Academic Writing and Citation Analysis

This assignment delves into the realm of academic writing by analyzing various research articles published in English medium national and international journals. It specifically focuses on understanding citation patterns as a means of interpersonal resource exchange within these scholarly communities. The analysis draws upon corpus linguistics methodologies to compare and contrast citation practices across different disciplines and journal types.

English for
Academic Study

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Critical readings of cases..................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Evaluation of English used in cases.................................................................................4
TASK 3 [a].......................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Report, article and E-mail.................................................................................................4
TASK 3 [b]......................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Review of punctuation, grammar and spelling.................................................................6
TASK 3 [c].......................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Suitability of case for audience........................................................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Feedback on skills of writing...........................................................................................7
3.2 Improvement areas and resources....................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
English is one of the main and basic language which is being used in most of the areas of
the world as well as in several academic institutions. Therefore the knowledge of this language is
very necessary for an individual in order to gain the proper understanding of different concepts
and factors. Present study or an assignment is based on the topic of English for academic study
which will make evaluation of different cases and factors which are in relation with such
scenarios (English for Academic Studies, 2017). The assignment will be helpful in making proper
critical evaluation for the given topics. It is based on the two particular case studies. First is
named as 'I have a Dream', a speech of Martin Luther King and second one is Equality and
Diversity policy of British Library. This report will discuss several key facts, evidence regarding
bias and their critical evaluation. Evaluation in regards with different use of English language,
review and revision of the work, evaluation of work for the purpose of suitability and feedback
on the writing skills will be discussed in this report. All such discussions will help in gaining
understanding regarding the main topic of assignment.
TASK 1
1.1 Critical readings of cases
a) As per the first case which is 'I have a Dream' and is given by Martin Luther King
Junior on 28th August, 1963. In this speech, he talks about finish of racism in USA. His speech
tells about the American Civil Rights Moment. It has list of various key facts, which are like:
 Discussion regarding end of racism
 American Civil Right Movement
 Dream of Martin Luther King defining equality and freedom
 Discussion of Emancipation Proclamation
 Impact of speech regarding race in Britain
According to another case, which is on the basis of topic Equality and Diversity Policy by
British Library. The library is being bound up for promoting diversity and equality and make
promotion of culture which recognise and value differences that individuals are there from
distinct experiences and backgrounds and may bring valuable modality to workplace (Loi,
2010). This case also contains various key facts like:
 Promotion of distinct cultures
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 Promotion of equality and diversity
 Equality for job applicants and diverse workforce
 Compliance of Equality Act, legislation, code of practice
 Issues related with bullying and harassment
 Responsibilities and roles of human resources
 Role of trade unions
 Informal actions
 Confidentiality
 Statutory rights
 Action management for dealing with behaviours
b) The first case study which is given by Martin Luther King on the topic of I have a
dream. This case focus on the topic of racism and is being delivered by kingin order to end
racism in USA. The speech describes the moment which is done by American Civil Rights
Movement and was delivered from Lincoln Memorial steps at the time of March in Washington.
Martin Luther creates excitement in listeners by defining his dream in regards with equality and
freedom ascending from hatred and land of slavery (Liu and et.al., 2011). He also build his
speech with the reference of Emancipation Proclamation that liberated various slaves in the year
1863. His speech's power was circulated not only in US but in entire world. Speech of king
impacted and influenced largely on debate of public regarding race in Britain. Press also get
influenced by content as well as intonation of address done by king and marked that it not just
flutter congress of united states but also parliament for enacting legislation which will promote
racial equality at home.
As per another case which is on the topic of Equality and Diversity is a case of British
Library. The library is being committed to make promotion of diversity, equality and culture
which create value for differences and make recognition of such people who are from different
experiences and backgrounds and may bring value to the place of work and will improve the way
in which work is being done (Liu and et.al., 2011). The library have an aim to become inclusive
organisation where there is value and respect of diversity with the capability to retain and recruit
workforce which make reflection of communities to whom it makes serving. It also implement
Equality Act, code of practice and equality legislation. There is also measures which support in
tackling disadvantages and discrimination so as to make sure that no group or individual is
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having indirect and direct discrimination in relation with any kind of reason with regards to
service access and employment. The various policies in regards with equality as well as
discrimination is being applied to British Library through employees and workers. The library is
having commitment to make sure that workers, job applicants and staff members are treated
equally and fairly without any kind of discrimination in relation with nine protected attributes
which is outlined by act of equality are disability, age, maternity & pregnancy, civil partnership
& marriage, gender reassignment, sex, belief or religion and sexual orientation.
