Environmental Impact and Sustainable Fleet Management

Information Technology Management
1) a) Table to calculate the fuel cost and CO2 emission:
Fuel used per
1000 km
CO2 intensity
(kg/MWh)
Price Fuel cost
(£ per 1000
km)
CO2
emissions
(kg per 1000
km)
EV 150 kWh 280 13 p per
kWh
£ 19.50 42
Petrol 70 litres 260 £1.20 per
litre
£ 84 582.40
Diesel 56 litres 320 £1.25 per
litre
£ 70 645.12
To calculate the fuel cost:
Cost = fuel used × price/litre
To calculate CO2 emission:
Carbon dioxide emission = Weighted average net calorific value (NCV) of the fuel ×Weighted
average CO2emission factor of the type of fuel
The calorific values of petrol and diesel are 32 MJ per litre and 36 MJ per litre respectively
b) Pollutants caused by the commercial fleet:
There is a survey taken at the year 2016 that states 17% of the diesel vehicle has lost its sales due
to the extreme pollution that could be hazardous when compared to the petrol vehicle. The toxic
gases that are emitted by these vehicles are as follows:
Carbon monoxide (CO): Oxygen plays a key role in our body. With the inhalation of carbon
monoxide it could block the oxygen carrying capacity that could affect the most important
organs of our body (Archer, Fotheringham, Symmons and Corben, 2008). Extreme emission of

CO could be dangerous and should be controlled. But a limited emission could save the normal
people but could affect those people suffering from the heart disease (Baas and Latto, 2007).
NOx (oxides of nitrogen including nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide): This could extremely
affect the lung functionality causing illness in breathing. Extreme exposure to these gases could
cause asthma and other allergies to the lungs (Baas, Latto, & Ludvigson, 2007). Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) could affect the environment that could cause acid rain and ozone depletion.
Particulate matter: According to Dr Matthew Loxham, a research fellow in air pollution
toxicology at the University of Southampton says that these fine particles are extremely
dangerous that could cause heavy respiratory disorders and cardiovascular disorders (Baas,
2008). More than 29,000 deaths have occurred in United Kingdom due to this fine particle
emission.
Hydrocarbons: This could be extremely carcinogenic and leads to death. In fact this could also
result in the formation of green house gases (Baas and Taramoeroa, 2008).
The above are the pollutants that could be caused by either diesel or petrol vehicles. Plug-in
Electric vehicles could save us money as well as reduce in the pollutants causing factors ( Bomel
Ltd, 2004). There are many advantages of using EVs which could react quickly that the internal
combustion engines.
c) Boon and Ban of Electric Vehicles:
Certain advantages are caused due to the operation of fleet rather than fuel vehicle. These are as
follows:
 Electric vehicles react quickly. It has a very good torque and extremely responsive.
 EVs charging are really user-friendly. Just like plugging a smart phone the vehicles are
connected. Moreover, we can able to monitor the amount of charge taken by our vehicle.
 The cost of the fuel is highly controlled using EVs. Since we could charge the vehicle
using any form of renewable sources from solar and wind.
 Electric train: Considering an electrical driven train that seems to be simpler that the
conventional one. Since the components of the electric vehicle are reduced say for
example, it has only electric motor (Charlton, Mackie, Baas, Hay, Menezes and Dixon,
2010). They do not require any replacement of fuel. In fact features like regenerative
braking reduce wear and tear on basic vehicle components. Recent survey says that a
typical fleet that uses electricity reduces 50 percent of its cost for the maintenance
purposes.
 Sustainability maintenance: Moreover emission of certain toxic gases as mentioned
above could also be reduced thus providing an improvement to the environment (de Pont,
2010).

 Employee maintenance: A report estimates that the electric vehicle drivers of the trucks
are more satisfied in their job by having a smooth ride and they appreciate in the non-
emission of gasoline thus encouraging a cutting-edge technology (Hattie and Timperley,
2007). This also encourages in recruiting new employees for transportation.
Although some advantages overflow, certain drawbacks that tends to reduce the efficiency
 Normal commercial fuel vehicles could run more than 300 miles in a full tank. But
it’s impossible for EVs that could run only 100 miles when the fleet runs out of
charge (Issling & Coyle, 2008).
 Full recharge of the electric vehicle could last for 8 hours. Hence the driver who runs
out of charge definitely gets trapped.
2) a) Audit for Sustainable fleet management:
Auditing, in common, is a disciplined assessment that involves analyzing, testing and
affirmations of events and disciplines whose objective is to confirm if the organization obey
with authorized necessities, interior policies and established practices (Lawson, Michaelis
and Waldron, 2008). The main purpose of the audit was to decide whether the Department of
Energy) has successfully as well as resourcefully reorganized its fleet vehicles to execute
sustainability creativity at preferred venues. Certain principles are followed by the
sustainable fleet management that tries to reduce the environmental impacts by confirming
the usage of cleaner vehicles, fuel-efficient process and driving as well as it sustains its task
by controlling the traffic caused by the vehicles. In doing these activities the fleet tries to
reduce the usage of fuel and the cost of the vehicles and enhances the safety and benefit of
workers. It also minimizes the troubles that could cause a blockage to the fleet (Maxwell,
2004). These typical strategies could help us in maintaining the policies and certain
conditions within the organization. For instance, efficiency of the business administration,
safety as well as healthy, equal opportunities as well as enclosure, and community social
responsibility (CSR) could be maintained. Moreover the organization comes forward to
report the amount of carbon emission from their vehicle during the time of transportation that
could be reported in the form of Scope 3 (McKenna, Waylen & Burkes, 2009). The
sustainability fleet management could be followed based on three main strategies:
Demand management in the transport: This particularly aims in the distance the fleet has
to travel. Moreover the weather condition of the route could also be noted so that the
responsible person could nominate a vehicle sufficient for the transportation thus saving in
the cost as well as efficient delivery of goods. In fact for a shorter distance and less
transportation goods size of the fleet could be reduced which involves in saving the fuel
effectively.
Sufficient technology and fuel usage: this particularly aims in reporting the lowest emitting
fuel vehicle (Hattie, and Timperley, 2007). Vehicle which is highly maintained that could