Environmental Management in Oil and Gas Industry

This document discusses the potential environmental impacts of petroleum production, exploration, distribution and marketing. It also covers the management measures instituted in the oil and gas industry to experience a healthy exploration of the same. The document provides recommendations for better environmental protection measures and technology considerations for better management of the oil industry avoiding environmental detrimental impacts.

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Title
Author’s name
Institutional affiliation

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................3
Introduction................................................................................................................................................3
Problem Statement.....................................................................................................................................4
Research Questions....................................................................................................................................5
Literature Review........................................................................................................................................5
Results.........................................................................................................................................................9
Discussions................................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................16
Recommendations....................................................................................................................................17
References................................................................................................................................................18

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Executive Summary
Oil and Natural gas are the primary energy for the constantly increasing world
population. However, the use of coal and petroleum has become the major cause of pollution.
Water with high salinity levels was started being experienced at the onset of oil exploration. Oil
exploration, production and distribution are done in three major sections, the upstream, the
midstream and the downstream sections of the industry. Understanding the processes involved in
the industry leads to comprehending the potential associated adverse impacts. The stages and
processes have diverse effects. Strong commitment to environmental protection is key to
protecting the environment and ensuring that the standards of oil production are met with
minimum adverse effects on the environment. A major difference in the journey of waste
management will be brought forth by re-use, re-use, reduction, recovering, recycling treatment
and responsible disposal of the material. As the different processes are being embraced in
dealing with oil exploration management, being sure to properly examine the risk, nature, size
and consequence that may occur in the case of an oil spill will considerably ensure that
environmental conservation.
Introduction
The lifeblood of the planet earth can be equated to energy. The economy is constantly expanding
every other day, constant powering of the expansion is necessary for the wellbeing of the society.
Hence, the need for energy. Oil and Natural gas have been the primary energy for the constantly
increasing world population since the 1950s (Steven Hackett, 2014). Considerable change is not
expected any time soon, as a result, it is expected that the dominance of oil and natural gas will
be realized in several decades coming ahead. Despite enjoying the many benefits that come with

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the consumption of oil and petroleum, there is a need to note that there are several negative
environmental impacts that come along such benefits (Georgios M. Kopanos, 2016). The impacts
may be experienced regionally or on a global scale. They are primarily seen through air
pollution, oil spills and the global change in the climate conditions all over the world. There has
been the introduction of environmental Geosciences however, it is evident that these sciences
trying to address the impacts are not in a position to address the major impacts directly. The use
of petroleum and coal are the major causes of air pollution (Steven Hackett, 2014). On the other
hand, oil spills come as a result of the ferrying if oil from one region to another. There have been
major impacts seen on the soils, surfaces and groundwater. The disposal of some large volumes
of oil not appropriately done result in such kind of impacts on the environment. Related activities
to oil exploration, distribution and refining can also result in ground disturbances. Such is seen
greatly through activities such as site clearances. Construction activities done on the roads may
also have an impact on the environment. Other land modification activities include the
construction of tank batteries, digging of brine pits and pipeline construction (Steven Hackett,
2014).
Problem Statement
Oil exploration resulted in the production of water characterized by high levels of salinity
(Whitacre, 2018). This was a significant detrimental activity that forced for the institution of
federal regulations to help in governing the disposal being done by the industries. The water is
known to have inorganic components, toxic metals, organic components, radioactive materials
resulted in salt scars, pollution on the ground and surfaces of streams, unlined evaporations
ponds and creeks. Such releases are major concerns to the petroleum producers, the owners of
the land, and regulators of the states and federations. New environmental laws have to be

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introduced in the society for the proper regulation of such practices (Steven A. Peterson, 2017).
Constant watch of the industry practices has to be ensured to see to it that there is an
improvement in the activities being embraced in the industries. Technology is also on the rise; it
has to be properly implemented as a way of ensuring that the most detrimental effects of
petroleum are properly eliminated.
Research Questions
 What are the potential environmental impacts seeing in the environment as a result of
petroleum production, exploration, distribution and marketing?
 What management measures have been instituted in the oil and gas industry to experience
a healthy exploration of the same?
 What environmental protection measures can be recommended for better governing of
the operation practices?
 What are the technology considerations for better management of the oil industry
avoiding environmental detrimental impacts?
Literature Review
While visiting the oil and gas industry, one will notice three major sections, the upstream, the
midstream and the downstream sections of the industry (Jacoby, 2012). Exploration and
production are majorly done in the upstream section of the industry. The oil is thereafter,
distributed in the midstream section. It is finally refined, processed and distributed to various
destinations in the downstream section. A company has a choice of being fully regarded and
perform the various processes or rather concentrate on one section of the oil industry. The area of
service also varies greatly. Certain companies operate globally and are generally referred to as
multinationals (Darrel Moellendorf, 2015). On the other hands, there are companies that have

