Reproductive System and Pregnancy

This assignment covers various aspects of the reproductive system in both males and females. It includes labeling diagrams of male and female external genitalia, describing the function of the mammary gland, discussing the ovulation cycle, explaining how fertilization takes place, and outlining the three trimesters of pregnancy. Additionally, it defines terms such as cystocele, dialysis, urinalysis, ureteric colic, polycystic kidney disease, cystoscopy, hypospadias, hydrocele, TURP, endometriosis, hysteroscopy, and oophorectomy. The assignment also provides a scenario for a client complaining of severe pain in the lower abdomen after delivery and outlines actions within the scope of practice to address this issue.

(Enrolled/Division 2 Nursing)
Confirm physical health status
Project 2 of 2
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Part 2 of 2
The aim of this workbook is to give the student a basic understanding of
the human body and how it works. This will enable you to be able to
“speak the same language” in the profession you have chosen.
Throughout this book you will be asked to:
 Label diagrams
 Explain how each system works
 Describe the anatomy and physiology of each system
 Define words
Follow the marking criteria sheet and In Text Reference your answers
e.g. There are two body cavities and they are the Dorsal body cavity and
the Ventral body cavity. (Marieb 2012, p 17)
Circle any Multiple Choice answers
Neat labelling of diagrams
Original Writer/Designer – Lead Institute /Marcia Petrie
Date Written - July 2005
Reviewed – Colleen Reeve / Marcia Petrie / Darryl Clare
Date Reviewed – January 2017
Copyright – Central Queensland Institute of TAFE
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Section 8
Special Senses
8.1 What is the purpose of the special senses. Name these senses and give an example of
their sensory input.
Special senses are considered as the senses that helps the human body in realizing what is
happening around them and can respond to them. Special senses are categoris
ed as vision, hearing and balance, smell and taste. Their specific sense organs are eyes, ears, nose,
skin and nose.
8.2 In the boxes provided label the structures of the eye
Cornea, Pupil, Iris, Ciliary Body, Lens, Scleria, Choroid, Retina, Optic Disc, Fovea Centralis,
Anterior Segment, Posterior Segment
1 Cornea 2 Pupil 3 Iris 4 Vitreous body
5 Anterior chambers 6 Ciliary body 7 Blood vessels 8 Blind spots
9 Lens 10 Sclera 11 Choroid 12 Retina
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8.3 Describe light refraction.
Refraction is considered as the bending of light when it is being transferred from one state of
medium to the other. When the light travels from a fast medium to a lower one, the light ray gets
bend towards the normal within the two mediums.
8.4 Identify the common disorders of the retina, optic disc, and lens of the eye.
Some very common disorders of the following are :
Retina: Macular degeneration, Retinoblastoma, macular pucker etc.
Optic disk: Optic Nerve disorders, Papilledema, Toxic Amblyopia etc.
Lens: Allergic astigmatism, myopia, hypermetropia etc.
8.5 What would cause colour blindness, and state the potential impact of having this
condition.
Colour blindness is caused by the deficiency of light sensitive cells in the retina, which are
considered as cones. The basic impact of this diseases is that the person is unable to distinguish
between different colors.
8.6 Explain the specific health care services provided to meet the health care needs of
clients with disorders of the special senses.
If the person has a disorder with the vision, they have to make use of the lens or spectacles of the
required number.
8.7 When is the first hearing test performed? Who can perform this test?
There are two popular tests of hearing that are Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and
Automated Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) which needs to performed before
leaving hospital.
The tests are performed by trained hearing screeners, specially trained & enrolled nurses
and midwives.
8.8 Label the ear by using the box provided
Pinna, External Canal, Pharyngotympanic Tube, Cochlea, Semicircular canals, Tympanic
Membrane, Malleus, Incus, Stapes.
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1 Outer ear flap 2 Hammer (Malleus) 3 Anvil
4 Stirrup 5 Semicircular canals 6 Cochlea
7Ear canal 8 Ear drums 9 Airway link to the throat
(Eustachian tube)
8.9 Sound waves entering the external auditory canal hit the tympanic membrane. What is
the significance of this membrane when taking vital signs:
The sound waves enter by the outer ear to the external auditory canal while hitting the tympanic
membrane and causing the vibration. These vibrations cause the hearing sensation in the ear.
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8.10 Deafness is any degree of hearing loss. Explain the following: -
Conduct deafness
Conductive hearing loss is considered as the loss which damages the passage of sound within the
ear drum and the inner ear.
