and maintenance, offshore submarine pipeline systems, Field pressure testing
respectively. These plays secondary and indirect role top the system whereas there are
primary and direct roles that achieve the purpose of ME-038 Committee.
The Pipeline development and construction in Australia operates the Bass Strait
offshore oil and gas field since 1969. This associates production and facilities of processing.
Esso Australia Resources Pty Ltd has several numbers of pipelines that transports crude oil,
condensate and LPG (Triggeret al. 2014). There is a replacement going on, in the 187

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kilometer pipeline transporting the crude oil and condensate between the facilities. The
existing pipeline of Esso has been replaced by the adjacent new pipelines. The Esso consulted
with some individual landlords and hence conveys the necessity the access of the land and
properties in advance such that there are any other activities undertaken on the property
(Towleret al. 2016). In every stage of the project of pipeline construction the Esso
communicates the landowners and occupiers such that to provide information and understand
the concerns of the project work. The interference gets minimized by the activities
undertaken by occupiers and landowners. The pre-construction survey includes cultural and
environmental heritages, which have been carried out prior the construction of the final
project. The affected owners of the land and occupiers are consulted for the nature, location
and timing of the next survey.
The preparation of the construction includes some of the temporary disruptions, cautious
planning and consultation that help in ensuring the disturbance that should be minimized to
the land owners. There are several stages consulting with this activity like pot-holing for
proving the service location of existing pipeline, clearing alongside some public roads to
provides temporary access to the pipeline easement and construction of temporary fencing
and temporary gates. The facility has temporary space of work adjacent to easement by
negotiating with the landowners those who are relevant.
There are processes that the construction of pipeline follows: Clear and grade;
Stringing and bending; Welding; Trenching; lowering in; backfill and soil replacement and
rehabilitation (Maslen2015). The construction areas which are temporary for the pipeline can
be identifies clearly. The clearing is limited to the safe completion of the project construction
and some of the obstruction can be removed by consulting the landowners. Landowners have
consulted with some of the aspects like dust, noise and timing and even bio-security. The
pipes are then delivered and are laid in the ground making ready for the wielding. Bending

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equipments are brought to the place for bending requirement (Vacheret al. 2014). The
qualified welders together join the pipeline and inspect it by using x-ray or ultrasonic
equipments. The welded joints are protected from being corroded. Trenchless construction’ is
used in pipeline installation when ordinary trenching techniques are not suited to certain
conditions, such as crossing under watercourses, railways or some public roads. The quality
assurance check after being finalized the pipe is lowered into the trench by using excavators.
After placing the pipeline and excavated soil the sub-soils are placed into the trench.
Rehabilitation of work sites for the Project will be undertaken taking into consideration any
landowner, in accordance with industry standards and occupier requirements. There are
processes and procedures to plant pipeline-natural gas. The gas are transferred by the pipeline
system to the consumers or the excessive are stored in the underground storage for future use.
Storage helps in maintaining pipeline systems operational integrity for meeting the
customer’s requirement during peak-usage period. There are series of processes involving the
physical array of facilities like Gathering lines, Processing Plantation, Mainline transmission
systems, Market Centers and hub and underground storage facilities. The natural gas pipeline
in Australia has produced natural gas sharply within last few years which resulted in the
development of new project and industries regarding natural gas. According to Oil and Gas
industry journal, Australia has been proved to be one of the largest natural gas reserves as
recorded on January 2014.
The main purpose of this project is to evaluate the case study of Australia’s operation in
management in gas pipeline construction and the aspects of the preparation of the
construction. Introduction journals related to the Construction and operation of the pipeline in
Australia.

