International Relations: Environmental and Energy Security

This article discusses the interrelation between environment and security, and the need for energy security. It also covers the impact of environmental security on climate change and the concept of security in international relations.

Running head: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Relations
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Environmental security
The relation between environment and security and intertwined and with the passage of
time, the relation between the two have started to be incorporated into the policy frameworks of
international environment policy (Kutz 2018). Environment should be taken up as an essential
focus of transnational concern in line with the emerging concerns of national security along with
peace and human rights (Collins 2016). Preservation of nature should be an international concern
as the nature is seen to be submerged with issues of consumption and lack of conservation.
Environmental security should be equated with national security as they take into account both
international and national frameworks which form the basis of domestic laws as they have social
as well as economic implications on the people of the state (Mathew 2015). It is mandatory for
every state to follow the principles of sustainable development so as to preserve the nature and
the resources for the future generations (Dalby 2017). Humans have started to neglect the
importance of environment and have started to take the life supporting systems like water,
medicine, clean air for granted which has resulted in regional, national and international conflict.
Environmental security has a direct impact on humans and it is the responsibility of the state and
the nations to institute policies so that are aimed at preserving the nature (Dalby 2017).
Environmental security is needed in cases when the environment is facing degradation
and there is a scarcity of resources. The scarcity can be determined by the change in
environment, the population size as well as growth and also an unjustified and unequal
distribution of resources. The threat to environmental security can be adjudged in years and in
the near future, the security changes will be highly impacted. The aim of the Government shall
be to device plans and strategies to make sure that the challenges that are faced by humans on a
yearly or quarterly basis are monitored (Culshaw et al 2015).

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Energy security
In the early 1970s, energy security was thought to be a way of cutting down the
dependence on oil consumption as well as imports which was viewed majorly in the oil
importing countries. With time, it has been perceived that there has been an increased
consumption of oil and energy thereby leading to a growth of inflation and price related issues.
Therefore, if the countries are aiming to reduce oil consumption, it is essential that the countries
start to make indigenous energy resources and also bring into play other methods of energy
consumption. Energy security has been an alarming cause of concern in the recent decades and
therefore it is essential to make the regulations flexible so that there is lesser conflict and also a
reduction of strategic reserves. Energy is very important to humans and in cases where there is a
reduction or shortage of supply of energy, the humanity will be at the receiving end (Graeger
1996). Whenever there is an impediment to the supply of energy, it will be seen that there are
serious financial concerns as well as economic and social loss. There has been a sharp increase in
suppliers and they have resulted in more stocks and reserves. As a result of that trade has started
to flourish and it has also become free. When it comes to ensuring that energy is reserved, it also
essential to take into consideration the fact that stand by equipment need to be installed so as to
compensate the shortages in electricity and thereby the cost of operation has also increased
(Deudney 1990).
Energy and environmental insecurity
Energy security is the need of the hour and it has been taken up as a priority. The energy
scarcity is scaring the industrial era and it confronted with various complexities that range from
global economy to shortage in oil prices (Detraz and Betsill 2009). Inflation is a big issue that is
plaguing the economy and there has been also a sharp rise in the food prices that have transferred

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to other oil exporting regimes. Energy is directly related to environment as greenhouse emissions
along with ozone layer depletions are major concerns that need to be taken care of by the
countries (Floyd 2008). The inter-relationship between nations is getting strained due to the
concerns arising out of pollution and the nations are forcing major shifts in the policies
governing energy mandates.
Insecurity is the lacuna that is felt by the Government while enforcing any policy or
regulation and which does not get properly implemented causing threat to humanity. One of the
major reasons for growing insecurity in the world is due to the environmental issues that is
affecting the globe (Trombetta 2008). The insecurities that have become so rampant are mostly
due to environmental issues, like greenhouse emission, ozone layer depletion, desert
encroachment and so on and so forth. Environment gradually degrades the globe and it also
adversely affects people’s source of income and basic agronomy. When environment starts to
affect the farmlands and the water supply chain, people start to get agitated and thereafter there is
widespread violence and conflict. Many environmentalists have shown their concern over the
increasing environment degradation and they have stated that the best way the Government can
come around these issues is to ensure that the policies will indicate better measures. Environment
is highly polluted by oil exploitation as well as over use of man-made resources. Insurgency and
insolvency are parts of the problem which are induced by environmental degradation as fertile
lads are turning into barren lands, taking away the livelihood of many farmers who rely on
agriculture as their source of earning.
Environmental security and climate change
Environmental issues should be considered to be security issues as they are impacting
key security matters and they are also slowly transforming the security practices. Matters of