Sensorineural deafness
Sensorineural deafness is considered as the hearing loss in which the inner ear has the root cause.
8.11 Name the nerve that enables us to smell
There are odorants stimulate receptor proteins present on the ends at the tips of the sensory
cells which enables the person to smell.
8.12 There are many taste buds on our tongue, briefly describe what and how we distinguish
taste
There are various taste buds present on the tongue for differentiating between different tastes
such as sweetness, sourness, pungency, coolness, hotness, bitterness, saltiness etc.
8.13 Define the following words associated with the special senses
Strabismus It is termed as the abnormality in the alignment of the eyes.
Retinal detachment It is considered as the light sensitive layer of the tissue that helps in sending
messages to the brain.
Otitis Media It is referred as the passage of the outer ear.
Cholesteatoma It is an abnormal skin growth in the mid part of the ear.
Nasendoscopy It is considered as a clinical procedure for analyzing the structure of nose
and the throat.
Septoplasty It is a surgical method of displacing the bone and cartilage dividing the two
nostrils.
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Section 9
The Endocrine System
9.1 Using the box below label the endocrine glands
1 Pituitary gland 2Thyroid gland 3 Pancreas
4 Adrenal glands 5 Testes 6 Ovaries
9.2 Briefly describe the mechanisms of Hormone action
Hormones are being transmitted along with the blood flow and they become enough capable to
target the sites. There are receptors in a target cell which are specific for a particular hormone.
They get activated by a lipid soluble or a water-soluble hormone.
9.3 Describe the effect of aging on the endocrine system and body homeostasis?
The functions of the endocrine gland minimize with the increasing age.
9.4 Briefly define Negative Feedback
It can be considered as some sort of negative comments from the examiner or doctor towards the
medical checkup of a human body.
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9.5 Find the word for the following meanings
Hypopituitarism Associated with overactivity of the anterior pituitary gland causing
enlargement of the face jaw hands and feet
GHD (Growth
Hormone
Deficiency)
Hypo secretion of the growth hormone results in underdeveloped bone
structure therefore person is of short stature
Hyperactive
Thyroid
(Hyperthyroidism)
This condition increases the metabolic rate of cells resulting in thyrotoxin
symptoms such as sweating, weight loss rapid pulse and warm moist skin.
Thyroid Surgery A total removal of the thyroid as a result of hyperthyroidism or thyroid
cancer is called?
Section 10
Blood
10.1 In depth discuss the Composition of Blood and briefly describe the formation and the
longevity of blood
The composition of blood involves the cell, its fragments and plasma. About 8% of the weight of
human body, blood is responsible for that. Formation and longevity of the blood is referred to
haemopoiesis, which makes the blood cells.
10.2 Briefly describe Haemostasis
Haemostasis is considered as the stopping of bleeding. It may be either by general
vasoconstruction or by an abnormal obstruction.
10.3 Briefly discuss one disorder of haemostasis?
A very basic disorder of haemostasis can be considered as Hemo philia. It does not let the body to
manage the ability of the body of controlling the clotting of blood.
10.4 What are the names and functions of the White Blood Cells
Different types of WBCs are discussed as under:
Monocytes - They helps in breaking down the bacteria count.
Neutrophils - It helps in killing and then digesting the bacteria.
Basophils - It sounds an alarm when any infection or agent tries to enter in the blood.
Lymphocytes - They fight with the bacteria and viruses.
Eosinophils - They damages the parasites thoroughly.
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10.5 Although whole blood transfusion can save lives, people have different blood groups.
Name these groups and why some blood types are not compatible?
There are various blood groups which involves Blood Group A, B, O and AB. Some blood groups
are not compatible with each other
10.6 What are the risk factors associated with the potential seriousness of Blood
Transfusion? Discuss in depth the organisational requirement with your Scope of practice in
relation to this.
Hives
Itching
Fever
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10.7 Write the meanings and a medical term of the word elements below
Combining form Meaning Medical term
Eryth/o Red Erythrocyte
Haem/o Blood Hemocyte
Home/o Similar to Homeostasis
Phleb/o vein Phlebotomy
Thromb/o Clotting of blood Thrombo
Section 11
The Cardiovascular System
11.1 Label the heart by using the box provided
Superior Vena Cava, Aorta, Left Ventricle, Endocardium, Right Atrium, Intraventricular Septum,
Pericardium, Pulmonary Arteries, Pulmonary Veins, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Chordae
Tendineae, Inferior Vena Cava, Myocardium.
1 Superior vena cava 2 Aorta 3 Septum 4 Pulmonary trunks
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5 Right atria 6 Left atria 7 Right pulmonary
veins
8.
