Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

This essay discusses the changes in volume and pressure in the chest cavity during physical exercise, the rate of gas exchange in the body, the hormone associated with glucose homeostasis, and the role of the kidneys in maintaining fluid balance. It also analyzes the urinalysis and blood pressure results of a case study. The essay concludes with the potential consequences of different blood types and calcium deficiency during pregnancy.

Essay

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION
Anatomy is the identification and description of the structures of living things. It is a branch
of biology and medicine. There are broad classifications of anatomy which includes human
anatomy too. Present essay will lay focus on changes in volume and pressure which can be seen
in Jake’s chest cavity. It describes about changes in rate of gas during physical exercise. It will
also explain about the hormone associated with the glucose. It will also explain the role of
kidney in maintaining the balance of fluid.
MAIN BODY
Changes in volume and pressure
During the time of inhalation and exhalation the chest cavity can see negative pressure that
assists in keeping lung airways open. During the process of inhalation, the lung volume expands
as a result of the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. It can result up in
expanding of chest cavity (Plantier et.al., (2018). Increase in volume, decreases pressure in body
too and this has been explained in Boyle’s law. If the pressure is reduced down in chest cavity
related to the environment can make cavity pressure less than the atmospheric pressure. In this
procedure, chest wall of Jane will expand out and it will be placed at distant from the lungs. In
exhalation the changes in diaphragm can also be seen, it becomes relaxed and also can be move
higher to the thoracic cavity which can be linked with the environment.
Gas exchange occurring between air
Gas exchange means that oxygen is been delivered from the lungs to the blood stream and
then carbon dioxide can be eliminated from the blood streams to the lungs. This can be seen in
between the alveoli and blood and also it can appear in between capillaries. These are being
located in walls of alveoli (Jaeger, Titus & Blank, (2019). From this it can be said that rate of gas
exchange in Jane’s body can be seen during exercise. During the time of exercise, an
enhancement can be seen in physical activity and also cell muscle can respire more than they do
when the body is in rest. Rate of heart can be seen increasing during the time of exercise. It
means that more oxygen is been absorbed into the blood and also it removes down more amount
of carbon dioxide. When exercising the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and respiring
tissues increasing.
ANS response
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During Jane’s run Heart rate will be controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
ANS dominates Jake’s heart rate during the time of running. It has been analysed that any type of
physical exercise can increase heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Physical activity affects
the functioning of brain directly, it can help brain in functioning properly and can also enhance
brain plasticity. Jane’s run can also enhance plasma free fatty levels of acid. It can increase the
level of tryptophan into the CNS with the help of blood brain barrier. Physical exercise can
enhance production of new neurons in the hippocampus (Tortora & Derrickson, (2018). This
also lead to the production of new glial cells. These cells provide assistance to networks of brain.
It can have protective effects and can also provide assistance to functions of neurons. It has also
been analysed that during run ANS also interact with cardiovascular system during exercise.
There are dynamic responses by the heart rate.
Hormone associated with glucose homeostasis
In this glucagon and insulin is been particularly related to homeostasis, the blood glucose
level is being maintained in pancreas between the range which is really narrow at least 4-6 MM.
In order to maintain the blood glucose level, it is really necessary to balance out levels of insulin
and glucagon (Biga et.al., (2020). The generation of hormone is really important in Glucose
homeostasis as it acts as a source of energy in human body. Maintenance of adequate level of
glucagon is really necessary for anyone to survive. Brain tissues are not being engaged in
synthesising Glucagon. Balance between uptake and also the keeping of glucagon is being done
by liver, it is one of the important organ for increasing glucagon metabolism. It has also been
analysed that homeostasis is being maintained with the help of negative feedback loop.
Role of the kidneys in maintaining fluid balance
Kidneys have the most important role in maintaining body fluid which means that it
controls amount of water extracted in urine. It has the duty of adjusting concentration of urine
which assists in reflecting out the body’s water needs (Maina, (2017). ADH is basically a
hormone which assists in retaining water by increasing the reabsorption of water through kidney.
Also concentration of urine can be adjusted by kidney, they analyse water needs so that human
body stays hydrated. Yes Jane is at risk of not maintaining homeostasis fluid as she has high
sodium concentration in urine and the colour of her urine is also dark yellow. She can face
problem related to various organ dysfunction.
Urinalysis and significance for this case
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Urinalysis is important to analyse defects and to evaluate variety of disorder like tract
