Epidemiology Assignment: Study Design, Sampling Methods, and Statistical Analysis

This epidemiology assignment covers study design, sampling methods, and statistical analysis. It includes recommendations for epidemiological studies, sampling methods for prevalence studies, and statistical analysis of risk and relative risk. The content also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different study designs and sampling methods.

P pidemioloE ID6430 E gy B - 2018
A i nmentss g 1
e tion Total marQu s 1 ( = 4 ks)
ecommendation madeR s .
pidemiolo ical t die are aimed at re ealin an n ia ed relation ip et een di erentE g s u s v g y u b s sh s b w ff
e po re ic can incl de alco ol tre iolo ical actor mortalit or mor iditx su s wh h u h , s ss, b g f s, y b y.
denti in t i ca al relation ip i cr cial in an t d ta li in t e e po re andI fy g h s us sh s u y s u y. Es b sh g h x su
o tcome i a critical a pectu s s 1 T in t i ca e t ere i a determination o ca alit and. hus, h s s , h s f us y
e ect et een ton illectom and mortalit ic i t e e ent al o tcome T in order toff b w s y y wh h s h v u u . hus
nderta e a cce l t d a ca e control t d all e nderta en n t i ca eu k su ssfu s u y, s - s u y sh b u k . I h s s ,
indi id al it di ea e po iti e are compared a ain t di ea e ne ati e a e controlv u s w h s s s v g s s s g v . C s -
re ie pa t action at e po re period ic ot ro p a e enco ntered andv ws s x su wh h b h g u s h v u
a ociation created a ed on o tcomess b s u s 2.
e tion Total marQu s 2 ( = 6 ks)
amplin met od to e ed and t eir rea onS g h s b us h s s
a) Pre alence o a t ma in ear old re ident in an erra marv f s h 4-y - s s C b ? (2 ks)
- P rpo i e amplinu s v s g
T i met od o amplin allo or ecti e or electi e o t e ect toh s h f s g ws f subj v s v f h subj s
participate in t e t d A re earc er ma c oo e a repre entati e ample to ith s u y. s h y h s s v s su
t eir need a ed on t eir peci ic c aracteri tic n t i t d onl re identh s b s h s f h s s. I h s s u y, y s s
o a e li ed or ear in an erra are elected to participate in t e t dwh h v v f 4 y s C b s h s u y
ile t o e o don t meet t e e criteria are not elected to participate in t ewh h s wh ’ h s s h
t ds u y3.
b) Pre alence o dia ete mellit in A tralia marv f b s us us . (2 ks)
- imple random amplinS s g
n t i a e ment t d t e re pondent ill e c o en t ro c ance and allI h s ss ss s u y, h s s w b h s h ugh h
t e pop lation o A tralia a an e al c ance T i met od i cr cial a it i eh u f us h s qu h . h s h s u s g v s
error amplin to e calc lated and red ce election ia e T all t es g b u u s s b s s. hus h
pop lation a an e al c ance o election to a e dia ete pre alenceu h s qu h f s ss ss b s v 3.
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c) Mea le accine co era e in a di trict o Pap a e inea mars s v v g s f u N w Gu . (2 ks)
- l tered amplinC us s g
T i tec ni e allo or identi ication and election o pop lation ro ph s h qu ws f f s f u subg u s
compared to nderta in indi id al election T e pop lation nder t iu k g v u s . h u u h s
con ideration are t e cl ter ic in t i ca e Pap a di trict ein de ined ors h us s wh h h s s u s b g f f
t e co era e a e ment to e nderta enh v g ss ss b u k 3.
e tion Total marQu s 3 ( = 10 ks)
tati tic ta leS s s b
Alco ol con mption ro ph su g u
m er oNu b f oneN cca ionalO s i tL gh Moderate eaH vy
ectSubj s 466 1845 2544 2042 832
eatD hs 41 142 143 116 62
i) alc late t e ri and t e relati e riC u h sk h v sk (
mar
4 ks)
Alco ol con mptionh su ectSubj s eatD hs
oneN 466 41
cca ionalO s 1845 142
i tL gh 2544 143
Moderate 2042 116
eaH vy 832 62
elati e ri or occa ional drin er to dieR v sk f s k s
RR = a a c c d( +b)/ ( + )
=466(507)/1845(1987)
= 0.919/0.928
= 0.99
t e ri o d in or occa ional drin er i le li el to occ r= h sk f y g f s k s s ss k y u .