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2. Reference List
Antille, D.L., Eberhard, J., Huth, N.I., Marinoni, O., Navarro-Garcia, J., Cocks, B. and
Schmidt, E.J., 2014. Impacts of coal seam gas infrastructure development on agricultural soil:
a case-study in southern Queensland, Australia. In 2014 Montreal, Quebec Canada July 13–
July 16, 2014 (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Maslen, S., 2014. Learning to prevent disaster: an investigation into methods for building
safety knowledge among new engineers to the Australian gas pipeline industry. Safety
Science, 64, pp.82-89.
Maslen, S., 2015. Organisational factors for learning in the Australian gas pipeline industry.
Journal of Risk Research, 18(7), pp.896-909.
Towler, B., Firouzi, M., Underschultz, J., Rifkin, W., Garnett, A., Schultz, H., Esterle, J.,
Tyson, S. and Witt, K., 2016. An overview of the coal seam gas developments in Queensland.
Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 31, pp.249-271.
Trigger, D., Keenan, J., de Rijke, K. and Rifkin, W., 2014. Aboriginal engagement and
agreement-making with a rapidly developing resource industry: Coal seam gas development
in Australia. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(2), pp.176-188.
Vacher, C.A., White, S., Eberhard, J., Schmidt, E., Huth, N.I. and Antille, D.L., 2014.
Quantifying the impacts of coal seam gas (CSG) activities on the soil resource of agricultural
lands in Queensland, Australia. In 2014 Montreal, Quebec Canada July 13–July 16, 2014 (p.
1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.

Running Head:ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
3. Mind Map

Running Head:ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
4. Literature Planner
Journals
Reference Number: 1
Title of Article: A Service - Oriented Approach to Onshore Gas Transmission Pipeline
Construction
Authors:Dr. Leone Dunn and Associate Professor Peter Gibson
Publication: IEEE
Type: Journal Article
Year Published: 2007 Number of citations: 5
Primary or Secondary: Primary
What was the research question?The main research strategy is to investigate the plan and
control the process in onshore gas transmission pipeline construction.
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Three key concepts for data analysis
and evaluation are the reliability, validity, and representativeness of the data.
Design:Initial section gives a general view of the research design that shapes the contents of
this paper. It describes the logic used for getting from the initial research questions to the
conclusions of the gas pipeline of Australia.
What was the finding? The recent development on philosophy of manufacturing has provided
a benefit for the large project engineering industry. This research has proposed that the
industries work towards competitively superior Internet-based service oriented strategies than
the traditional Tayloristic industrial engineering strategies which are able to embrace
complexity, rather that have become the norm.
What were the gaps? Information Access, Knowledge Management and Organizational
Learning: Lack of timely, in depth, and relevant information to pipeline partners appears to be

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one of the causes of collaboration and control problems in pipeline construction.
Reference Number: 2
Title of Article:SEA Gas pipeline rolls out
Authors:Tim Hughes
Publication:MESA Journal 28
Type:Journal
Year Published: 2003 Number of citations: 4
Primary or Secondary:Primary
What was the research question?What are the Sea Gas pipeline roll outs?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Ownership, Contractor, Pipeline length, Gas
source, Pipeline capacity, Pipeline users, Environment, Economic impact, Employment and Project
timing.
Design:The design of the pipeline management is to maintain and use the pipeline system without
damaging the environment.
What was the finding?The roll out of the pipeline system in Australia of the sea gas manufacturing and
delivering. Some of the project facts were Ownership: SEA Gas was invented to own the SEA Gas
Pipeline Project; Contractor: The contract of Contraction and Engineering procurement were being
undertaken by Origin Energy, International Power and TXU Australia; Pipeline length: It has been
developed for the delivery of gas in industries and towns along the route and are been distributed as per
economical need; Gas Source: Sourced from various places like Victoria, Minerva etc.; Pipeline
Capacity: A major amount of gas carried through underground pipeline;Pipeline users: Some of the
open source pipelines can be accesses by parties having contracted with; Environment: It has been
agreed by the Australian government that the gas pipeline may not harm the environment and then has
been permitted; Economic impact: The sea gas production has been developed in different and creating
opportunities for the development in communities; Employment: there are new jobs in construction

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hospitality and engineering including some sourced from local communities along the route; Project
timing: There are specific times for n1the development of the SEA gas industry.
What were the gaps?Since The Sea Gas office was moved from the old premises by the South
Australian Ministerfor Energy, Patrick Conlon.Hence, some of the project analysis documents were not
found in time.
Reference Number: 3
Title of Article:Overview of the Design, Construction and Operation of Interstate LiquidPetroleum
Pipelines
Authors:T.C. Pharris and R.L. Kolpa
Publication:Argonne National Laboratory
Type:Journal
Year Published:2008 Number of citations:8
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?What is the Pipeline designs associated in Petroleum Pipeline?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?The journal article deals with the Pipeline
Design, Pipeline Construction and Pipeline Operation.
Design:The major steps in pipelining system design involving the establishment of performance
objective, critical pipeline and critical engineering designed parameter like the throughput requirement,
destination and origin points, the product properties like specific gravity and viscosity, pipelining route
topology, Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP), determining the Hydraulic calculation,
Thickness of the wall, diameter of the pipelines and requirement of yield strength, distance and number
of the pump stations and finally the requirements of the pump station horsepower.
What was the finding?Monitoring the pipeline’s flow parameters, operational procedure and controls
of the Pipelining industry. The main finding was the pipelining operations which included inspection
and markers, repairing of pipelining system, security concerns, leakage detection, etc. There are several