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narrowed down to operate within a selected area. Hence, attaining the name independents. The
service and contractor companies characterize the upstream section of service. The companies
play a major role in the provision of specialist technical services, a benefit to the industry. The
common services include the geophysical surveys, cementing, drilling and catering services at
the various nearby hotels (Darrel Moellendorf, 2015). Through the days, there has been a close
partnership established between the contractors and the oil companies. The structure and culture
done by the oil companies are now being gradually instilled in the minds of the service
providers.
Understanding the potential impacts of the oil industry comes with a better understanding of the
processes involved in the oil industry (Hilyard, 2012). The process begins with exploration
surveying. A review is done on the geological maps that help in identifying major sedimentary
basins. Through aerial photography, the faults and anticlines are well identified at the site (A.W.
Martinius, 2014). The assessment of field geology is done to identify more detailed information.
Production of the detailed information will be followed by three major survey methods. They
include gravimetric, seismic and magnetic methods. The magnetic character of the various rocks
is determined through the variations in the intensity of the different magnetic field. This is done
through magnetic methods. The surface of the earth experiences variations in the gravitational
field. The gravimetric method has to be used in the determination of the various gravitational
fields. On the land and at the sea, measurements are primarily done using the aircraft. Geologic
structures are determined using seismic methods (Hilyard, 2012). The reflective properties of
the soundwaves on the rock strata play a major role in identifying the geologic structures. The
rock strata are located beneath the terrestrial and oceanic structures. A pulse in the form of a
wave is transmitted into the earth from an energy source. The existence of any different form of

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geologic strata through the travel results in a part of the layer being transmitted to deeper layers
while the other is reflected on the surface and received by geophones (Hilyard, 2012).
Electrical signals are transmitted by special cables that are received to a mobile laboratory (Keys,
2017). They undergo amplification and filtration. Thereafter, there is digitization and recording
done on magnetic tapes to facilitate interpretation (Felipe Sierra, 2015).
On identification of a geologic structure, the identification of hydrocarbons is primarily done
through the drilling of exploratory boreholes (E.H. Rutter, 2017). The geologic formation
determines the location of the drill sites. Balancing of environmental protection criteria and
logistical needs can be achieved by embracing efficient drilling. Pads are constructed at chosen
sites for land-based operations. They play a major role in accommodating the drilling equipment
and support services. The soil conditions, terrains and seasonal constraints determine the type of
pad to be constructed (Mahad Baawain, 2015). Mobile offshore drilling units help in facilitating
drilling activities over water (Craddock, 2018). Successful drilling and testing will be followed
by the dismantling of the rig and moving to the next site. Failure to find commercial quantities of
the hydrocarbon will lead to the decommissioning of the site to a safe and stable condition
(Orszulik, 2011).
Successful exploratory drilling leads to more wells being drilled (Shiquan Zhou, 2017). The
main target is primarily to determine the size and extent of the field. A common name given to
wells dug in the determination of hydrocarbon reserves is referred to as outstep or appraisal wells
(Curley, 2011). The appraisal mainly works to inform if there is a need for any further seismic
activity to be done on the ground. There are probabilities of a number of wells being drilled at a
single site. It results in an increase in the time a site is occupied. In some occasions, directional
drilling is embraced. It is primarily done through directional drilling at an angle from a site