The main aim of library is to make improvement in the lives of workers and employees
by having framework policies like statutory right for requesting flexible working, career breaks,
domestic emergencies and special leave which will assist with caring responsibilities.
c) The case study of Martin Luther which is known as 'I have a Dream' make discussion
regarding the end of racism in USA. The main evidence of bias in this case study is related with
racism. There are many people who got discrimination and bias due to race in various situations
and places. Martin Luther carries out this speech so as to show that he is having a dream of
equality and freedom (Lin and Evans, 2012).
Another evidence of bias which is described in this case study by King Martin Luther is,
he said that after the hundreds of years, Negro is still not free, which means bias and
discrimination is still there in a country which is affecting the individuals personally.
As per another case, which is of equality and diversity and it is a case of British Library.
According to the aims and objectives of library there should not be any kind of discrimination
due to culture, attitude, background and experience of an individual. There are various kinds of
evidence in relation with bias. As per the case there is the occurrence of direct discrimination
when a person is being treated with the less favour in comparison to any other person due to
protected characteristic. Protected attributes which are related make involvement of age, sex,
disability, pregnancy, maternity, marriage, sexual orientation, religion and pregnancy. For
instance, manager do not make selection of pregnant women in order to give promotion even if
they will achieve all competencies (James, 2014). This is known as direct discrimination and
justification of it cannot be given. Another kind of discrimination which occurs is associative
discrimination. It is one when somebody victimizes somebody since they connect with someone
else who has an ensured trademark. Important secured qualities incorporate age, incapacity, sex
reassignment, race, religion or conviction, sex, sexual introduction. A case of this is the point at
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which an administrator makes not give a showing with regards to candidate the part, despite the
fact that they have met the greater part of the skills for the part, in light of the fact that the
candidate tells the business they have a handicapped accomplice. This is most likely cooperative
segregation on account of incapacity by affiliation. There is also discrimination regarding
perception when an individual make discrimination against another person because they feel that
they make possession of specific protected attributes (Hyland, 2011).
TASK 2
1.2 Evaluation of English used in cases
In both of the case studies which are related with racism and another one is related with
equality and diversity there is a use of good English language. As per the first case study of
Martin Luther King there should be end of racism in each and every part of the world. In this
there is a use of more standard and good English. Vocabulary used in a case is not very simple
and requires a good knowledge of an individual so as to understand it. There is also a utilisation
of complex words and sentences which cannot be understood easily by a person and needs
proper focus so that one can understand the meaning of case. Formal English language is being
used here in the case which discuss the discrimination faced by people in USA.
In another case which is of equality and diversity in the British Library, there is use of
English language which is not very tough (Hewings, Lillis and Vladimirou, 2010). The
Vocabulary and the sentences utilised in this case is relevant and easy and can be understood by
everyone who is having little knowledge of English language. This case make use of equality act
in an organisation so that there will be no such discrimination regarding the age, sex, religion and
race.
TASK 3 [a]
2.1 Report, article and E-mail
Report
The primary contextual analysis which is given by Martin Luther King on the point of I
have a dream. This case concentrate on the subject of prejudice and is being conveyed by kind to
end bigotry in USA. The discourse depicts the minute which is finished by American Civil
Rights Movement and was conveyed from Lincoln Memorial ventures at the season of walk in
Washington. Martin Luther makes energy in audience members by characterizing his fantasy in
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respects with correspondence and flexibility climbing from contempt and place that is known for
subjugation. He additionally assemble his discourse with the reference of Emancipation
Proclamation that freed different slaves in the year 1863. His discourse's energy was circled in
US as well as in whole world. Discourse of lord affected and impacted generally on civil
argument of open with respect to race in Britain. Press get impacted by content and in addition
sound of address done by ruler and denoted that it vacillate congress of joined states as well as
parliament for authorizing enactment which will advance racial balance at home.
