EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN.

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Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
Name of Student
Name of University
Author Note

1EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
Part 1
Answer 1:
The Whitehall study was organized in two parts- Whitehall study 1 and white hall
study 2. The Whitehall study 1 was directed in 1967 taking male civilians aging from 20 to
64. Whitehall 2 was conducted in 1985 taking civilians aging from 35 to 55. This study is
mainly directed in nine phases. Phase 1 was conducted between 1984-1985 picking people
from age groups of 35 to 55. Phase 2 was conducted between 989-1990 taking civilians from
age group of 37 to 60. Phase 3 was conducted between 1991-1993 within age 39 to 64. Phase
4 was conducted between 1995-1996 within age groups between 42 to 65. The phase 5 was
conducted in 1997-1999 taking age from 45 to 69. Phase 6 was directed in 2000 taking
civilians from ag group of 48 to 71. Phase 7 was conducted in between 2002-2004 taking
civilians from 50 to 74 age groups. Phase 8 was directed in 2008 with ages of 53 to 76. At
last, the final phase or phase 9 was directed in between 2007-2009 from ages ranging from 55
to 80. All these phases were directed due to determination of cardiovascular illness in
civilians.
Answer 2:
The three separate studies that were conducted for determining the significant risks of
coronary heart disease on the society. According to first study, the illness, which is related to
the servants, determines higher rate of mortality. When the studies were, the servants had a
high morbidity rate. Through the study, it was identified that the main disease that can lead to
the death of a servant is coronary heart illness. In addition, it was also found that rate of high
mortality was due to low grade of employment among the servants. Therefore, servants with
lower employment grade are more prone to death (Marmot, Rose, Shipley &
Hamilton,1978).In the second study, the links between work stresses with the coronary heart

2EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
disease was determined. Many biological and behavioral factors were addressed which links
the two together. Hence, after the study it was concluded that work stress is an important
parameter, which may lead to coronary heart disease mainly among the working age
community. This is due to its indirect impact on health behavior and direct impact on other
stress mechanisms (Chandola et al., 2008). At last, the third study conducts about the several
decisions by outsiders (outside health sector) have a drastic impact on the health of an
individual, which in turn has an impact on social and economic development of the
population (Breeze, Lock & World Health Organization, 2001).
Answer 3:
Every study was performed in order to derive a conclusion from the particular
methodology. All the following studies mainly focusses on coronary heart disease, which
mainly occurs among servants and elderly women in a particular population. This results in
death of many civil servants whose employment grade is low. All the three studies were
generalized as all of them depicts that lack of rest and money causes in the occurrence of
coronary heart disease (Chandola et al.,2008). It is also caused due to outsiders making new
implementation in the health care industry. Among servants, the risk of coronary heart
disease and diabetes were high due to their lack of time to rest and low grade of employment.
These individuals have high blood pressure. This is mainly due to financial crisis because
many individuals remains untreated and finally die due to this disease (Marmot, Rose,
Shipley & Hamilton,1978). Moreover, working as a servant does not draw them enough
money, which again leads to the same problem of keeping the disease untreated. This disease
requires immediate attention from physician and approach them for the best treatment
possible in order to recover from the cardiovascular disease but due to their financial
condition cannot do the same. Hence, it has been concluded from all the research studies that
elderly working individuals are more at risk of occurrence of coronary heart disease.

3EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
Answer 4:
Yes, it would be feasible if similar study is conducted in Australia using an existing
cohort or the Australian Women’s longitudinal cohort study. According to the study, it was
concluded that coronary heart disease is the main cause of death in Australia. Most of the
Australia’s elder population is suffering from heart diseases (Chandola et al.,2008).
Therefore, according to the observations, heart diseases are the main cause of increased death
rates. Hence, in Australia such a similar study might be conducted. This will help in
determining the exact reason of death occurring due to heart attack. Several individuals are
aching from cardiovascular disease due to unhealthy lifestyle or financial crisis, which keeps
the disease untreated. It will me made clear if this study is conducted on a new population.
Part 2
Answer 1:
In order to determine the causality between lung cancers and smoking, a case control
study is the best study design option. This is because, through this study it can be concluded
that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer by nine to ten folds (Broadbent & Hwang,
2016). It is noticed that in many states, smoking is declared as the main cause of this dreadful
illness. Case control study is mainly done in order to determine the casual relationship
between smoking and lung cancer (Khang, 2015). In addition, to recognize how smokers
have developed increased risk for lung cancer. This study is advantageous for determining the
diseases that takes long time to exposes its symptoms. In addition, this study method is
proved inexpensive and less time-consuming. It helps to determine the results from huge
population. However, there are certain disadvantages that are found during the study process.

4EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
These are- the few subjects turned out to be biased and this study did not provide any
calculation of incidence. Ethical differences that raised during this study is equipoise. It is
defined as an ethical condition, which helps in deciding the best treatment. This study is a bit
complex which otherwise might result in a slight better quality consent (Broadbent & Hwang,
2016). Apart from all the differences and ethical problems, this study proved to be a helpful
one in determining the casual relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
Answer2:
Cross-sectional study is the best study design that is used in determining the
association between depression and binge eating (Carey et al., 2014). The main objective of
this study design is to analyze the relationship between unhealthy eating and psychological
problems like depression. According to all the evidences, it is proved that eating unhealthy
junk food which leads to obesity increases the risk of psychological problems like
depression , anxiety etc. the advantages of cross-sectional study is that the data collected from
this method can be used in various researches and its numerous outcomes can be used to
create fresh theories. This study also captures a specific time and it is inexpensive. Hence,
easy to perform. The disadvantages include that it is not helpful in the determination of any
effect and cannot analyze data after a particular period. The results is not trustworthy as there
might be people with different opinions. For this study purpose, all the subjects should sign a
consent regarding their wish to participate in this survey procedure (Preiss, Brennan &
Clarke, 2013). The study procedure should also be such that it respects the respondents’
security and privacy.
Answer 3:
To determine the detention of mental health as well as physical heath of asylum
seekers, the best option is to undergo a cross-sectional study (Economou et al., 2013).

5EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
According to this study, it can be concluded that the mental health problems in patients
residing in asylums are deteriorating day by day. In this study, the Mini International
Neuropsychiatric Interview mainly assessed all the psychological disorders. The symptoms
were mainly assessed by self-analysis. The advantages of cross-sectional study is that the data
collected from this method can be used in various researches and its numerous outcomes can
be used to create fresh theories. This study also captures a specific time and it is inexpensive.
Hence, easy to perform. The disadvantages include that it is not helpful in the determination
of any effect and cannot analyze data after a particular period. The results is not trustworthy
as there might be people with different opinions. For this study purpose, all the subjects
should sign a consent regarding their wish to participate in this survey procedure. The study
procedure should also be such that it respects the respondents’ security and privacy. The self-
analysis was done on the respondents’ native language in order to make them feel
comfortable.
Answer 4:
Observational prospective cohort study is the best study design that should be
followed in order to determine the relation between administration of nutritional supplement
during pregnancy and development of autism in the offspring (Devlieger et al., 2014). After
the study, the results were found that there was an inverse relation between multivitamin
supplementation during gestation period. Cohort study evidently indicates the temporal
sequence between disclosure and its consequence. It also allows the researchers to measure
the incidence of the illness. Hence, they were able to measure the absolute risk of taking
multivitamin supplement during pregnancy, which founds that the risk factor for autism in the
offspring were negligible. In addition, such rare disclosures is only possible with cohort
study. However, they are not good for detection of rare illnesses and the data may be of
inferior quality. It is also difficult to determine disclosed cohort study and its available

6EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
comparison groups (Kaplan et al., 2014). This study also sometimes results in biased
conclusions. The study is performed keeping in mind the ethical consideration. All the
respondents’ consent were taken and their privacy and security are maintained. They were
also made to feel comfortable by providing them with survey interviews in their own native
language. Thus, observational cohort study is the best way to determine the risk related to
administration of nutritional supplement to pregnant women.
Answer5:
Older patients’ suffering from Alzheimer’s disease also suffer from additional illness
like cerebrovascular diseases, depression and atherosclerosis (Annweiler, Llewellyn &
Beauchet, 2013). It is observed that the additional symptoms in turn lead to the deterioration
of the Alzheimer disease. Hence, for determination of the different drugs used for the
diagnosis of Alzheimer disease, a case-control study is the best study design. This is due; to
there are many drugs which are available which may increase the Alzheimer disease in
return, for example benzodiazepines ( De Gage et al,2014). Hence, to determine the correct
drug for the elder patient, a case control study was recommended. Case-control studies are
easy to perform and is less time consuming. They are advantageous when there is a study
related to dynamic community whose follow-up is tiresome. The drawbacks of this study
design includes its unbiased nature and insufficiency to disclose rare illness. In addition, this
study generally is not preferable for calculation of incidence. Apart from all this drawbacks,
this study was performed maintain all the ethical issues (Yin, 2017). The survey was carried
after proper consent from the respondents. The elder respondents were kept in a comfortable
place. They were not forced to share their personal thoughts and opinions. Hence, the survey
procedure was carried on with a lot of ease.

7EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
References
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8EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGN
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