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security are grave concerns and they demand that proper international frameworks are in place to
mitigate issues. Security issues that raise more confrontational logic of security and are also
affecting international practices gather more concern like matters of peace and war. Sadly,
environmental issues and degradation are not considered to be matters of enough relevance to be
out at par with issues of peace and war and therefore their security issues are not given enough
importance. The scholars and academicians fail to treat environmental issues as grave and
therefore they treat them as ‘securitization’ which is again a flaw as it does not enunciate on the
basics and in depths of security practices. Alternative measures are being employed but did does
not emphatically talk about the non-traditional sectors and also does not apply the cogent logic
needed to deal with the issues of security at hand (Dalby 2002).
By trying to implement proper issues of security change, it is essential to state that these
are good attempts made by the Government to take into account the growing needs for
environmental issues. The climate security is a very good attempt to introduce environmental
concerns into the prospective security agenda of the world (Barry 1998). Though there are many
gaps that need to be bridged in terms of security concerns and environment. Environment is an
important element that needs to be part of every agenda and policy and with the growing need to
protect the Environment it is highly important that new policies are implemented that ensure that
Environment should be placed on the top of all priorities. In the 1970s, there was a sudden cry to
protect Environment so that new suggestions are made and new protection techniques are
implemented (Booth 1991). There are many security implications that arise when environment is
not given its due credit. World Commission on Environment and Development was one of the
first endeavors into marking the inception of environmental security. With the growing concerns
over ozone level depletion and other pollution issues, it came to be known that the issues of

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environment were becoming very serious. In the beginning of the inception, it was seen that
environmental security became more about talking about issues that really mattered and were
considered important by the law makers. There was no universal policy to address the issues of
environmental security. The politicians were not involved and therefore the policy makers had to
take up the matters at their individual discourse and as a result of which it did not gain enough
momentum. With the emergence of emergencies related to environment, it came to be decided
that environment debates should be made at international level so that big nations with greater
resources come into action. Humans are highly dependent on the nature and therefore the
concern of the environmentalists should be make more efforts to understand the essence of
planetary biosphere as these are the essential supports on which the humans are surviving and
living. The viewpoint of making environment security a matter of concern, it has received mixed
reviews where some say that it is essential and should be protected whereas there is another view
which says that environment cannot be equated with other concerns like identity, territoriality as
they are of immense importance. Matters of territoriality, sovereignty and identity are bigger
concerns for developing nations where they are looking for help from developed nations and
therefore they do not have the resource to pay attention to matters like environment as they seem
very trivial to them. To equate matters of great concern like war and peace and stability with
governance and ecology and habitat, it does not receive any assent from the poor countries (Paris
2001).
Conflict as well as tensions arise because different countries have different set of
principles to deal with matters of concern and they devise plans to counter them. The best way to
find a solution to these conflicts is by showing solidarity and shared responsibility. Every
country tries to maximize their economy by banking upon their best interests and by doing so

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they give rise to many vulnerabilities, it is the duty of the states to make sure that they play their
vulnerabilities to receive the best advantage (Wang 2011). There is a need for combined effort to
protect the environment and as a result of that environment policies should be implemented so
that all the countries have the right access to resources and also their problems can be dealt with.
Theory of realism and environment security
The traditional theory of security is that use of force or strategic study is need to combat
them. The theory of realism often follows a different discourse. Under this scheme, a narrow
thematic analysis of the concept is done where it states that security should be done as per the
needs of the society and necessary sources should be applied in doing so. High politics and low
politics are categories that are done keeping in mind hierarchy and the gravity of the issues that
are concerned by them. Realm theory places environment in the sphere of low politics and keep
it away from the reach of high politics as matters of serious concern are dealt by high politics.
The realist are of the opinion that environment should be kept on low priority(Howard 2017).
Anything that becomes a threat to peace and security account are matters of serious
concern and they also become issues of conventional notion of security. Environmental
degradation is considered to be a non-conventional notion because it does not come under the
directed formula that talks about immense matters of security. With increasing environmental
degradation individual National as well as International matter are coming under the heading of
security studies. With the passage of time it is seen that under the umbrella of International
Security environment along with global warming and climate change have also started to feature.
It can be said that along with matters of War and Peace is also an understanding of
environmental change and the vulnerability that are associated which climate and nature. These
discourses are promoting conservation and sustainable development so that the faith of the