9 Chordae tendineae 10 Left ventricles 11 Right ventricles 12 Atrioventricular
valves
13 Septum 14 Inferior vena cava
11.2 Label the conduction to the heart by using the box below
Purkinje Fibres, Sinoatrial Node, Bundle of His, Atrioventricular Branch Bundle, Atrioventricular
Node.
1 Sinus node 2 Trio ventricular node 3 His bundle
4 Left bundle branches 5 Right bundle branches
11.3 Name systems with a close relationship of the cardiovascular system
Vertebrates
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conduction to the heart
11.4 Briefly define
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram is considered as a process for recording and representing the heartbeat of an
individual by means of electrocardiography.
Bradycardia
It is categorized as a term for people who have a slow pulse rate.
Tachycardia
It is considered as a process for rapid rates of the pulse.
11.5 Explain the Cardiac cycle
It is considered as a combination of various events occurring at the time of beating of heart.
11.6 Explain Cardiac output
It is the amount of blood which the heart pumps per minute.
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11.7 Name the pulse points
1 Temporal artery 2 Facial arteries 3 Carotid arteries
4 Brachial arteries 5 Radial arteries 6 Femoral arteries
7 Popliteal 8 Posterior tibial 9 Dorsalis pedis
11.8 Name the main artery that supplies blood to the liver
Hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver.
11.9 Name the main vein of the brain that returns blood to the heart
Vena cava is considered as the vein that is responsible for returning the blood to the heart.
11.10 Define the physiology of Blood pressure
There are two pressures that can be measure, one is the systolic and the other is the diastolic. The
systolic is the higher-pressure level while the diastolic is the lower pressure level.
11.11 What is the average blood volume of an adult
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The average volume of an adult is 5 liters.
11.12 Briefly describe the difference between an artery and vein structure
The major difference between artery and veins is that arteries carry the oxygenated blood from
the heart to the body whereas veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the
body.
11.13 Define the following words and abbreviations
AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm Angina pectoris It determines the chest pain
because of the coronary heart
disease.
CABG Coronary artery bypass graft Endocarditis Swelling in the heart valves and
the linings on the tissues of the
heart.
ECG Electrocardiogram Hypertension High blood pressure is considered
as hypertension.
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging Blood pressure Evaluation of the force that is
being exerted against the walls of
the arteries.
SOB Shortness of breath Septicaemia Taking over the bloodstream by
virulent microorganisms.
VV Varicose vein Haemorrhage Bleeding in case with the tissue of
the brain is called Haemorrhage.
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Section 12
The Lymphatic System and Body Defences
12.1 Briefly describe the function of the Lymphatic System
The system comprises of various functions which are even related to each other. The main
function, it deals with is the exclusion of the interstitial fluid from the tissues.
12.2 Lymph flows (Bold Answer)
A) in a circular pattern within the tissues
B) away from the heart only
C) towards the heart only
D) both towards and away from the heart
E) into the capillaries
12.3 The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the: (Bold Answer)
A) right upper quadrant
B) left upper quadrant
C) right lower quadrant
D) left lower quadrant
E) right upper and lower quadrants
12.4 Discuss the Innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms and the Adaptive (specific) defense
mechanisms.
The mechanism includes various physical barriers such as chemicals in the blood, skin etc.
12.5 Define the following terms
Allergy When the immune system of a human body gets reacted with any foreign
substance, allergy results.
Anaphylaxis An allergic reaction towards the bee sting.
Lymphoma When cancer happens on the lymph nodes, it is termed as the Lymphoma.
Intercellular These are considered as the spaces between the cells.
Interstitial
fluid
This fluid washes and surrounds the tissues of the multicellular animals.
Cytotoxic These are drugs which damages the living cells.
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Section 13
The Respiratory System
13.1 Label the structures in the box below
A Lung B Alveoli C Nostril
D Oral cavity E Trachea F Diaphragm
13.2 Briefly explain the physiology of the Respiratory System
The physiology of the respiratory system compiles of breathing and ventilation. External
respiration is considered as the transfer of gases within the air that is being inhaled and the air.
Internal respiration is categorized as the transfer of gases within the fluids of the tissue and the
blood.
13.3 Briefly define
Dyspnoea (10 words)
When a person is suffering from difficulty in breathing, it is called as Dyspnoea.
Apnoea (10 words)
Temporary blocking of breathing, especially during sleep is considered as Apnoea.
