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Environmental Science Assignment - Doc

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Added on  2020-10-22

Environmental Science Assignment - Doc

   Added on 2020-10-22

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Environmental Science
Environmental Science Assignment - Doc_1
Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1Evolutionary theory within animal science through explaining organism life cycle andsurvival strategies in changing environment...............................................................................1Animal mitotic processes and cell division.................................................................................2Replication processes with similarities and differences..............................................................3Homoeostatic mechanisms unique to animal species.................................................................4Major grades of organisation related to architectural patterns in animals..................................5Architectural patterns related to sentience and survival including concepts & models..............6TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6Principle of modern evolutionary theory relevant to organism diversity, hereditarymodifications and pre- existing ancestry.....................................................................................6Implications of modern evolutionary theory...............................................................................7Influence of environmental changes on phenotype and inheritance patterns..............................8CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
Environmental Science Assignment - Doc_2
INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental science refers to a branch of biology focused on study of relationships ofnatural world with organisms and environment. It includes physical, biological & informationsciences including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, oceanography,limnology, soil science, geology, physical geography and atmospheric science (Feng, Luo andChen, 2015). Moreover, there are millions of plants and animals species existing in nature whichplays an important role to maintain balance in environment by depending on each other. Thepresent report will focus on evolutionary theories, organism life cycle and mitotic process of celldivision along with replication processes. It will also discuss about homoeostatic mechanism andarchitectural patterns relevant to sentience an survival. The principle of modern evolutionarytheory and its implementation along with influence of environmental changes on phenotype &inheritance patterns are given below. TASK 1Evolutionary theory within animal science through explaining organism life cycle and survivalstrategies in changing environmentEvolution can be described as a kind of change in heritable characteristics or biologicalpopulations over successive generations. These features can be consider as expression of genesthat are passed from one generation to the next during reproduction. However, theory ofevolution by natural selection was primarily formulated by Charles Darwin which published inhis book named as “On the Origin of Species”. The evolutionary theories include various otherconcepts which are adopted by different organisms as per their lifestyle in order to survive. Someof these evolutionary theories are given below – Natural Selection – This can be described as differential survival and reproduction ofindividuals due to differences in phenotypes. It involves basic four components such as variation,inheritance, high rate of population growth and differential survival & reproduction (Hill, 2017).However, it includes several types of natural selection including direct, stabilizing, disruptive ordiversifying, kin and sexual selection. For example, it involves skeletal adaptations in giraffes,lizards and colouration, deer mouse, the peppered moth, garden lizard & the peacock.Genetic Drift – This involves the drastic changes in environmental conditions may causedrastic changes to the gene pool of population. When chance of events results into changes in1
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frequencies of alleles in population then it is known as genetic drift. Meanwhile, genetic driftrefers to change in frequency of an allele within a population over time. However, alleles aregenetic variations in population which is responsible for evolution in the same to gain effectivefeatures for survival. For example, American Bison which was near to extinction but recovereddue to little genetic variation in their population (Matsushita and Campbell, 2016).(Source: Gene Flow, 2017)Gene Flow – This can be described as movement of genes from one population toanother. It is also referred as allele flow or gene migration in which desired features can achievedby specific population which is helpful for their survival. For example, many species populationgain required characters from another population which facilitate easy survival of them such asdogs for gaining effective traits for survival, population of birds on main land (McMullan, 2017).Animal mitotic processes and cell divisionThe mitosis refers to process of cell division consisting phases of cell cycle such asprophase, anaphase, metaphase and telophase. It involves the procedure in which one mother celldivides to generate two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other. However, DNAis also replicated itself as the chromosomes contains two linked copies called as sisterchromatids. It also copied its centrosome which is known as an organelle which plays asignificant role in overall process of mitosis. The mitotic process of cell division takes place inanimals has several stages in which different activities are carried out which are given below – 2Illustration 1: Gene Flow
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