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mapping tool as well in the content of this project.
What were the gaps?There are gaps in the designing process of the pipeline system, since many land
owners may not agree for the same.
Reference Number: 4
Title of Article:An investigation of the regulation of the natural gaspipeline system in Australia, the
United States andthe implications for China
Authors:Wang Yu, Yan Yan, Zhu Tieyan, Han Linling and Sun Xinzheng
Publication:2015
Type:Journal
Year Published:2015 Number of citations:20
Primary or Secondary:Primary
What was the research question?What are the Natural Gas Pipeline and the Regulation in Australia?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?Gas Industry Overview, Pipeline Regulation
in Australia which includes Transmission Pipelines and Distribution Pipelines, Regulatory Framework,
Economic Regulation of the Gas Transmission Market, The National Gas Law and Rules, Regulation
Forms, in the next part Additional Explanations about Pipeline Regulations and Relevant Gas Pricing,
Pipeline Regulation in WA.
Design:Regulation of natural gas pipeline comparing in Australia, The Australia and US have notable
implications for the regulation of the gas pipelining in China. Hence along with Australia, Chain will
also benefit the regulatory reform in the sector of natural gas pipeline.
What was the finding?Several recent discoveries and growingregional demand for gas have spurred
more investment activity in the country'sreserves. Australia's natural gas reserves vary by industry
source and the category ofcommercial viability. The scope of the investigation of natural gas pipeline
system, is that the to transport natural gas from the industry to the consumers which involves various
physical transfer of custody and multiple processing steps. The system begins with the natural gas
production in well or field. Once the gas leaves the production field and well, the flow is been directed

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by a pipeline gathering system of the natural gas processing plant or directed to the mainline
transmission grid. This transmission depends on the initial quality of the wellhead production. If there is
any excessive amount of gas left in the pipeline then it is been stored at the storage system, such that to
make it useable for the future.
What were the gaps?The gap of this journal wasthat there were no chances of long-term institutional
arrangement.
Reference Number:5
Title of Article:Quantifying the impacts of coal seam gas (CSG) activities on the soil resource of
agricultural lands in Queensland, Australia.
Authors:C. A. Vacher, S White, J. Eberhard, E. Schmidt, N I Huth, D L Antille
Publication:American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan
Type:Journal
Year Published: 2014 Number of citations:4
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?What were the impacts of coal seam gas (CSG) activities on the soil
resource of agricultural lands in Queensland in Australia?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?The quantity and quality management of the
Australian Gas pipeline and storage system.
Design:The design of this journal was Regional description followed by checking the Properties of the
Soil Resource, Impacts of the CSG Industry on the Soil Resource. Some of the future research fields
that further qualifies the impact of the soil type: Qualifying the extent of the specific soil type impact;
To assess the severity of impact some laboratory measurements has to be undertaken on the basis of
interrelationship between the topography, practices and type of soil; and for improving the outcomes
reviewing the current management practices by CSG activities.
What was the finding?The current measurement of CGS Queensland areas has indicated some similar
situation of the impact on the spoil resources due to the pipelining installation which included chemical
degradation along with textural and structural as well. Resulting in highly surfaces and subsurface

