Engineering Principles to Solve Problems

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

Introduction
Engineering principles are applied in almost all aspects of life. Travel, farming or even teaching
have all benefited from engineering. Travel through sea has always been dependent on
engineering. Traditional sea farers depended on manpower and wind for propulsion. This has
changed over the past two centuries. Navigation was also based largely on human knowledge of
the stars to provide direction (Mallam & Lundh, 2016). Over the years, sea navigation has
become more mechanized. It is no longer dependent on the skills of one person but rather on the
ability to read instruments and act upon them.
Naval vessels have improved their overall performance by taking advantage of engineering. In
the past there was no navigation but current navigation tools have allowed sailors to know their
environment even without looking outside their vessels. The engineering of the bodies of ships
have also become more efficient compared to the past. This has consequently seen a growth in
the number of vessels made for transport of cargo, luxury cruise ships or commercial fishing
expeditions. All these vessels have benefited from improved technology. In the ship yards I have
visited, I have learnt a lot about how ships are made and how technologies have improved over
the years.
From the design to the launching of the ship, there are steps followed to ensure that the ship is up
to the required standard (Jafarzadeh, Paltrinieri, Utne & Ellingsen, 2017). Quality control
departments are there to ensure that every step of construction conforms to the safety standards.
Without a set standard, there are bound to be failures in the fabrication process. The ships have
to be built to withstand a lot of emphasis on durability and safety. Investments into ship building
are always bound to high. Ships built should be able to last through any kind of weather.

The construction process incorporates many fields of engineering. This includes the structural,
mechanical and electrical parts. All of these discipline work together to deliver quality and
reliable ships. They are dependent on each other and therefore produce the best quality desired.
Each skill has its own role to play. Need for stronger ships have increased and made life easier
for cargo transport and mass transit of people.
Naval engineering
Naval engineering applies a lot of scientific principles. Ship building incorporates mechanical
and electronic principles. The ship is driven by mechanical power, mainly powered by fuels. The
controls are mainly done by electronic circuit boards and have a feedback mechanism. Ship
building also encompasses civil and structural engineering. Depending on the size of the ship, the
type of material used has to vary (Platzer & Sarigul-Klijn, 2018). The ship propulsion system is a
crucial part of the ship. The stability of the ship and the strength also feature prominently in the
design consideration of the ship. The power supply systems are also an important consideration
in the design of the ship.
Ship construction yards are made to resemble docks, where a ship can be tested on completion.
The ship construction process takes a long time and therefore it is necessary for construction to
be completely flawless. One fault in any sector can lead to fatalities once the ship leaves the
dock. The layout of a ship yard, just like any other workings, put serious consideration into
safety and ease of doing work. Safety covers the positioning of the work pieces, demarcation of
work space and fire fighting equipment as required by safety standards (Sun et al., 2019).

Problem of partial loading of cargo tanks and filling limits
Within a range of the levels of tank filling, the rolling as well as pitching movements of the ship
at seas as well as the liquid free-surface effect may result in the liquid moving within the tank.
There is a possibility of movement of considerable liquid resulting in high impact pressure on the
surface of the tank. This effect is referred to as sloshing and may lead to structural damage.
Sloshing is a challenge which has effects on the membrane constructed tanks. The same sloshing
impacts are not experienced by the independent containment systems including the IHI prismatic
design were well as the spherical Moss design. Partial loading at any level of tank filling comes
from the design of Moss design tanks offering them distinct advantages over the membrane
containment systems during handling of ship trades as well as offshore loading (Mallam, Lundh
& MacKinnon, 2015).
This has taken on an even bigger importance with the operators looking for the operational
flexibility of partial cargo loading alongside the growing preference for containment systems of
membrane type. Liquefied gas carrier is transmitted at about-160⁰C. As the low-filling condition
generates progressive waves called hydraulic jumps, the partially-loaded carriers may exhibit
high dynamic loads.
As a result, sloshing owing to partial fulfilling has been carefully examined. Features unique to
lLNG among them compressibility of the entrapped gas, low temperature, hydrodynamic
interaction between the containment system and liquid as well as dynamic material features
challenge the strength of the vessel and may need extra reinforcement at the critical regions.
Such areas include the tank structure, insulation system as well as pump tower that act as the