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adjacent to original discovery borehole to appraising other parts. The practice is important in
cutting down the amount of land used (Hilyard, 2012).
An oil field is composed of different wells drilled (Zoveidavianpoor, 2018). The subsequent
wells drilled are generally referred to as development wells. One or several appraisals may be
used in the development of a reservoir. On the other hand, a larger reservoir calls for having
additional production wells. As a way of cutting down on the land requirements and overall
infrastructure cost, multiple production wells are drilled from one pad. Increase in the number of
wells dug result in an increase in time being occupied in the sites. Apart from that, the support
services will have to go higher. Hence, an increase in the accommodation workforce, supply of
water, management of waste and many other services. The preparation of each well dug for
production has to be before the departing of the rigs (Hilyard, 2012). There has been a need to
optimize operations at the site hence need for embracing technological developments. The recent
developments include the subsea systems. The systems play a role in the removal of the satellite
platform requirement. Technology has also made it possible working on deep waters in the case
where platforms have proved to be unsuitable in addition to marginal fields where it will be
uneconomic for platforms (Sabonnadière, 2010).
At the end of the commercial life of the different onshore production installations, their
decommissioning is done (Brebbia, 2014). The process may happen after 20 to 40 years (Mark J
Kaiser, 2012). Major activities involved include the removal of buildings and equipment. Apart
from that, there is the restoration of the site to environmentally sound conditions. Measures that
will push for site re-vegetation are encouraged through such a period. After closure, continued
monitoring of the site is still done. Efficiently carrying out such stage of the oil exploration is
significant to the whole process of oil production and distribution. Hence, proper planning has to

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be done before starting it off. Citing its importance, it is often considered at the beginning of
development during design. Planning of the same is done on the outset as a way of cutting down
on the environmental disruptions that are likely to occur (Brebbia, 2014).
The stages and process have diverse impacts on the environment (Rajesh Kumar, 2018). In some
occasions, the projects are big and complex, such nature of a project will lead to more negative
impacts being realized on the environment. Highly sensitive environments around such sites will
be greatly affected compared to the less sensitive environments. Planning embraced will also
inform on the kind of pollution that will be experienced (John Glasson, 2011). Proper planning
has to be done to ensure that pollution is significantly eliminated. The techniques embraced
should also be efficient to mitigate and control any effect arising from the production,
distribution and marketing of the oil.
Results
The research methods employed were of great benefit, after extensive research from a variety of
persons and reading materials, the following results were obtained regarding the methods that
will help in mitigating pollution that comes as a result of the production, exploration and
distribution of oil and petroleum. Implementation of the methods will play a significant role if
not to eliminate, then minimize the negative impacts experienced.
 Strong commitment to environmental protection is key to protecting the environment and
ensuring that the standards of oil production are met with minimum adverse effects on the
environment. The management systems have to be efficient as a way of ensuring to meet
the needed social standards
 All the oil and petroleum industries have to ensure that they give a proper definition and
documentation of the policies governing its health, safety, and environment. Apart from

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that, the oil industry has to ensure to set objectives that are consistent and display a
degree of relevance in society.
 Pollution prevention has been embraced through the process for an extended period of
time. However, many have doubts that the method will bore the needed fruits at the end
of the day. Hence, there have been proposals for having a different series of measures.
The proposed methods include the re-use of waste materials, treatment and re-using of
the same.
 Oil spills were discovered to be a common cause of pollution in the environment. There
is a need of having a proper plan to inform the community on the plans set in the case of
a spillage occurring. The community has to be properly informed on the hazards that may
be involved in the case of a spillage.
 Decommissioning has been a common practice at the sites which mainly result in the
disruption of the environment. The decommissioning is primarily done on the exploration
wells that were unsuccessful. The decommissioning is done after the initial one to three
months. Planning for the decommissioning and rehabilitation process from the outset will
be of much importance in eliminating any form of disruption on the environment.
 The procedures used in controlling the various systems have to be improved. There is a
need for upgrading the design and maintenance methods. There is a need for coming up
with a method that will help in controlling flaring and venting. Targeting the two
processes will play a significant role in the reduction of atmospheric emissions.
 Produced water is very common in the oil industry. Technologies that will curb the
production of disposal of the water will help in mitigating pollution in the environment.
Hence, water shut off technologies has to be embraced in the industries for example as it

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is seen with the diverting gels. They cut down on the requirements of water that will call
for treatment.
 In controlling solid wastes, focus on the previous days has been on how to reduce the
potential source. However, limited effort has been seen on how to decrease the wastes
already in the environment. Modifications to the process and procedures will
considerably reduce the waste material on the environment. The solid control equipment
being implemented should be improved in addition to embracing new technology.
 Apart from introducing new technologies, the company should also focus on bringing
forth new techniques that will serve a great step in minimizing the effects being
experienced on the environment over a period of time. Apart from introducing new
technologies, the company should also focus on bringing forth new techniques that will
serve a great step in minimizing the effects being experienced on the environment over a
period of time.
Discussions
Strong commitment to environmental protection is key to protecting the environment and
ensuring that the standards of oil production are met with minimum adverse effects on the
environment (Steve Werner, 2016). The management systems have to be efficient as a way of
ensuring to meet the needed social standards. Policy and commitment have been previously used
in ensuring the environmental laws and policies and set and implemented effectively. However,
there is a need to note that the two strategies cannot give an assurance of the environmental
performance meeting the legislative and corporate requirements (Steve Werner, 2016).
Effectiveness will be achieved through proper integration of the policies and commitments in the
formal management and ensuring to address all aspects concerning the performance of the