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people in the system is restored as well as there is promotion of peace and stability. If peace and
stability increase the human security will directly impacted and it will be protected and
preserved. Environment has a direct impact on individuals and also on the society as a whole.
The point is that whenever the concept of security is interlinked with environment it is important
to understand that developments in security will directly affect people and their rights. A general
level security will impact the livelihood of people who was the income on agriculture and
income arising out of natural resources (Sinha 2012). Therefore environment will have a broader
impact on the society and social change is directly attributed to environmental security. The
word can be said that the individual and the general notion of environment issues can be
considered at stepping stones to incorporation of the concept of security attached to environment.
Concept of security
Right after the end of the cold war your 1990 there was new concept that was added the
dimension of International Security. Human rights as well as human security where considered to
be falling under the traditional concept of security as these are promoted by the state as well as
the nation and they came under the broader prospect after serving these rights. During the cold
war and there was a rise in conflict it was very difficult to establish human security and therefore
there was no proper justification for the rise in these threats. Therefore under the affairs of
security he matters of human security which diversifying to concepts of poverty hunger health
issues and interested conflicts (Raleigh and Urdal 2007). This post a great threat to human life
and during this time there was a direct shift from traditional concept of security to non-traditional
concept of security. As has been discussed above the realist where of the opinion that security is
always equated with power and when the power is used in the form of force it holds the concept
of realism. Realism therefore is very closely associated with the way a state tries to manifest

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their military capabilities. The food according to the Realists’ concept of security the entire
purpose is to implement thread and force by the state. This theory was usually criticized by the
post realists as they believed that state shall not promote any matters related to use of force.
therefore the greatest victory has been in implementing non traditional forms of security as not
only matters of War and conflict shall be treated as priority matters of poverty health social in
securities shall also be given importance and they shall also be treated as matters of high
security. The aim was to act and promote the methods needed for guidance and it started to gain
momentum when it was seen that poverty was plaguing humans I was coming across as a threat
to peace. The for internal conflict economic crisis are all becoming parts of security office and
the questions that have been asked repeatedly is where is the security and which security is being
threatened and by whom. To make any matter a great concern were taken under the purview of
security it is very important to make vocal changes and also make the politicians and the policy
makers understand the gravity of the situation. Till the time the policy makers are convinced that
there is a threat to emergency and existence till then no action will be taken to convert any
conflict situation into a security issue. Therefore to convert any existing peace threat into a
matter of security because we first proved that there is an exceptional situation of emergency and
rescue measures need to be taken to that effect (Raleigh and Urdal 2007). The persons who need
to be convinced are the politicians the government agents and also activists who are constantly
confident about the fact that environment should not be given more importance than it already
gets. Many academicians and Scholars honest opinion that security should be considered a
society construct and the idea that security establishes a matter of gravity should be taken into
concern by the concerned authorities. To ensure that any situation becomes a matter of concern
for security threat it has to be presented in a way that people are convinced other stakeholders are

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also need to believe that the issue needs proper care and it should be treated as an emergency
situation. when the implementation is going on by the security authority is it has be kept in mind
that there has to be a specific target audience that believes that environment should be given for
your protection and it should also be considered a matter of security (Kutz 2018). These are the
state actors as well as citizens who should also perceive environment as a matter of security and
believe that it is undergoing thread and therefore it should be protected and preserved. With the
Inception of the securitization process it is very important to keep the state actors and the
government in Tulu was ultimately they are the major driving force behind the entire process
(Howard 2017). State is considered to be the speaker and also the promoter of the concept of
security for any state. The state is considered the stakeholder and they are also the responsible
ones what do you to want to represent the state.
Environment as a bigger threat than global threat
It has been foreseen and claimed by many scientists and environmental is that
environmental degradation will have one of the most developed the effect on mankind (Kutz
2018). The concerns are so grave that some are also of the opinion that environmental
degradation will impact mankind more than any other thread that is affected humans.
Environmental security is but rest by matters of poverty and thread and security. The extreme
changes in environment all due to global warming with a direct result of environmental
degradation. It is a serious threat to the environment needs to be protected by everybody as in the
long run it will have deteriorating effect. If this concern is not addressed immediately it will have
a very serious effect in the future and will pose a threat to peace. As a result of this degradation
of environment there is a negative impact on climate changes which is completely changed in the
circle of the globe and is resulting in global warming (Panayotou 1993). Global warming will