elati e ri or li t drin er to dieR v sk f gh k s
RR = a a c c d( +b)/ ( + )
=466(507)/2544(2687)
= 0.919/0.946
= 0.97
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t e ri o d in or li t drin er i le li el to occ r= h sk f y g f gh k s s ss k y u .
elati e ri or moderate drin er to dieR v sk f k s
RR = a a c c d( +b)/ ( + )
=466(507)/2042(2158)
= 0.919/0.946
= 0.971
t e ri o d in or occa ional drin er i le li el to occ r= h sk f y g f s k s s ss k y u .
elati e ri or ea drin er to dieR v sk f h vy k s
RR = a a c c d( +b)/ ( + )
=466(507)/832(894)
= 0.919/0.93
= 0.98
t e ri o d in or ea drin er i le li el to occ r= h sk f y g f h vy k s s ss k y u .
ii) oncl ion and rea onin e ind t e rationale i enC us s s g b h h g v .
mar
(2 + 4 = 6 ks)
T e concl ion on t e a o e i mi leadin in t at inter enin actor ere noth us s h b v s s g h v g f s w
controlled d rin t e t d T i can e een it t e rate o none drin eru g h s u y. h s b s w h h f k s
a in more deat o er ed ence meanin t at deat ein itne ed areh v g hs bs v h g h hs b g w ss
merel ca ed ot er actor rat er t an t e drin in o alco oly us by h f s h h h k g f h .
or an e ecti e t d pro pecti e t d ill e nderta en and ollo ed amonF ff v s u y, s v s u y w b u k f w g
t e drin er o alco ol ata collection tool to e ed incl de ollo ph k s f h . D s b us u f w u
e tionnaire r e ollo p a e ment T e aria le o importance inqu s s, su v ys, f w-u ss ss . h v b s f
t i t d ill e t e di ea e tat o t e re pondent a n m er o alco olh s s u y w b h s s s us f h s s, u b f h
drin in per ol me con med re enc o inta e and t pe o alco olk g v u su , f qu y f k y f h
con medsu 4.
e tion Total marQu s 4 ( = 10 ks)
tati tic ta leS s s b
T e deat rate ca e o deat and ci arette a it at la t r eh h by us f h by g h b s su v y:
a e o deatC us f h Ann al deat rate per menu h 100,000
onN -
mo ers k s
rrent mo er ci arette daCu s k s ( g s/ y) All
mo ers k s
1-14 15-24 >25
n ancerLu g C 10 78 127 251 140
c aemic eartIs h H 413 608 652 792 669
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i ea eD s s
Part A
i. T pe o t d pre entedy f s u y s mar(1 k)
- T e pro pecti e t d ic detailed a e ment d rin a eline and e erallh s v s u y wh h ss ss s u g b s s v y
a ter a eline ear and p to end o t e t d inf b s y u f h s u y 1971
ii. T e ad anta e o t i t d in a certainin ca al ca eh v g f h s s u y s g us us mar(1 k)
- Pro pecti e t d elp in determinin ri actor or t e mo er d e to eins v s u y h g sk f s f h s k s u b g
o er ed lon it dinall ile re lt collected at re lar inter al ence recallbs v g u y wh su s gu v s, h
error i red ceds u .
iii. Ad anta e o in t e re i terv g s f us g h g s . mar(1 k)
- T e ad anta e o in pro e ional or er i t at needed or t e ri th v g f us g f ss w k s s h h gh
in ormation ill e o t in t e t d ence ettin acc rate dataf w b s ugh h s u y. H g g u .
iv. o men did not complete t e e tionnaire d e to31% f h qu s u . mar(1 k)
- T i can lead to ia e d e to t e lo o ollo ph s b s s u h ss f f w u .
