Sample Assignment on Psychology (PDF)

Running head: ESSAY 0
PSYCHOLOGY

ESSAY 1
Introduction
The social psychologists consequently deal with the elements that lead persons to act
or perform in the provided way in the presence of other people and look at circumstances
under which some behaviour and approaches take place. The Social psychology is to do with
manner these outlooks, opinions, views, morals, goals, and plans are made, and how these
psychological elements, in turn, affect the interaction with other people. It so looks at social
conduct as influenced by other people and the public background where this occurs. The
Bollywood actors are the human being. That is the major point in favour of the actors if ever
they are caught in central of certain undesirable disagreements including the non-celebrities.
Famous Bollywood actress Katrina Kaif seems two times in the thread on
discourteous actors of Bollywood. The first event has occurred in Jet Airways when her
admirer was requesting for the autograph. The second event has occurred at the pool and gym
of a hotel. In the following parts, human behaviour is analysed by the theory of learning, a
theory of emotion, persona disorder, trauma, and group effect with the help of this chosen
event (Andrews & Bonta, 2014).
Misbehaviour with fan by Katrina Kaif-
As per the first incident, some time ago, the admirer of Katrina Kaif was returning to
Bombay from London by Jet Airways flight. That person was progressed to the business class
of flight because of regular travelling. At the time of enjoying the facilities of business class,
some whisper and hurry among the travellers were noticed with him. That time, Katrina Kaif
gave many hit movies and committed with Mr Salman Khan. Katrina Kaif was sitting along
with her manager. Katrina Kaif was looking tired and was not looking as beautiful as looks in

ESSAY 2
movies. After taking off, Katrina was giving the instructions to staff through the manager
instead of giving the instructions directly to the staff.
After some time, 8-10 years child came by taking pen and paper from economy class
to business class to meet her and to take an autograph. Katrina was sleeping and that kid
disturbed her by saying that hello aunty. On this, Katrina Kaif shouted that how can that kid
call her aunty? How can a kid come here? How can staff member so careless or negligent?
Katrina Kaif told to make the complaint of staff of the airline. In this way, Katrina said many
unwanted things. The staff came to her for the protection and that child was crying. The
children came back to economy class. After some time, a Sikh man came to Katrina Kaif.
The manager of Katrina Kaif tried to stop the man, but that man ignored him. That man said
how can Katrina dare to shout at the little child. The foreign import should be lucky to enter
into Bollywood. After this, Katrina Kaif had no words to say.
Theory of learning
During the early part of the twentieth century, various psychologists became
progressively interested in revolving thinking into the more technical effort. Various
dissimilar learning theories arose to describe the process and reason for the people to behave
in the manner, which they do. The learning theories of development are centred on the
ecological impacts on learning procedure (Duffy, et. al, 2016). These ecological impacts
involve association, supports, sentences, and interpretations. These are conceptual structures
that show how people engage, procedure, and retain knowledge during learning (Kline,
2015). The Reasoning, mental, and ecological impacts, as well as previous experience, all
have the role in how accepting, or the opinion of people is developed or altered and
information and talents retained. It is believed that learning is more comfortable and in effect
when the ecological situation assists open exchange, sharing of views, and problem-solving

ESSAY 3
approaches. While looking at the above-mentioned incident, it is analysed that the
environment must nurture faith and receiving various concepts and morals. Exposure to
different behaviour models and attitude helps the learner to simplify the activities and morals
that would assist in gathering the personal learning aims. It is believed that the learning
advances when the beginner is the active member in the learning procedure. This theory
appropriately gets a fix in respect of behaviour of Katrina Kaif.
Theory of emotion-
Emotion is the difficult psychophysiological experience, which people experience as
the outcome of the interaction with the atmosphere. There are positive emotions and negative
emotions, and these emotions may be related to the objects, the event, public feelings, and
self-appraisal feelings. Certain feelings are essential. For instance, love, attention, happiness,
disbelief, annoyance and threat. They are called primary feelings. On the other hand,
secondary emotions are the emotions, which people acquire by the experiences such as
arrogance, anger, disgrace, negligence, kindness, and fear (Busch, Possel, & Valentine,
2017).
There are certain general emotion theories in the attitude. As per the James-Lange
theory, as people practice various occasions, the nervous system establishes the bodily
reactions to the occasions. Instances of the responses involve the improved heart rate,
trembling, upset stomach, etc. These physical reactions, in turn, create emotional reactions
such as anger, fear, and sadness (Dicks, 2014).
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed by physiologists Walter Cannon
and Philip Bard. According to this theory, we feel the emotions and experience physiological
reactions such as sweating, quaking, and muscle pressure instantaneously. Stanley Schechter