infections, inappropriate kidney functions. It involves deep checking of content in urine. From
the urine analysis of Jane, it can be analysed that urine is dark yellow in colour. Urobilinogen is
at normal range. PH level of urine is also at normal range. Gravity is at normal range which is
1.035. If this gravity is high then it can increase the risk of heart failure, liver failure and various
other diseases. This result was expected and from Jane’s urinalysis it was analysed that
concentrated urine has a darker colour which means patients urine is highly concentrated. No, a
normal kidney analysis will not provide such results, by this urinalysis it has been analysed that
Jane is at high risk of facing kidney disorders.
Jane’s blood pressure result
From the medical report chart of Jane, it was analysed that patient has report blood pressure
at 87/58 mm Hg. If the blood pressure is lower than 90/60 mm then it is considered as
abnormally low which means that Jane is been suffering from hypotension. Arterial pressure will
not be varied as it must be kept above 80 mm Hg (Engelhardt, (2019). If there are changes that
Jane can face problem related to heart and patients heart rate can also be increased because of
this. If there are changes in Blood pressure of Jane, then it can damage kidney and also because
of these arteries can be damaged and they do not supply enough blood to kidney tissue.
Role of chosen system
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a hormonal mechanism which can control
hemodynamic stability by maintaining blood pressure, fluid volume and sodium potassium
balance. RAAS system can be used in stabilising BP (Aung et.al., (2019). The hormonal process
in RAAS involves kidneys, liver and brain. It also has responsibility of controlling renal flow of
blood. She could also lose weight as patient is suffering from hypotension. The kidneys play a
fundamental role in the long-term control of arterial pressure by regulating sodium balance and
extracellular fluid volume. It can also cause the possible renal injury.
potential consequences
From the case study it has been analysed that Jane blood group is O- and she has significant
haemorrhage during her caesarean delivery. She had been administered with A+ blood. This can
be considered as bad and incompatible during the time of pregnancy. In this mother’s blood type
can conflict with that of new born (Tortora & Derrickson, (2018). Blood cells in mother can
develop anti-bodies which can attack cells of new born and they can suffer from jaundice. Blood
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pressure can cause arteries around the kidneys to narrow down and weaken. This can damage the
arteries and also the kidneys will not be able to perform better. If Jane’s blood is mixed with A+
blood group, then this can have had negative impact on health outcome of Jane as well as her
child.
Calcium deficiency
Jane was suffering from calcium deficiency during pregnancy and this has affected patient’s
pregnancy and it can also lay impact on bone metabolism and because of this may also cause
Jane hypertensive disorder (Mazengenya & Bhikha, (2017). It can affect the growth of foetus
too. Calcium is really necessary for pregnant women and because of this she can also face
various other problems. Calcium has the most important role in blood clotting, deficiency can
lead to decalcification of bones. It can also lead to kidney disorder and reducing down the health
outcome of patient. Because of this deficiency patient can also face heart related problems.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarised that Jane has faced deficiency of calcium
during the time of pregnancy. It has also been analysed that she has also gone through
haemorrhage during her C section. This has affected their health outcome and potential
consequences has been administered by her because of the different blood group. Patient has also
been suffering from hypotension and this has affected her well-being severely. There has also
changes in pressure and volume because of physical activity. It has also been analysed that
Jane’s urine was dark yellow in colour which means that their urine is highly concentrated.
During the time of exercise, an enhancement can be seen in physical activity and also cell muscle
can respire more than they do when the body is in rest
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aung, H. H., Sivakumar, A., Gholami, S. K., Venkateswaran, S. P., & Gorain, B. (2019). An
Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Lung. In Nanotechnology-Based
Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Lung Cancer (pp. 1-20). Academic Press.
Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., ... & Runyeon,
J. (2020). Anatomy & physiology.
Engelhardt, T. (2019). System-based anatomy and physiology. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 3.
Jaeger, J. M., Titus, B. J., & Blank, R. S. (2019). Essential anatomy and physiology of the
respiratory system and the pulmonary circulation. In Principles and practice of
anesthesia for thoracic surgery (pp. 65-92). Springer, Cham.
Maina, J. N. (2017). Biology of the Avian Respiratory System. Springer.
Mazengenya, P., & Bhikha, R. (2017). A critique on Avicenna s (980 1037 AD) studies on
anatomy of the upper respiratory system and some otorhinolaryngologic
concepts. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 16(2), 188-193.
Plantier, L., Cazes, A., Dinh-Xuan, A. T., Bancal, C., Marchand-Adam, S., & Crestani, B.
(2018). Physiology of the lung in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. European Respiratory
Review, 27(147).
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2018). Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley &
Sons.
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