According to another case which is on the point of Equality and Diversity is an instance
of British Library. The library is being dedicated to make advancement of decent variety,
uniformity and culture which make an incentive for contrasts and make acknowledgement of
such individuals who are from various encounters and foundations and may convey an incentive
to the work environment and will enhance the path in which work is being finished. The library
have a mean to wind up noticeably comprehensive association where there is esteem and regard
of assorted variety with the ability to hold and en-roll workforce which make impression of
groups to whom it makes serving. It additionally actualize Equality Act, code of training and
fairness enactment. There is likewise measures which bolster in handling hindrances and
separation in order to ensure that no gathering or individual is having roundabout and direct
segregation in connection with any sort of prevail upon respects to benefit access and business.
The different approaches in sees with uniformity and additionally separation is being connected
to British Library coordinate representatives and labourers.
The library is having sense of duty regarding ensure that labourers, work candidates and
staff individuals are dealt with similarly and reasonably with no sort of segregation in connection
with nine secured characteristics which is illustrated by demonstration of uniformity are
incapacity, age, maternity and pregnancy, common organization and marriage, sex reassignment,
sex, conviction or religion and sexual introduction.
E-mail
To: …[e-mail]
Subject: End of racism
Dear Mr XYZ,
This e-mail will make description regarding the speech of Martin Luther King which was given
on 28th August, 1963 in regards with the finish of racism in USA. He defines that there must be
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end of such activities which may have negative effect on mind of people. The speech also make
analysis of civil rights movement of America which is being done with the support of 250,000
supporters of civil rights. This speech has earned large amount of honour from media as well as
public. Listeners who listen to speech also get excited by listening to Martin Luther's dream of
equality and freedom. He said that, several years has been passed but still there is existence of
these negative activities like discrimination on the basis of race, age etc. He wants to change the
thinking of entire world and wish everyone must have positive attitude towards other persons and
must not treat them with cruelty.
Article
Date:
By XYZ
According to the case of Equality and Diversity policy of British Library, this case is being
concerned with promotion of diversity as well equality and culture in the work organisation.
The Library means to be a comprehensive association, where decent variety is esteemed,
regarded and based upon, with capacity to enlist and hold a different workforce that mirrors the
groups it serves. Inside this system the Library particularly alludes to measures it has set up to
give balance of chance and the offices that it can give to its assorted workforce and employment
candidates. The library also make implementation of the equality legislation so as to practice
equality among people and organisation in order to have fair and good environment. The
objective and aim of a library is to remove discrimination to make sure that there is no
individual who is discriminated directly and indirectly.
TASK 3 [b]
2.2 Review of punctuation, grammar and spelling
For every effective report it is compulsory to use grammar, punctuation and spelling as
well. This aid in making the appropriate report or speech through which proper understanding
can be received. It is a duty of an individual to review the whole report properly so that they can
prepare such statement which are beneficial and make some sense. Accurate work is necessary
and required by every person thus it is mandatory for them. For preparing a short report it is
necessary to use concise format which is helpful in writing it in an accurate manner. Thus, this
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motive is must in relation to write a short report (Grosseck, Bran and Tiru, 2011). Appropriate
structure also have to follow by using very interesting quotations etc.
An article summary is one in which all of its ingredients get included so that its essence
do not get hamper. Article have to get done in an appropriate and well define format so that
audience get understand it properly. Along with this, every E-mail have define structure in which
individual have to write email to such individual to whom they want to convey the message. It
should be in short format so that nature and matter get understand.
For email, short report and article, there should be some well-defined format which have
to use and then by a person properly. By using this, whole thing get done properly (Grabe and
Zhang, 2013). Along with these, accuracy, spelling and punctuation have to put at right place so
proper meaning can derived.
TASK 3 [c]
2.3 Suitability of case for audience
Appropriate procedure and plan is must when delivering proper information to the target
audiences. Along with this, another major thing for such consent is that does the purpose of
report get fulfilled. All these questions have to answer in an appropriate manner so that purpose
get completed and reach towards the right audiences. As this is beneficial in relation to write and
completed the purpose of what so ever an individual is going to write.
A short report has to be based on research and information which get collected on the
daily basis. They are same as like short reports but fluffy things are not included in that and a
valid conclusion get drawn. As this is helpful in making a proper report. An E mail should have
to be professional in nature so that second person or to whom it is writing get understand it
properly. This make the purpose fulfil so that whole things get done accurately and audience can
understand it properly (Flowerdew, 2014).