ESSAY 4
and Jerome E. Singer established the Schechter-Singer theory of emotion. As per this theory,
the component of thinking has a significant role in how people practice emotions (Swets,
2014).
Further, the Schachter-Singer theory suggests that when an event causes physiological
arousal, people try to search the reasons for the stimulation. At that time, people experience
and make the feeling. For an instance, if someone is sitting in the dark place all by physically
and all of the rapid, that person hear inhalation sound behind. In this situation, the heart rate
rises and person start to shiver (Smith, 2015). Upon noticing the bodily responses, an
individual feel that they come from the point that person is all alone in the dark place. It is
thought by an individual that the people can be in risk, and that person realizes the feeling of
threat.
As per the second incident told by an anonymous user, Katrina Kaif was doing the
workout in the gym in a hotel. The gym was next to a pool, where they were chilling or
enjoying. When Katrina Kaif came out of the gym with another girl, then a child (cousin of a
fan) ran to her. That child appreciated her but Katrina ignored him and walked away. While
applying the theory of emotion, it is found that her behaviour was out of the effect of
environment and feelings.
Theory of stress-
There was no personality disorder or certain mental disorder that can be liable for the
behaviour of Ms Katrina Kaif. Katrina Kaif is the well-known actress of Bollywood. It never
found that Katrina has any disorder. Katrina Kaif performs or acts as well. Generally, the
stress includes mental and physiological reactions to the conditions that a person views as
frightening. It is claimed by most of the stress theories that stress includes the communication

ESSAY 5
between issues individual face and the sources for handling with them. The broad range of
theories emphasizes physiological responses, ecological situations, cognitions, personal cope
skills, individual features, or some combination of these factors.
The psychological stress theories regularly developed from the emotion theory
(James-Lange), emergency Theory (Cannon-Bard), and to emotion theory (Schachter-
Singer). The reason is that the stress is most motivating and unexplained subject people have
since started of time, this study is not only limited to what happens to the body throughout the
demanding conditions. However, also to what happens in the awareness of the person
(Schneider, Pierson, & Bugental, 2014).
The theorists Carl Lange and William James may have independently anticipated the
individual theories on the association of stress and feeling, however, they had the united
concept on this relationship, and feelings do not directly succeed the observation of the
stressor or stressful occasion; they become present after the response of the body to the stress.
For instance, when anyone sees the barking dog, the heart begins to race, the breath starts to
go fast, then eyes turn out to be wide open. According to James and Lange, the feeling of fear
or any other feeling only begins after an individual experience the physical changes. It can be
said the emotional conduct is not probable to happen unless it is linked to the brain of a
person (McLeish, 2015).
The stress theory is somewhat contradictory of what James and Lange anticipated. As
per the theorist Walter Cannon, emotion in response to stress may really happen even when
the physical changes are not there. Cannon said that the visceral or internal physiologic
response of the body is more slowly identified by the brain as compared with the operation to
discharge emotional response. Cannon made attempt to prove the theory by the sources of
making the so-called decorticated cat, in which the neural connection of the body is

ESSAY 6
unconnected from the cortex in the cat's brain. When faced with the traumatic reaction, the
decorticated cats presented the emotional conduct that meant expressions of violence and
anger. This feeling was then apparent by a physical change like uncovering the teeth, barking
and straight hair (Thibaut, 2017).
The theorists Stanley Schachter and the theorist Jerome Singer stated that proper
recognition of feeling needs both cognitive action and emotional stimulation to experience
the emotions. Attribution or the procedure, in which the brain may recognise the stress
stimulus making the feeling, is also projected by Schachter and Singer. It is stated by stress
theory that people become attentive of the cause behind the emotional reaction, and when the
cause is not clear, we start to look for an ecological clue for the appropriate understanding of
the feeling to happen. As per the incident told by an anonymous user, Ms Katrina Kaif was
looking little upset and tired, while travelling in the business class of Jet Airways. While
applying the theory of stress, it is found that her misbehaviour was the result of her anxiety,
trauma, or stress (Hall, 2016).
How could others have influenced this person’s behaviour?
One of the basic realities of social life is that persons influence each other, for bad or
good. At the time, a person spends time with somebody, then that person can involuntarily
pick up certain behaviours, conduct, gestures, and morals (Antonakis & Day, 2017). The
family members can enthusiastically influence the person both deliberately or involuntarily to
get to do things people cannot want to do.
Depending on your understanding of your self-worth and identity people can
completely change your behaviour (Think cults, religions) if they are good at altering your
perception of your own reality.

