Engineering Project: Importance of Using Sida Acuta

Running head: ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
Engineering Project Preparation: Coating of The Biomaterial With The Sida Acuta Extract To
Enhance The Biocompatibility Of The Coated Material
Name of the student:
Name of the university:

1ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
Executive summary
This research work reflects the importance of using Sida Acuta chemical herb extract for the
arthritis patients. It helps to develop coating over the biomaterials used for the increasing the
biocompatibility. From the externals harms the tissues could be protected after the usage of this
particular herb extract. In order to execute the experiment practically the experimental setup,
with project goal sub goal, objectives and questions are also developed including project
schedule in this paper.

2ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
2. State of the art/Literature review.................................................................................................3
3. Research Question, project Aim/ project Objectives and Sub-goals...........................................6
3.1 Research objective.................................................................................................................6
3.2 Research question..................................................................................................................6
4. Theoretical content/ Methodology...............................................................................................7
4.1 Hypothesis.............................................................................................................................9
5. Experimental setup....................................................................................................................10
6. Results, Outcome and relevance................................................................................................13
7. Project planning and Gantt chart...............................................................................................14
8. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................16
References......................................................................................................................................18

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1. Introduction
This research field depicts the importance of using Sida Acuta chemical as a herb based
coating on materials to increase its biocompatibility. Biocompatibility is referred to as a
compatibility with different living tissues and living systems just through not being toxic in
nature but also harmful and at the same time physiologically chemically reactive that would not
cause immunological rejection. There are different contract manufacturer of products for the
medical, foot care, safety and many other industrial marketers with a strict focus on the
polymeric cushioning solutions. Biocompatibility helps to establish relationship between the
living tissues with completed medical equipment’s.
Through the help of biocompatible coating a secured relationship could even be
developed for the establishment of proper chemical bounding among the bioimplant and bone
tissues. The states of art or literature review are developed in this research paper. However, at the
very beginning a set of research questions are developed and based on those questions the project
aim and objectives are also illustrated. Apart from this, the theoretical content including
hypothesis, experimental set up with interactive steps and validated strategies are also developed
in this paper. On the other hand, from the experiments proper results are also generated through
which the results could even be analyzed properly. However, based on the project topic, a project
planning or project schedule is also developed.
2. State of the art/Literature review
According to Golinska et al. 2017, using the extract of the green plants, a hybrid chitosan
cerium oxide nano particles were equipped by the chemists. Biocompatibility is referred to as

4ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
one of the most strictly affecting issue in the current days. It has been found that due to lack of
bio compatibility the biomaterials are getting destroyed the external harms. Ayeni et al. 2014,
stated that in order to reduce the rate of the external harms it is necessary for the experimenters
to develop such a chemical coating so that tissues could get a protection. In order to avoid the
antibacterial activities different herbal extracts are widely using by different business
organizations nowadays. In various industries due to the unique physico chemical and the
antimicrobial features, the green herbs are widely using. Santhosh, Yuvarajan and Natarajan
(2015), stated that in the phases of biological coating, different natural bio-molecule those are
present in the plants as acid, protein, enzyme, amino acids are found to be as very much helpful
for the arthritis patients. The herbal coating process is widely used for bone replacement. With
the help of this application the incorporation of green chemistry methods and techniques in the
nanotechnology is founded as a great field of interest. Umoren et al. (2016), stated that however,
for the population prevention purpose the green chemistry process is widely used. The coating
could not be done using general process rather advanced equipments and technologies are
required to be used by the experimenters for the development of Sida Acuta herb extract coating
on the bio materials like bone, tissues etc.
Veerakumar et al. (2014), stated that with the growing age of the human the bone health
used to decomposed eventually. In order to reduce the issues of bone heath density the herbal
coating is very much beneficial. In the recent years it is defined that the development of reliable
as well as eco accommodating methods for synthesizing the nano-particles is referred to as a
vital step the field of nanotechnology. In order to make recovery from different urinary diseases
and blood related issues, this particular Sida Acuta extract is used by the doctors. George, Joseph
and Aravind (2017), opined that different processes are also developed by them for using this