Article summarisation is another thing in which purpose is to include all essence properly
into that. This aid in fulfil the meaning of the article properly and make all things proper.
TASK 4
3.1 Feedback on skills of writing
Feedback is the manner by which we can enable understudies to develop students. Most
criticism understudies get is insufficient in light of the fact that it doesn't disclose to them what
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they have to do to enhance and how to make these changes. It tends to concentrate on execution
and capacity rather than the basic parts of understudy learning. Clarify that the understudy will
influence picks up in his realizing when we to concentrate our criticism on the particular issues
of an understudy's work and after that reveal to him what's the matter with it and how to settle it.
There must be proper writing skills which should make sense with each word and
sentence. The content which is being written by students should be able to make proper
connection with each line and the overall topic. There must be an utilisation of proper grammar
and vocabulary which should be easy and understandable by general public (Chou, 2012).
3.2 Improvement areas and resources
There are various area of improvement in writing skills, which are like:
 Expansion of vocabulary
 Master in spelling of English
 Regular reading
 Improvement of grammar
 Proper knowledge of topic
 Proper referencing
Available resources like books, journals, articles and case studies can be utilised for the
better skills of writing and communication (Choi, 2010).
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that the use of English language is very
important in order to improve understanding and knowledge. There is the improvement in skills
of writing so that knowledge regarding the particular topic should be gained. Also there are few
improvement skills which are used for good vocabulary, grammar improvement etc. which will
increase the overall writing.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Choi, P. K., 2010. ‘Weep for Chinese university’: a case study of English hegemony and
academic capitalism in higher education in Hong Kong. Journal of Education Policy.
25(2). pp. 233-252.
Chou, I. C., 2012. Understanding on-screen reading behaviors in academic contexts: a case study
of five graduate English-as-a-second-language students. Computer Assisted Language
Learning. 25(5). pp. 411-433.
Flowerdew, J., 2014. Academic discourse. Routledge.
Grabe, W. and Zhang, C., 2013. Reading and writing together: A critical component of English
for academic purposes teaching and learning. TESOL Journal. 4(1). pp. 9-24.
Grosseck, G., Bran, R. and Tiru, L., 2011. Dear teacher, what should I write on my wall? A case
study on academic uses of Facebook. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 15.
pp.1425-1430.
Hewings, A., Lillis, T. and Vladimirou, D., 2010. Who's citing whose writings? A corpus based
study of citations as interpersonal resource in English medium national and English
medium international journals. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 9(2). pp.102-
115.
Hyland, K. ed., 2011. Continuum companion to discourse analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
James, M. A., 2014. Learning transfer in English-for-academic-purposes contexts: A systematic
review of research. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 14. pp.1-13.
Lin, L. and Evans, S., 2012. Structural patterns in empirical research articles: A cross-
disciplinary study. English for Specific Purposes. 31(3). pp.150-160.
Liu, J.Y., and et.al., 2011. Is what I need what I want? Reconceptualising college students’ needs
in English courses for general and specific/academic purposes. Journal of English for
Academic Purposes. 10(4). pp.271-280.
Loi, C. K., 2010. Research article introductions in Chinese and English: A comparative genre-
based study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 9(4). pp.267-279.
McCulloch, S., 2013. Investigating the reading-to-write processes and source use of L2
postgraduate students in real-life academic tasks: An exploratory study. Journal of
English for Academic Purposes. 12(2). pp.136-147.
Mónos, K., 2016. A study of the English reading strategies of Hungarian university students with
implications for reading instruction in an academic context. Malaysian Journal of ELT
Research. 1(1). pp.23.
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Salamonson, Y. and et. al., 2010. Embedded academic writing support for nursing students with
English as a second language. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 66(2). pp.413-421.
Yang, Y. T. C. and Wu, W. C. I., 2012. Digital storytelling for enhancing student academic
achievement, critical thinking, and learning motivation: A year-long experimental study.
Computers & Education. 59(2). pp.339-352.
Online
English for Academic Studies. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.bradford.ac.uk/study/languages/support-during-studies/study-resources/
english-for-academic-studies/>. [Accessed on 2nd September 2017].
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