ESSAY 7
Conclusion-
As per the above analysis, it can be said that nature merges with nurture to create the
personality. The genes can incline the people for some inheritable characters like diseases
such as cystic fibrosis or even now touchiness, alike the relatives, however, the surroundings
people are elevated in has fairly a crumb to do with how visible some features of the
character become. If the children are always around the atmosphere where there is stable
disagreeing and shouting continuing, the children can logically feel this is the appropriate
thing to do when things do not happen, as they will require. Similarly, genetics have the part
in designing the type of body of a person, thus a person may get the colour of eye from
mother, and weight from the father (Wiggins, 2016).
In this way, it is obvious to say that both inherited and ecological elements influence
everybody. This would be harder for some than for other people to act well because of the
surroundings and genes (Figueredo, et. al, 2015). The individuals can require various action
or extra assistance if they have made aggressive and violent crimes but that does not excuse
the behaviour. Only in the extraordinary matter, such as mental illness, may the youth or
adult be said to have no option but to perform in a specific manner. This is significant that
persons are seen as liable whereas also providing them the assistance they require. In these
two explanations, the treatment for ecological issues and ‘biology' are same; the person may
be helped to change the conduct. In the above-mentioned event, the action of Katrina Kaif
was a result of both nature and nurture.

ESSAY 8
References
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2014). The psychology of criminal conduct. New York:
Routledge.
Antonakis, J., & Day, D. V. (2017). The nature of leadership. London: Sage publications.
Busch, L. Y., Pössel, P., & Valentine, J. C. (2017). Meta-analyses of cardiovascular reactivity
to rumination: A possible mechanism linking depression and hostility to
cardiovascular disease. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1378.
Dicks, H. V. (2014). Marital Tensions (Psychology Revivals): Clinical Studies Towards a
Psychological Theory of Interaction. New York: Routledge.
Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., & Autin, K. L. (2016). The psychology of
working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127.
Figueredo, A. J., Sefcek, J. A., Vasquez, G., Brumbach, B. H., King, J. E., & Jacobs, W. J.
(2015). Evolutionary personality psychology. The handbook of evolutionary
psychology, 25(4), 851-877.
Hall, M. (2016). Realising the richness of psychology theory in contingency-based
management accounting research. Management Accounting Research, 31, 63-74.
Jung, C. G. (2014). Analytical psychology: Its theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
Kline, P. (2015). Personality (Psychology Revivals): Measurement and Theory. New York:
Routledge.
McLeish, J. (2015). Soviet psychology: History, theory, content. New York: Routledge.
Schneider, K. J., Pierson, J. F., & Bugental, J. F., (2014). The handbook of humanistic
psychology: Theory, research, and practice. London: Sage Publications.

ESSAY 9
Smith, J. A. (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. London:
Sage publications.
Swets, J. A. (2014). Signal detection theory and ROC analysis in psychology and
diagnostics: Collected papers. London: Psychology Press.
Teo, T. (2015). Critical psychology: A geography of intellectual engagement and
resistance. American Psychologist, 70(3), 243.
Thibaut, J. W. (2017). The social psychology of groups. New York: Routledge.
Wiggins, S. (2016). Discursive psychology: Theory, method and applications. London: Sage
publications.

ESSAY 10
Appendix
It is also reported in ‘Times of India' that While on a promotional tour for one of her films,
the actor was fast asleep during take off. The flight attendant, who simply wanted to do her
job by asking Kaif to straighten her seat and strap on her seatbelt, had to wake her up. Kaif
went livid. "How dare you touch me? Don't you know who I am?" The attendant
then mortified, apologised and left, with other fliers curious about what had happened.