Cyanosis (10 words)
When the color of the skin is getting bluish or is under going any dis colouration, it is said to
have cyanosis.
13.4 Describe in depth the protective mechanisms of the respiratory system
The respiratory system has its own defense mechanisms to clean and protect it.
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13.5 Explain in depth respiratory volumes and capacities
The inspiratory capacity (IC) is considered as the total amount of air that might be inhaled. It is
calculated by summing up the tidal volume along with the inspiratory reserve volume.
13.6 Briefly describe
External Respiration
This respiration occurs in the lungs when the diffusion of oxygen takes place in the carbon dioxide
and the blood.
Gas transport
The oxygen can be transmitted in two major ways. Either a small amount of oxygen or a fully
saturated one acts essential in this case.
Internal Respiration
The exchange between the gases and the cells of the body is termed as the internal respiration.
13.7 The auditory (eustachian) tubes, which drain the middle ear, open into the: (Bold Answer)
A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) palatopharynx
D) laryngopharynx
E) tracheopharynx
13.8 At the commencement of your shift, you notice that one of your clients has a glass of water
and you had been advised on handover that this patient required monitoring of their Fluid
Balance. Upon going to document on the Fluid Balance Chart, you find that the Chart has not
been maintained though the previous shift. What will you do within your Scope of Practice?
I will prepare a chart for him and include all the intake details so that the health of the person can
be improved..
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13.9 Complete the following prefixes, suffixes, words and abbreviations
Rhin- Rhino laryngology Pleurisy Inflammation of membranes
Brady- Bradycardia COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
Dys- Dysentery CF Cystic fibrosis
Endo- Endogenic ENT Ears, Nose and Throat
-centesis Cardiocentesis CXR Chest X-ray
-pnoea Hyperpnoea ETT Endotracheal Tube
-thorax Metathorax PE Pulmonary Embolism
Epistaxis Nose bleeding URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
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Section 14
The Digestive System
1
Nasopharyn
x
2 Sublingual
glands
3 Tongue
4 LARYNXES 5 Esophagus 6 Stomach
7 Liver 8
Gallbladder
9 Spleen
10
Duodenum
11 Jejunum 12 Ileum
13 Cecum 14
Ascending
colons
15
Transverse
colons
16
Descending
colon
17 Sigmoid
colons
18 Rectum
19 Anus 20
Vermiform
appendices
14.2 Discuss the physiology of digestion
The absorption of the food takes place in jejunum and the ileum. Small intestine digests the
proteins in the form of amino acids and peptides.
14.3 List and briefly describe the function of the digestive system
The major functions of digestive system comprises of digestion and absorption. It is also
categorized as having two mouth openings which are the anus and the mouth.
14.4 As food propulsion reaches the stomach, local irritation such as bacterial food poisoning
occurs, explain the result of this.
In this, the food is being traveled by the alimentary canal.
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14.5 Name the accessory digestive organs and what role do they play.
Mouth and anus are the two accessory digestive organs. With the help of mouth, a person is able
to eat food and can also exclude the wastes then by the help of anus.
14.6 Name the acid that is released in the stomach and what is the pH value
Hydrochloric acid releases in the stomach and its pH value is from 1.5 to 3.5.
14.7 In order to have a health digestive system we need to understand Nutrition and
metabolism. Briefly describe your answer
For maintaining a healthy digestive system, it is important to focus on taking meals sufficient in
nutritional values. Intake of these foods thus increases the metabolism.
14.8 Briefly explain the five food groups, examples and nutritional value of these foods
The five food groups are discussed as under:
 Fruits: apple, grapes etc.
 Grains - cereals etc.
 Lean meats - red meat, fish etc.
 Vegetables - Brinjal, cabbage etc.
 Milk and dairy products - Yogurt, cheese etc.
14.9 What are some factors or threats that are likely to influence an individual’s physical
health?
In your answer, divide them into both External factors (those that come from outside the body)
and Internal factors (those that are from within the body) and explain what they are and the
impact that they have on the body
External Factors Impact
Income It affects the household balance.
Socialization It affects the mental balance.