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particular extract exactly. The methods include: Sodium pentobarbital-induced sleeping time,
anxiolytic activity, test for muscle-effects, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures etc. These
might affect the bodies in normal temperature. Udhayakumar et al. (2016), opined that for the
application of this Sida Acuta extract properly on the bones, tissues or any other biomaterials,
these technologies are required to be applied by the researchers. It has been analyzed that, this
flowering plant holds more than 200 genera with more or less around 2300 species. Behind
coating this is also used as a food or beverage product.
The Sida Acuta herbs grow in the altitude of 1525 m above the level of sea. However for
preparing the extract of liquid from the herb, the plant is needed to be air dried first in the oven at
40 degree temperature for around 4 of days. 100% solvent of ethanol must be used for the
continuous extraction of the herb liquid. The liquid extract could not be directly used as a coating
over the tissues or bones rather proper additional extracts should also be added to it. Mathew et
al. (2016) opined that, for the pharmacological evaluation and anxiolytic activities this extract is
very much helpful. The issues associated to body muscles, bones and tissues could be completely
diminished with the help of the application of the Sida Acuta herb Extract.
This coating could be developed by the professionals by different methods like Sol-Gel
Technique, biomimetic, sputtering, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), pulsed laser deposition
etc. However based on the experimental budget the technology should be adopted by the
developers. All the applications are very much costly in nature but at the same time, based on the
type of application and accurate features of the modifiable surface techniques must be elected by
the experimenters (Varadavenkatesan, Selvaraj & Vinayagam 2016). In order to measure the
total time taken for the experiment Rota Rod Test (RRT) technology should be used. On the
other hand appropriate, temperature of the experiment hall and body should be assumed. It will

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help to reduce the issues of hyper activities. On the other hand, in order to apply Sida Acuta over
the tissues and bones or on other biomaterials, accurate time schedule or cost management
approaches are also required to be done so that it could be completed within estimated accurate
time.
3. Research Question, project Aim/ project Objectives and Sub-goals
3.1 Research objective
The objectives of this particular project are as follows:
 To study the role of Sida Acuta extract for increasing biocompatibility of a
material
 To coat the biomaterial with Sida Acuta herb extract for increasing the
biocompatibility of the material to be coated
 To study the details of biocompatibility for determining the change in
hydrophilicity, hemocompatibility and anti bacterial activities as well
3.2 Research question
 What are the featuring characteristics of Sida Acuta extract that protects the
materials from external harms?
 Does the surface property of the materials changes if it is coated with the Sida
Acuta Extract?
 Does the biocompatibility of a material get enhanced after getting coated with
Sida Acuta?

7ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
4. Theoretical content/ Methodology
It has been analyzed that, for developing the environmental performance widely, all the
aspects and prevalent stages of improvement are increasing ultimately. In order to increase the
biocompatibility of the biomaterials the surface areas of those materials are required to be
modified accordingly. Based upon the internal interaction between the biomaterial system at the
exact molecular surface and the biological system the response from the biological host are very
much important. Thus, it can be said that the ultimate, optimal performance and the
biocompatibilities of the material bodies get influenced depending upon the properties of the
atomic scale. In this particular paper, one of the common surface coating techniques such as
surface modification using Sida Acuta Extract is focused by the researchers. In the field of
biomedical engineering this particular technique is used for tissue repairing.
Even in complex superficial modification also this technique is widely used by the
developers. Most common as well as vital surface modification methods used for increasing the
biocompatibility of the biomaterials are thermal spray, electrophoresis, Sol-Gel Technique,
biomimetic, sputtering, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), pulsed laser deposition etc. Most of
the well known biomedical companies are currently using these methods for increasing the
biocompatibility of the biomaterials. In the current bone tissue engineering application field, the
potential application of effective factors and optimal tissue repairing these technologies and
methods are widely used. The potential applications and role of these methods and technologies
are elaborated below:

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Pulsed Laser Deposition
Pulsed Laser Deposition is referred to as a technique of physical laser deposition. This
particular technique is used where high powered pulsed laser beam is strictly focused inside a
vacuum channel for striking the target within the material. However, the approach of Pulsed
Laser Deposition is very much complex in nature including the ablation approach also. The
possibilities of plasma plume development also get increased with the application of this
particular process. Not only get this but also within the heated substrate the rate of growth of
highly energetic ions, neutrals, electrons as well also increased in time. However, the process of
Pulsed Laser Deposition is divided into five phases through which the ultimate resultant could be
achieved. The five stages are as follows:
 Initially the target surface absorbs the laser
 The plasma would be created through laser ablation of the target materials
 The dynamic of the plasma would be developed
 The ablation material over the substrate gets decomposed
 Nucleation and growth of the surface generated
Thermal spray
The requirement of engineering coating is eventually becoming more and more rigorous.
The thermal spray is referred to as one of the important and integral part of the design process
and it is an environmental concern also. In order to use a minimum number of resources and for
gaining upcoming economic competitiveness this particular technique is very much helpful.
The process of thermal spray could be done using two main components such as spray
gun and prepared surface. For making the spray gun working the three different factors those are

9ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
needed to be applied on it include energy, selection of spray material, different process media or
gas. Through relative motion the spray plume is generated and develops a coating over the
nominated surface of the biomaterial product. The materials those are generally used for the
coating purpose for this particular research product is the Sida Acuta Extract.
Sol Gel technique for the biomaterial
The Sol Gel technique is referred to as a wet chemical method that is widely used by the
researchers for develop coating over the biomaterials for increasing its biocompatibility. This
particular approach is also known as chemical solution of deposition. Even, for material
fabrication this technique is widely used by the managerial head and the chemical solutions used
in this process include sol (a short for solution). For both the discrete particles and network
polymers this sol gel acts as a precursor.
For this particular Biomedical engineering field application the Sida Acuta extract is used
for increasing the biocompatibility of human bone and human skin as well. This coating helps
the biomaterial to keep protected from the external harms. With the help of the coating the bones
and skins will not be directly affected from the external harms.
4.1 Hypothesis
H0: Useful surface alteration could adhere in the outside of the materials if Sida Acuta
extract is used as a coating of the materials.
H1: No such measurable usefulness could adhere in the outside of the materials if Sida
Acuta extract is used as a coating of the materials.

10ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
5. Experimental setup
In order to make the biomedical experiment practically, different devices and other
experimental setup are required to be developed professionally. There are different coating
techniques available in the market however based on the chemical characteristics of the surface
area (for this experiment the surface is bone and skin tissue) the process or technique of coating
should be selected by the experimenter. After judging the details of the surface area that is the
bone it has been analyzed that sol gel technique must be used for the development of the coating
over the bone. Not only this but also, from the process details and the features of the biomaterial
surface it is defined that Sida Acuta extract is a herbal extract, thus it could be used for the
coating without any kind of hesitation. In order to gain nanostructures this particular Sol Gel
technique could be used. Though, the plasma spray method is commercially available and high
speeded balanced process, but still this could not be used in the development of chemical coating
over the biomaterial (here bone). For this particular experiment the sol gel technique is used by
the researchers. For this particular method the specific synthesis metrics should be used. The
other equipments those are used for the successful completion of the experiment are as follows:
The temperature needed for this particular application is around 150-600 degree
Fahrenheit vis 2500 and 6500 degree Fahrenheit for the traditional technique.
 It could synthesis large amount of products with a lower cost
 Certain solidifying chemicals must be used for developing coating for biomaterial
 However more than one biomaterial could be simultaneously co synthesized
 Ultra high purity material can also be synthesize

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Spray gun is needed to spray the Sida Acuta extract as a coating over the biomaterial
(bone). However, one of the major issues associated to biomaterial coating is lack of usage of
supporting materials. Room temperature and the expert team are needed to execute the
experiment resultant professionally.
Interactive steps
Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
Project initiation 27 days Thu 10/26/17 Fri 12/1/17
Understanding the details
of the subject
5 days Thu 10/26/17 Wed 11/1/17
Selection of the research
topic
4 days Thu 11/2/17 Tue 11/7/17 2
Literature review on role
of Coating of the
biomaterial with the Sida
Acuta extract to enhance the
biocompatibility of the
coated material
6 days Wed 11/8/17 Wed 11/15/17 3
Selection of Biomaterials 4 days Thu 11/16/17 Tue 11/21/17 4
Feasibility study 4 days Wed 11/22/17 Mon 11/27/17 5
Risk understanding 4 days Tue 11/28/17 Fri 12/1/17 6

12ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
Project planning 21 days Mon 12/4/17 Mon 1/1/18
Selection of project
stakeholders
8 days Mon 12/4/17 Wed 12/13/17 7
Risks management plan
development
5 days Thu 12/14/17 Wed 12/20/17 9
Understanding
technologies for coating
4 days Thu 12/21/17 Tue 12/26/17 10
Selecting appropriate
technology
4 days Wed 12/27/17 Mon 1/1/18 11
Project execution 18 days Tue 1/2/18 Thu 1/25/18
Developing project aim 4 days Tue 1/2/18 Fri 1/5/18 12
Developing project
objectives
5 days Mon 1/8/18 Fri 1/12/18 14
Developing project
questions
4 days Mon 1/15/18 Thu 1/18/18 15
Developing project sub
goals
5 days Fri 1/19/18 Thu 1/25/18 16