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environment. The implementation of the management can be effectively done by clearly
analyzing the current practice. The commitment from the staff should also be in full, hence the
communication between the staff members has to be excellent. Timeliness has to be embraced at
all times and the relevant training has to be achieved in the organization. The starting point will
tell the progress to be expected and finally the results of the working process. The common
starting point is the evaluation of the existing situation and practice (Steve Werner, 2016).
All the oil and petroleum industries have to ensure that they give a proper definition and
documentation of the policies governing its health, safety, and environment. Apart from that, the
oil industry has to ensure to set objectives that are consistent and display a degree of relevance in
society. It is also important to see to it that the strategies are also in equal importance with other
company policies and objectives (Mehdi P. Amineh, 2017). These are multiple strategies of
working to ensure to mitigate the negative impact of oil in the soil. Despite the many strategies,
failure to focus on the underlying tenet, the result will not be achieved. Commitment is the
underlying tenet to excellent working. Each person has to commit to defining and implementing
the corporate strategies aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of the oil industry in the
environment. The community will bring up different issues. The staff has to be committed to
attending the arising issues as a whole. Apart from that, establishing lasting partnerships with
stakeholders. The implementation and maintaining of the polices should be commitment (Mehdi
P. Amineh, 2017). The company has to also ensure that information is well passed to the public
as a way of winning their corporation through the working process. The industry has to work to
meet or exceed the regulations and legislations set by the different legislative bodies in society.
The standard being applied, on the other hand, have to be responsible where laws and regulations

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do not exist. Working by such objectives and strategies will serve as a guide to the excellent
handling of oil and petroleum (Mehdi P. Amineh, 2017).
Re-use, re-use, reduction, recovering, recycling treatment and responsible disposal will bring
forth a major difference in the journey of waste management (P. White, 2012). Proper analysis of
the different areas has to be done. Thereafter, proper area-specific plans have to be set up at
different sites. The plans will direct relation with the choice of waste being handled in addition to
the disposal options as per how sensitive they are to the ecology. The requirements set by the
regulatory authorities will also be put in great consideration not forgetting the geographic
facilities (P. White, 2012). When writing the plan, field perspective should be highly considered,
the guidance should be detailed and clear on how to handle each waste stream. Embracing the
planning, implementation and review will result to reassurance developing in regards to the
protection of the environment, the kind of training being offered to the field personnel, the level
of appropriateness of the plan and reduction of the volume and toxicity of the wastes (P. White,
2012).
There are different operations to be embraced in the industries. There is a need to ensure that any
kind of operation to be embraced comes with proper examining of the risk, nature, size and
consequence that may occur in the case of an oil spill (P. White, 2012). Developing such an
understanding will help in coming up with appropriate contingency plans. Contingency planning
will help in facilitating rapid mobilization in addition to effectively using manpower and
provided equipment to be used in carrying out support emergency response operations. Effective
working will arise from preparedness both physically and mentally (P. White, 2012). Hence,
there will be a need for regular exercising and training of the personnel to be involved through
the working process. Communication is also essential through such a form of working. It should

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be maintained with the appropriate authorities, local communication media, employees,
contractors and the neighboring operators (P. White, 2012).
In environmental management, site rehabilitation and decommissioning are strategic progress
(Muthu, 2018). The activity is guided by the purpose of rehabilitating a site and focusing on
meeting the needed objectives. There is a need for sufficient information to be collected during
the assessment phase that will help in the early planning of the process (Muthu, 2018). Preparing
and managing the site has to be done effectively, an activity that will eventually ease the
rehabilitation process. Progressive evaluation is much preferred to leaving everything to the end.
The risk assessment will form the basis of the reclamation process and ascertain the needed
levels. There are cases where operations take place in the vicinity of existing human settlement.
In such cases, wishes may be made to retain the roads or any useful infrastructure (Muthu, 2018).
The process will lead to the removal of all forms of contaminants and equipment excluding the
agreed infrastructure.
In dealing with atmospheric emissions, there will be a need for advancing the valve design
technology that will cut down on the fugitive emissions (Muller, 2012). Combustion efficiency,
on the other hand, will be improved by having an improved flare design. The evolving new
technologies have resulted in major improvement being realized on the recovery of flare gas and
consequently increasing the NGL recovery (Muller, 2012). There will need to use efficient gas
turbine systems having improved turbine maintenance regimes. Gas turbine optimization
considerations have also to be made. Extra technologies that will lead to great improvements
being realized in fuel efficiency include the use of steam injection, electric power distribution,
combined cycle power generation, optimization of the pump and compressor, proper application
of principles associated with energy conservation, coordinated shared power generation and