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result in extreme fluctuations and also higher increase in temperatures. The degradation is
happening universally and also on a large Global scale and therefore all the countries are coming
under the threat irrespective of the economy and population (Howard 2017). As early as 2007 the
United Nations Security Council held a huge debate where in the decided to treat environment as
a big concern along the lines of peace and they believed that environmental security should be
treated on high priority as the directly impact international peace and security. Even the
government is confused and into mind regarding giving the status of security to environmental
degradation. Everybody is of the opinion that environmental change is a matter of serious
concern and it is a problem which needs to be resolved but whether it should be given the status
is security issue or not has been the bone of contention for many years. Use of external and
military threats to the sovereignty and Territory of a country or a nation is a primary important
and this is the traditional approach that is undertaken to absolve security matter (Dalby 2002).
The promoter traditional believer of the dominant approach theory the belief that environment
and climate do not fit in that realm. With the passage of time it is justified to state that
environment should become a political issue and it should get that tension of all the policy
makers and lawmakers who treat environment as a very less important topic. The implications
that will arise if environmental degradation takes place does not bother too many policymakers
and that is the reason why environment is not linked with security. In Stockholm in the year
1972, a United Nations Conference on the Human Environment what's the major step in the
Global Arena which type to link environment with security (Boyce 1994).
Energy and environmental security
Energy and environmental security are interlinked and they were termed as one of the
most important that does in the year 2007. The reason why these both are interlinked is because

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national economic and societal damage arise from the deterioration in environment and the only
way this Catastrophe can be Limited is by providing traditional and low polluting mechanisms
that secure energy sources (Sinha 2012). Fossil fuel as well as greenhouse emissions have a very
severe impact on environment and do they have been many ways to curb the dependency on
these two not enough action has been taken. The energy and environment security matters are
treated differently and also has two separate sets of problems policymakers in the developed
countries believe that is climate change can we meet again it the energy security situation will
automatically be resolved(Stern, Common and Barbier 1996). The end of the opinion that the
only way to mitigate climate change is to find out tools to effectively resolve the matter is related
to high use of resources that pose as a threat to energy consumption. A coherent policy to bridge
the gap that the policy makers face should be done so that a comprehensive Framework is
established where the issues related to both energy and environment are addressed by the state
(John 2017). China and India are considered the top emitters of carbon and though the Kyoto
Protocol was undertaken to resolve this issue, it has been established that the international
frameworks do not incorporate them into their regulation framework. There are many ethical as
well as legal issues that are associated with energy as well as environmental security. The
relationship between climate and human security are very intelligent and energy serves as the
method to alleviate the human problems of poverty and health issues. Humans have started to
take environment for granted and they believe that matters of health medicines and well being
can be easily achieved. The policy makers need to try to use and inculcate more carbon intensive
energy consumption FB will protect the environment in many ways. Impact of environment on
the ecosystem should be always taken into consideration and therefore human security should
very strategically replaced with environmental security as this will showcase and portray that

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humans interact with the environment. The threatening human security in terms of environment
security will help understand the depth of the problem as it is a universal truth that humans
interact with the environment and is environment is degraded the basic amenities to life like
medicine food shelter (Salehyan 2008). Economic crisis has been treated as a matter of human
security and environmental security encompasses maters of both economy as well as health. The
modern world is full of complex relations and these diversities are portrayed with the help of
nation-state relations that try to control natural as well as environmental resources. If
environmental degradation is not taken up seriously many catastrophes will take based on
humans will always be at the receiving end. Emissions perceive to be successful if the humans in
those countries as safe and happy and if environmental degradation affects the population their
growth the country cannot be said to be working for the best interest of the people (Busby et al
2012).
The difference of opinion between the realist and the non-realists is that they do not
consider environment as an important security concern. The non-realists believe that economy is
hampered with the change in environment. Environment plays a very strong foundation for a
nation to be successful and the degradation of environment directly affect the economy of the
country. With the constant decrease in environmental protection there is a direct impact on
economy and the economic growth of the nation and also of the country. The political structure
and the hierarchy that a country follows is about power play and if environment starts to degrade
it so happens that the political structure faces problems (Weldemariam 2009). Borders are for
ensuring that countries are demarcated by their jurisdiction and when there is an environment to
change the opportunities of those countries start to decrease and therefore as a result there is a
democratic displacement. The displacement happens within the jurisdiction of the states and as a