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hydrology in some areas and even erosion potential increases.
What were the gaps?There were several gasp which were the data regarding secondary impacts
commonly resulting from this disturbance includes infiltration and drainage impedance (or high
variability), subsidence, surface and tunnel erosion particularly for Sodosol and Chromosol soil types,
were no been found form the journal.
Reference Number: 6
Title of Article:How environmental regulations affect innovation in the Australian oil and gas industry:
going beyond the Porter Hypothesis
Authors:Ford, Jerad A., John Steen, and Martie-Louise Verreynne.
Publication:Cleaner Production
Type:Journal
Year Published:2014 Number of citations:40
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?What was the environmental regulation regarding the innovation of
oil and gas management in Australia?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?The impact of the environmental regulation
on innovation is of central interest to many industries and policy makers alike. While traditional
research adopts a top-down view of regulation and attempts to measure the innovation response, the
more bottom-up view of contemporary theory argues that firms produce innovations that exceed
compliance levels as a competitive strategy. We approach this dichotomy by investigating innovation
introduced by Australian oil and gas firms in light of environmental regulatory compliance burden and
firm-level characteristics, including competitive capabilities.
Design:Analyzing the survey response by executive-level interviews and conference
proceedings,revealing the regulatory and competitive advantages perspective as explained by the
industry.
What was the finding?The journal highlights about the regulation of the environment and the firm

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level characteristics that explains innovation in the gas and oil pipelining system in Australia. The
regulation of the environmental burden is related to the service or product and even the novel innovation
of the country. The firm level capability along with the collaborations and R&D supports these
innovations. In terms of competitive advantages these environmental innovations can be properly
explained. The case evidence shows that the firm move beyond the compliances as per the competitive
strategy.
What were the gaps?The analysis reveals that the product and the service are related to a high
compliance burden, competitive skills, research and development activity, and engagement in formal
collaborations. But there is a gap within the study of data collection of the competitive skills of the
pipelining industry.
Reference Number: 7
Title of Article:An overview of the coal seam gas developments in Queensland
Authors:BrianTowler, MahshidFirouzi, JamesUnderschultz, WillRifkin, AndrewGarnett, HelenSchultz,
JoanEsterle, StephenTyson, KatherineWitt
Publication:Natural Gas Science and Engineering
Type:Journal
Year Published:2016 Number of citations:19
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?What is the primary concept of Coal seam gas? What is Coal bed
methane and what are the technical challenges related to the coal seam storage in the environment of
Australia?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?Traditional analysis approaches deals with
the studied document whereas system thinking approaches focuses on the interrelationships within the
different constituents of the system. There are three main parts in the system thinking: Purpose,
Elements and Function. The first part deals with the purpose of the adoption of the system thinking,
second part with the various elements of the system thinking and the last part deals with the
interrelationships of the system elements. But perusing these surrounds the business with challenges

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like: Defining the corporate sustainability, providing potential benefits to the society and environment
and creating examples for the sustainable business and the practical works related to it. As there are two
approaches to strive down the problems, there are ways to show how system thinking can help in
diagnosing the challenges arouse for global sustainable development. The key variables for the
consumption and brainstorms the critically obstructs the links in between.
Design:of the problem related to the topic Fracking (Coal-Seam Gas extraction) in Australia, where
Farmers of Queensland and NSW protested over the safety and threats on the country’s greenery and
food security. The gas that has come from shale and Coal Seam Gas (CSG) are chemically similar.
What was the finding?The recent fracture stimulation generally known as the Fracking innovations has
turned drastically the natural gas market. The cost strikes from lower to some stable price since the
market now delivers shale gases to the customer in winter season. Coal Seam gases are shallower
having higher concentration of gases than shale gases. The traditional gas reservoirs and oil gases are
more expensive as compared to the CSG, Shale gas etc
What were the gaps? These include interaction and coexistence of extensive surface operations with an
established agricultural sector, interactions between gas production and ground water aquifers in water-
stressed areas, and the cumulative social and economic impacts.
Reference Number: 8
Title of Article:Recent developments in high productivity pipeline welding.
Authors:D Yapp, SA Blackman
Publication:Brazilian Society of Mechanical
Type:Journal
Year Published:2004 Number of citations:89
Primary or Secondary:Primary
What was the research question?What is the basic concept of wielding, Pipelining productivity and
how GMAW has been implemented in the pipelining industry?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Design:The designing of this journal includes Developments in Gas Metal Arc Welding, Developments