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efficiency of recovery of waste heat. The combustion performance can also be improved through
embracing the selective catalytic reduction technology (Muller, 2012).
Produced water is the second major waste resulting from oil production (Reuters, 2011).
Eliminating the source is more impossible hence, the methods of dealing with the challenge have
to lean on limiting the production. The produced water can be reinjected into the reservoir or any
other formation will lead to the provision of practical and optimum solutions especially in the
cases where there are available geologic formations (Reuters, 2011). Gas flotation has also been
a recent technology emerging from the treatment of produced water. They particularly help in the
removal of the dispersed oil. Apart from skimming technology, static hydroclones, gas stripping
and mechanical centrifugation technologies can also help in dispersing the oil (Reuters, 2011).
Great steps have been realized in the implementation of such technologies. Most of them are in
normal operation or have attained the prototyping stage in operation.
Process and procedure modification have a great influence on the reduction of solid wastes in the
environment (Manahan, 2017). Using improved solid control equipment is of great help when it
comes to the drilling of fluid discharge. Chemical addition can be greatly eliminated by making
use of highly effective drillbits. The sludge being produced have always been in large amounts
having negative impacts on the environment (Manahan, 2017). Gravel packs and screens can be
used in such cases and will help eliminate the volume of formations. Mud changes can be
minimized through the use of improved controls, procedures and maintenance. Engine oil
changes and solvent usage can also be minimized in the process. The toxicity in the waste
materials has also been reduced greatly (Manahan, 2017). The consequence came as a result of
the search for chemicals with less potential in the environment. Examples of such chemicals
include mud and additives as they have less biologically heavy metals.

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Techniques that can help in minimizing waste has to also be embraced in the oil and petroleum
industry. The recent improvement in the drilling techniques has made it possible to properly deal
with waste materials. Examples of such techniques include heliportable rigs and slim-hole
drilling. The techniques have a direct advantage on the environment for example as it is seen
with the minimization of land take and footprint. The waste material has also been reduced
significantly. Seismic activities have previously used explosives. However, the development of
vibroseis n and air guns at the sea have led to a considerable reduction in their use. As new
technologies come up, there is a need to note that not all technologies have a positive impact on
the environment. Environment assessment on each technology or technique has to be done before
it is implemented in the environment.
Conclusion
Production and consumption of oil and petroleum do not only have positive impacts on the
environment but is also faced with negative impacts. The negative are primarily seen through air
pollution, oil spills and global change in the climate conditions. Petroleum and coal are major
causes of pollution in the environment. New and improved regulations and technologies are the
major ways to better dealing with waste in society. The oil and gas industry is divided into three
major sections, the upstream, the midstream and the downstream. The sections deal with the
exploration and production of the oil gas in addition to refining, processing and distributing
respectively. The processes involved in the industry are the major causes of pollution. Hence,
one has to properly understand the process before coming up with an efficient method of dealing
with waste material. Big and complex projects have more negative impacts on society.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 17
Recommendations
Proper planning will guide in properly implementing the different measures that will lead to
properly working. In finding the appropriate strategies, effective data collection methods are key
to excellent results. The results have to thereafter, be implemented excellently to lead to better
working. The reuse, reduction, recovering and responsible disposal of waste is one major method
for ensuring waste management. Examining all processes and operations in relation to oil
spillage is key to dealing with waste. After extracting the oil, rehabilitation and decommissioning
have also to be done. The reclamation process should be based on risk assessment. Atmospheric
emissions should also be handled excellently. Such a process will call to embracing the valve
design technology which may cut down on the fugitive emissions. The management system has
to be effective to implement the recommended policies. On the other hand, there should be a
proper definition and documentation of policies governing health, safety and the environment.
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