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result of which the international boundaries start to get deformed. As has been noted above that
insurgency is also a direct result of environmental degradation. The approach that strengthen the
relationship between environment as well as security should be viewed from every global view.
So that the dynamics in the environmental politics can be understood from global point of view
(Howard 2017). Right after the end of cold war and when the agenda setting was beginning for
environment to change any suggestions were reviewed that trying to point out the inconsistencies
that he or curing between national security and the way and method of preserving the
environment. the suggestions for the intended purpose of international frameworks that will help
in incorporation of environmental change and also try to bring in security measures so that
environmental degradation do not take place any further. As time passed away it seems that post
World War the tensions and the conflicts with beginning to increase and as a result of which
environmental awareness was starting to slow down. With the increase in environmental
awareness it is expected that people will start to become aware of the changes that environment
is facing and how it is posing a security threat to humankind. post World War 2 and the
beginning of cold war it so happened that environment started to play havoc which made the
analysts believe that environmental change should be seen as a big impediment to success and
progress. The analysts viewed environmental issues as security concerns as they believed that
these issues will eventually lead to matters of conflict and will increase more tension between the
Nations. Keeping in mind the long term impact of environment on human beings it is also
believed that if environment started to change so rapidly and also degrade the human survival
will be at stake. Before the security being a mountain relies down for dealing with conflict it
soon started to become an individual concern of people who are suffering from the effects of
environmental degradation. It has been thoroughly emphasized that security will mean nothing if

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the fundamental rights of individuals are not taken into account and human beings are not made
responsible of the environment which is changing everyday. The capacity of endurance for every
human being is different and to treat environmental change as a security concerns the benchmark
is set at a very high limit.
The environmental policies finally in the year 1980 started to acknowledge the impact of
environmental change on human security and as a result of which the military authority Strike 2
and tier security dimension and also the environment issues. Security was always seen as a
subject matter of national security and it was always associated with the principles of
territoriality and statehood as well as political and military powers of a government. Security
always extended to upkeeping the territorial integrity of any state and also maintaining political
and military rules in a country to uphold the principles. The Independent Commission on
Security and Disarmament Issues pick up the whole task of evaluating environmental security as
a serious concern which should be taken into account while understanding the national in
securities and the problems of humans. The World Commission on Environment and
Development took a very Landmark decisions in the year 1987 Brundland Report web for the
first time they try to link security with environment. In this report it was stated that humans are
faced with two kinds of great threats. The first drat was regarding nuclear exchange and the
second was about environment. It is also stated that environment is a matter of great prospect in
the future and therefore it should be treated with complete concerned and it is the future that will
determine the prospect of the Nations and how they perceive there people. In recent times there
are hardly any limitations to the Ambit and interpretation of the term security as it concerns
matters of physical social as well as economic well-being of any human being. Wave
environmental concerns like deforestation or environmental stress that are happening without

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any action from the state or International Authorities is a matter of great concern and many lives
are lost and poor countries do not have enough resources to help the people cope with such
stress. Countries like Africa Asia South America I really wonder great environmental stress and
the government is not picking up the issue as priority.
Conclusion
The security issues should be all inclusive of traditional and nontraditional approaches
and along with military and political aspects environment should also be given equal status of
concern. Environmental security is not only restricted to the sphere of environment but has direct
implications for individual rights as well as the rights of the state and the entire community as a
whole. It should be mandatory to undertake a risk assessment and threat assessment framework
to sort out matters of International Security whenever it is needed. This is a matter of great
environmental concern as the life of the people are at stake and is a security concern as it can
claim more life than any Global Security issue like terrorism war or instability. It is true that
terrorism and war are matters of international concern but they should not be put on a high
pedestal because they have the potential of claiming more life or attracting attention of more
policymakers.

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