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Project closure 21 days Fri 1/26/18 Fri 2/23/18
Result analysis 4 days Fri 1/26/18 Wed 1/31/18 17
Discussion 5 days Thu 2/1/18 Wed 2/7/18 19
Outcome acceptance 6 days Thu 2/8/18 Thu 2/15/18 20
Post research
documentation
6 days Fri 2/16/18 Fri 2/23/18 21
6. Results, Outcome and relevance
One of the most common techniques used for the execution of the experiment is the Sol
gel techniques. With the help of this technique the biomaterial such as bone could be coated with
the Sida Acuta herb extract. This particular Sida Acuta shrub grows in the tropical climate up to
1.5 meter. Mainly for the patient of arthritis this herb is very much helpful. It has been analyzed
that with the growing age of human being the bone density used to get lower and thus in order to
strengthen the bone of the human a proper coating of Sida Acuta herb is very much helpful.
However for developing the coating on the bone a proper medical technique is required to be
used.
The physical properties of the biomaterials like bone could remain unchanged if accurate
surface modification technology is used by the experimenters. However, for coating different
complex shapes electrophoresis technology is very much helpful. According to this experimental
set up no complex biomaterial or complex shaped bone is used. After this coating it is defined
that, the rate of protein absorption rate get reduces because in some of the cases it requires, lower

14ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
rate of protein absorption or else it will cause uncontrolled rate of immune response. On the
other hand proper cell adsorption is also required while replacing the tissue cells for facilitating
the growth processes. The biomaterials those are used as a blood implant must have a lower rate
of ability to form clots as it is difficult from the patient’s perspectives.
7. Project planning and Gantt chart
Figure 1: Gantt chart
(Source: Created by author)
Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors

15ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
Project initiation 27 days Thu 10/26/17 Fri 12/1/17
Understanding the details of
the subject
5 days Thu 10/26/17 Wed 11/1/17
Selection of the research
topic
4 days Thu 11/2/17 Tue 11/7/17 2
Literature review on role of
Coating of the biomaterial
with the Sida Acuta extract to
enhance the biocompatibility
of the coated material
6 days Wed 11/8/17 Wed 11/15/17 3
Selection of Biomaterials 4 days Thu 11/16/17 Tue 11/21/17 4
Feasibility study 4 days Wed 11/22/17 Mon 11/27/17 5
Risk understanding 4 days Tue 11/28/17 Fri 12/1/17 6
Project planning 21 days Mon 12/4/17 Mon 1/1/18
Selection of project
stakeholders
8 days Mon 12/4/17 Wed 12/13/17 7

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Risks management plan
development
5 days Thu 12/14/17 Wed 12/20/17 9
Understanding technologies
for coating
4 days Thu 12/21/17 Tue 12/26/17 10
Selecting appropriate
technology
4 days Wed 12/27/17 Mon 1/1/18 11
Project execution 18 days Tue 1/2/18 Thu 1/25/18
Developing project aim 4 days Tue 1/2/18 Fri 1/5/18 12
Developing project
objectives
5 days Mon 1/8/18 Fri 1/12/18 14
Developing project
questions
4 days Mon 1/15/18 Thu 1/18/18 15
Developing project sub
goals
5 days Fri 1/19/18 Thu 1/25/18 16
Project closure 21 days Fri 1/26/18 Fri 2/23/18
Result analysis 4 days Fri 1/26/18 Wed 1/31/18 17
Discussion 5 days Thu 2/1/18 Wed 2/7/18 19
Outcome acceptance 6 days Thu 2/8/18 Thu 2/15/18 20

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Post research documentation 6 days Fri 2/16/18 Fri 2/23/18 21
8. Conclusion
From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, different herbal extracts are
available in the marketplace those are widely used in the biomedical research field. With the help
of this extract the surface area of different biomaterials gets changes and due to this reason the
rate of external harms also gets reduced highly. It means that with the coating of Sida Acuta the
biomaterials could eventually get increased rate of biocompatibility. Before the implementation
of the experiment in the real field of application, proper understanding of the topic are done
accurately. In addition to proper understanding the leading objectives and aim of the projects are
also elaborated in this research paper. Apart from research in details of the topic area, the
objectives based of the literature review are also done elaborately. Besides topic elaboration a
questionnaire set based on the research objectives are also developed in this paper. From the
experimental set up and the generated result from the set up it has been found that with the
coating of Sida Acuta herb extract over the biomaterials the features of the surface areas gets
absolutely changed and thus the rate of external harm resolved and at the same time the desired
compatibility also gets reached positively. From the details of the experiments and data
collection it has been defined that, the assumed hypothesis are completely validated in nature.
Thus, it could be said that biocompatible coating of the biomaterials for creating direct as well as
appropriate chemical bounding between the bioimplant and bone tissues are possible.

18ENGINEERING PROJECT PREPARATION
References
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hyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts and metabolites from
Sida acuta and Sida rhombifolia. Química Nova, 40(2), pp.176-181.
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Oluwabunmi, O. & Alo, F.I., 2014. Investigation of Sida acuta (Wire Weed) Plant Extract as
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properties of ethanolic extract of sida acuta burm F. in wistar albino rats. International Journal
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