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in GMAW Root Pass Techniques, High Deposition GMAW Fill Pass Developments; Developments in
Laser Welding involves the CO2 Laser Welding Developments, YAG Laser Welding Developments;
Developments in Forge Welding Processes, Flash-Butt Welding, Induction Welding and Electric
Resistance Welding, Homopolar Pulse Welding, Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt Welding.
What was the finding?For the mechanized GMAW, the pipelining applications are considered the
most suitable process
What were the gaps?This paper describes a new development, the CAPS project, (Cranfield
Automated Pipe-welding System), where tandem GMAW in a narrow groove has been applied to
pipeline girth welding with two tandem torches in a single welding head. The CAPS system offers
welding productivity three to four times higher than that possible with the conventional single wire
GMAW technique, while still producing a weld which is very similar to that generated by single wire
welding. The development of the system is described, as well as recent successful trials under field
conditions.
Articles
Reference Number: 1
Title of Article:Australian Pipelines & Gas Association- ONSHORE PIPELINE PROJECTS
CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES
Authors:APGA
Publication:Organization
Type:Article
Year Published:2015 Number of citations:21
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?The APGA discussed the activity that a
company may pursue for ensuring the excellence of healthcare and safety outcome in aspect of

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business.
Design:Purpose and scope of the guideline, the role of the clients, structure of the guideline, defining
of risk and so on.
What was the finding?Health and Safety Policy for Australia’s Pipeline and Gas Industry
Reference Number: 2
Title of Article:Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking occurred in a gas transmission steel
pipeline
Authors:E.SadeghiMeresht, T.ShahrabiFarahani and J.Neshati
Publication:NIL
Type:Article
Year Published:2010 Number of citations:61
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?What The existence of active defects on external surface steel
pipeline immersed in environments indicating the possibility of susceptibility to SCC failures?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?The existence of active defects on external
surface steel pipeline immersed in environments indicating the possibility of susceptibility to SCC
failures in such aggressive media. In this study, SEM fractographs of the pipe above showed
thecombination of microcleavage, intergranular and branched stress corrosion cracks with high-pH.
Design:Colonies of intergranular and branched stress corrosion cracks on the pipeline surface;
Considerable concentration of carbonate/bicarbonate in the soil and Layers of red/brown/black lining
surface containing cracks.
What was the finding?Diagnosis the place of the cracks by destructive and non-destructive tests, to
prevent them from growing up and the prevention or reduction of the growth of stress corrosion
cracks, to prevent them from reaching the critical size.
Reference Number: 3
Title of Article:Engineering and legal considerations for decommissioning of offshore oil and gas

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infrastructure in Australia
Authors:John Chandler
Type: Article
Year Published:2017 Number of citations:10
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
Design:Offshore oil and gas platforms, pipelines and other ancillary offshore infrastructure are aging
in Australia and current regulatory frameworks favor complete removal at the end of life.
What was the finding?Evidence indicates that artificial reefs have formed around some of these
structures and their removal could cause more harm than good.
Reference Number: 4
Title of Article:The Impact of Lower Gas and Oil Prices on Global Gas and LNG Market
Authors:Jonathan Stern
Publication:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
Type:Article
Year Published: 2015 Number of citations:24
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?
 What has been the impact of lower oil and lower gas prices on existing and future gas
and LNG projects?
 What is the outlook for the period to 2030 for markets connected by flexible LNG
supplies given the uncertainty in regional demand outlooks in the light of new LNG
supply currently under construction?
 What is the impact of the probable delay to new LNG project FIDs given demand
uncertainties and the apparent need to move from oil indexation to new price
formation contract structures?
 To what extent can Russia, using its market power in Europe to ‘control’ hub prices,

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influence such outcomes?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?Reviews past and future supply and demand
trends and the changed expectations for Chinese LNG demand and uncertainties on future European
gas demand in general.
What was the finding?The supply side of the system.
Reference Number: 5
Title of Article:Importance of Midstream in Oil and Gas Resource Development
Authors:GürcanGülen
Publication: Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports
Type:Article
Year Published:2016 Number of citations: 10
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What was the research question?What are the main importance of Midstream in Oil and Gas
Resource Development?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?The concept of Midstream, oil, natural gas,
pipelining system and how to liquify natural gas.
Reference Number: 6
Title of Article:How environmental regulations affect innovation in the Australian oil and gas
industry: Going beyond the Porter Hypothesis
Authors:Jerad Ford
Publication:
Type:Article
Year Published:2016 Number of citations:22
Primary or Secondary:Secondary
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?Australian oil and gas firms considering