Internal Factors Impact
Personal relationships It affects the mental balance
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14.10 Find the word that matches the following description
Esophageal varices Dilated veins in the lower part of the oesophagus of in the upper part of the
stomach
Barrett’s
esophagus
Pre-malignant condition in which the tissue lining the oesophagus is
replaces by tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestine
Gastritis Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines resulting in
diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting
Choledocholithiasis The presence of calculi or stones in the gallbladder
Cirrhosis Chronic disease in which the liver slowly deteriorates with scar tissue thus
blocking the flow of blood through the liver
Intestinal gas The presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. This gas is expelled via the
anus where an average person expels approx. 1 L per day (20 times)
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Section 15
The Urinary System
15.1 Label the following diagram
Kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Bladder
1
Kidney
2 Ureter
3
Bladder
4 Urethra
15.2 Describe the anatomical position of both female and male urinary system
The left kidney is situated quite higher than the right kidney. This is so as the liver at the right side
is bigger than that of the left side
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15.3 Label the following nephron
1
Malpighian
corpuscle
2 Renal artery 3 Distal
convoluted
tubules
4THin
segmentation
5
Bowman’s
Capsule
6 Proximal
convoluted
tubules
7
Descending
limb
8 Collecting
tube
15.4 State the three process that result in urinary formation
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
15.5 Urine consists of?
Urea Chloride Sodium
Potassium Creatinine Ions
15.6 Briefly define Micturition
Micturition considers various contradictions in the urinary bladder.
15.7 The characteristics of urine are:
Water intake Exercise temperature
15.8 State the urine pH and Specific Gravity
7.4 - 6 1.000 - 1.030
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15.9 Discuss in depth a summarise your understanding of Fluid and Electrolytes
Electrolytes are considered as the minerals that composes an electric charge in it.
15.10 Which one of the following terms describes the location of the kidneys: (Bold Answer)
A) suprarenal
B) retro perineal
C) adrenal
D) intraperitoneal
E) retroperitoneal
15.11 Define the following terms
Cystocele It occurs as the fibrous wall between the vagina and bladder gets torn at
the time of child’s birth.
Dialysis It is a substitute for all the functions of a kidney.
Urinalysis It is considered as a test for the urine.
Ureteric colic It is categorized as an emergency in the medical practices.
Polycystic kidney
disease
It is an inherited disorder in which the cysts develop in the kidneys.
cystoscopy It helps the doctors in examining the lining of the bladder.
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Section 16
The Reproductive System
16.1 Label the following diagrams
Bulbo-urethral gland, Ductus deferens, Prepuce, Prostate, Urinary bladder, Urethra, Epididymis,
Testis
1Vas deferens 2 Bladder 3Urethra 4SEminal vesicle
5 colons 6 Epididymis 7 Penis 8 Testicle
Ovary, Uterus, Fallopian Tube, Cervix, Vagina, Fimbriae, Myometrium
1 Body of the uterus 2 Ampulla 3 Infundibulum 4 Fimbriae
5 Cervix 6 Myometrium 7 VAGINA
16.2 State the action of hormones in both males and females
Males
Maximized level of testosterone.
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Females
Promotes muscle and bone growth.
16.3 Discuss the ovulation cycle
When an egg has matured and is released from the ovary, the process is termed as ovulation. If an
ovary is producing a mature follicle, then only she can ovulate.
16.4 Briefly describe how fertilisation takes place.
The process takes place when a sperm and an egg combines.
16.5 Briefly discuss the three trimesters of pregnancy
First Trimester
It starts at the first day of the last period till the end of the 12th week.
Second Trimester
The second trimester has a life span of 13 - 27 weeks.
Third Trimester
It initiates from 28 to 40 weeks.
16.6 Label the female external reproductive genitalia
Anus, Mons Pubis, Labia Minora, Labia Majora, Clitoris, Urethra, Vagina, Perineum
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1 Mons pubis 2 Vestibule 3Hymen 4 Glans of clitoris
5 Vaginal entrance 6 Urethral opening 7 Anus 8 Posterior fourchette
16.7 Briefly explain the function of the Mammary Gland
The mammary gland is located in the breast in women which is uaually known for lactation
purpose.
16.8 Soon after the delivery of a healthy baby, your client complains of severe pain in the lower
abdomen. On examination, the uterus is soft, and P.V. loss is bright red. What could be the cause
of this pain, and what actions would you take within your Scope of Practice.
Cause of pain: Placenta previa
Actions within Scope of practices
Self care at home:
 Modified bed rest
 Ceseran delivery
 Obstetrical follow up care after the delivery
 Medication: tocolytic drug
16.9 Define the following terms
Hypospadias It is a congenital disorder with the urethra of a person.
Hydrocele It is a without pain buildup of the water molecules.
TURP A surgery which helps in treating the urinary problems.
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Endometriosis It is a sort of pelvic pain
Hysteroscopy A method that helps the doctor to see inside the uterus.
Oophorectomy It is considered as a surgical method for removing any one or both the
ovaries.
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