Epidemiology of Salmonella Typhimurium: Causative Factors, Prevalence, and Preventive Measures

Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Epidemiology in Salmonella Typhimurium
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1EPIDEMIOLOGY IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Trillions of microbe are living inside the mammalian digestive track and that microbes
include the viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa. In case of monogastric mammals, the stomach and
the intestine are the main site of living and they are comparatively less populated inside the
colon. The population of the microbes varies in species to species and the community is
influenced by the time for example in a particular season the colony of microbes increases The
microbes get nutrient from the host body and for this, they are competing with the pathogens and
provides protection to the host. Salmonella typhyrium is gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of
enterobacteriaceae family and it is emerged in southeastern Africa almost 75 years ago.
Salmonella typhirium is a food –borne disease and can alters the gastrointestinal(GI) homeostasis
by altering the GI ph. Salmonella mainly causes the typhoidal fever ,diarrhea , intestinal
infection and the sympotoms are visible within one days after infection (Gart et al., 2016).
Salmonella is a ubiquitous human and animal pathogen, which is clinically common in the
gastrointestinal tract. A majority of the individuals in the vast population of American experience
the Salmonellosis (Moffatt et al., 2016). In this essay, the epidemiology of salmonella typhirium
is discussed. Along with this the causative factor, prevalence of the disease, epidemiology and
preventive measures of this disease has been discussed .
Salmonellosis in human generally observed in three forms caused by the Salmonella
typhimurium. The first form is self-limiting food poisoning, which is also called gastroenteritis
but also causes the systemic infection of enteric fever and occasional septicemia (Pande et al.,
2016). A newer study indicated impaired immunity against the salmonella resulted from the
excessive inhibitory antibody against the lipopolysaccharides. Moreover, sometimes
salmonellosis causes the massive loss of livestock. The septicemia caused by salmonella is
considered as the intermediate stage of infection in which the infection is asymptomatic. The

2EPIDEMIOLOGY IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
severity of the infection depends on the factors such as whether it will be localized or it will be
dissipated to the bloodstream of the patient, the immune surveillance of the patient and the
degree of the virulence of the patient. In case of gastroenteritis, which is also called the food
poisoning, the incubation period is depending on the CFU of the bacteria. Symptoms usually
observed within 6 to 48 hours after ingestion of food contaminated with salmonella (Naqid et al.,
2015). Enteric fever considered the severe form of systemic infection, which also called typhoid
fever. The incubation period is usually10 to 14 days and proceeds with the gastroenteritis
followed by the onset of systemic disease (Forbester et al., 2015). The symptoms are not specific
rather it includes fever, anorexia and constipation. The enteric fevers are considered, as the fatal
diseases since it leads to the death of patients are not administrated with the antibiotics
properly.Salmonella is the second most common intestinal disease, especially in the United
States. Approximately more than 7000 cases of salmonella registered in the hospital, some of
them are fetal due to not administration of the drugs or lack of oral rehydration therapy (LaRock,
Chaudhary & Miller, 2015). Average 20,000 individual hospitalized because of occurrence of
salmonella. In the However, in the majority of the cases, it is unreported in the United States
since the majority of the individual neglect diarrhea. They considered as the common diarrheal
syndromes of any other disease. The outbreaks are commonly associated with eggs, meats and
poultry firm. It typically lives in the gut of the domestic wild animals. Minister of the health by
working with the collaboration of local and national authorities suggested that the recent
outbreaks are caused by a strain rarely seen in New Zealand (Alexander et al., 2016). In New
Zealand, the abundance of farm animals is higher as compared to the human population and
therefore the animal faecal contained the fruits and vegetable more often especially if manure has
been used as the fertilizer for the growth. The common risk factors are firm animal and infection

3EPIDEMIOLOGY IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
is transmitted to the human by consuming the food contained in animal faeces or the faeces of
the infected human being. The foods that are more likely are the undercooked or raw meat or
contaminated water. According to Pande et al.,(2016), reptiles and small birds sometimes carry
the infectious salmonella in their infection and transmitted to the human via faeces Moreover,
spreading of salmonella is also observed in case of physical contact between people to the person
while shaking hands, sometimes, the blood in the mucus of the infected. The sudden outbreaks
observed in children with low immunity or patients who are administrated with immune
suppression in New Zealand. Report of Nairz et al.(2016) said that, the infectious dose is
relatively high in case of salmonella, 100,000 bacteria usually required to cause the disease .The
ministry of health in New Zealand also suggested that the food chain is free from the salmonella
but imported foods from other countries may contribute to the risk factors. The molecular study
suggested the pathogenic salmonella possess a diverse virulence factor that causes the sudden
outbreak. After ingestion of contaminated food, the organism colonized in the ileum of the
human with the colon followed by the invasion of the intestinal epithelium. After an invasion of
epithelium, it colonized in the epithelium and lymphoid follicles. However, the invasion
procedure of epithelium is not clear but researches suggested the binding of receptor on the
epithelium cells with salmonella (Pande et al., 2016). The invasion takes place by the organism
when it induced the enterocyte membrane to undergo ruffling. The ruffling stimulates the
pinocytosis of salmonella within the body. Report of Alexander et al. (2016) said that , invasion
of an organism depends on the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton of the cell and increase of the
inositol phosphatase The invasion and attachment controlled by many chromosomal and plasmid
genes responsible for the virulence of the organism. After the invasion, the organism intercellular