Part B
T e i atio and Attri ta le i et een non mo er and di erent mo inh R sk R s bu b R sk b w -s k s ff s k g
e po re or t e o tcome o l n cancer and i c aemic eart di ea ex su s, f h u s f u g s h h s s
mo in a itS k g h b
ci arette da( g s/ y)
i atioR sk R s
n ancerLu g C c aemic eartIs h h
di ea es s
1-14 7.8 1.5
15-24 12.7 1.6
>25 25.1 1.9
All mo ers k s 14.0 1.6
mo in a itS k g h b Attri ta le ibu b R sk
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ci arette da( g s/ y) n ancerLu g C c aemic eartIs h h
di ea es s
1-14 68 195
15-24 117 239
>25 241 379
All mo ers k s 130 256
i. i ea e tron l a ociated it l n cancerD s s s g y ss w h u g . mar(2 ks)
c emic eart attacIs h h k
- T e etiolo ical raction o ca e amon t e e po ed pop lation ic t eh g f f s s g h x s u wh h h
di ea e a pla ed a cr cial roles s h s y u
- T ere are an e ce raction o ca e ic a e occ rred d rin t e ameh x ss f f s s wh h h v u u g h s
period amon t e e po ed pop lation ca in a i deat rate per dag h x s u us g h gh h y
compared to l n canceru g 5.
ii. alc lation o proportion o all deat rom l n cancer and i c aemic eart di ea eC u f f hs f u g s h h s s
attri ta le to mo in in t e pop lationbu b s k g h u mar(2 ks)
n cancerLu g c emic eart attacIs h h k
mo erS k s 140 669
on mo erN -s k s 10 413
elati e riR v sks
a a c c dRR = /( +b)/ /( + )
= 140(809)/10/(423)
= 0.17/0.02
= 8.5
Pe = t i calc lated aI s u s
P= e P(RR-1)/1+ e(RR-1)
= 1232(8.5-1)/(1+1232(8.5-1)
= 164.26/9241
= 0.017
iii. oice o male ender o t e medical pro e ion d e toCh f g f h f ss u mar(2 ks)
- T i t d emplo ed p rpo i e amplin ere t e ect ere c o enh s s u y y u s v s g wh h subj s w h s
p rpo i el ic ited t e need o t e t d T e in e ti ator anted tou s v y wh h su h s f h s u y. h v s g s w
a oid lo re pon e ratev w s s s (6).
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e erence
R f s
1. Ad anta e i ad anta e o o ort t die nternet Acce ed atv g s & D s v g s f C h S u s(I ). ss
ttp p e mc ed otlt MP Mod le P P o ort t die P o ort th ://s hw b.bu .bu. u/ / H u s/E /E 713_C h S u s/E 713_C h S u
die tmls5.h ie ed on. V w 13/09/2018
2. o ort t die nternet Acce ed atC h S u s(I ). ss
ttp p e mc ed otlt MP Mod le P P o ort t dieh ://s hw b.bu .bu. u/ / H- u s/E /E 713_C h S u s/
P o ort t die print tmlE 713_C h S u s_ .h ie ed on. v w 13/09/2018
3. en lomo roo e ic man M ect re note pidemiolo e idence a edB -Sh Y, B k s S, H k . L u s E gy, v -b s
medicine and p lic ealt o n ile on an, ub h h. J h W y & S s; 2013 J 30.
4. o ert on n r epidemiolo l com epR b s LS. I ju y gy. Lu u. ; 2015 S 12.
5. Attributable Risk and Population Attributable Risk (PAR) Measures, (Internet).
Accessed at https://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/PAR_e.htm. viewed on 13/09/2018
6. enne en rin Anal i o epidemiolo ic t die e al atin t e role oH k s CH, Bu g JE. ys s f g s u s: v u g h f
con o ndin pidemiolo in medicinef u g. E gy . 1987:287-323.
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