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Essay | Global Travel With Respect to Ebola

   

Added on  2020-03-02

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Running head: AN OVERVIEW: GLOBAL TRAVEL WITH RESPECT TO EBOLAAn overview: global travel with respect to EbolaName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor Note

1AN OVERVIEW: GLOBAL TRAVEL WITH RESPECT TO EBOLABackground- An increase in the international journeys exposes the travellers to highrisks of many infectious heath disorders. It is important to provide preventive measures bycirculating information about the mode of transmission and promote well-being to those whotravels frequently to countries with high risk (Merrill 2015). World Health Organisation(WHO) have implemented the primary strategies through vaccination, but with 900 millionhike in international travellers occurring every year, it is essential to address other preventivemeasures to reduce the risk factors both in national and international wise (World HealthOrganization 2013) . The following essay discusses the safety measures while travelling incontext to Ebola virus and for this a detailed understanding of this virus with respect toprecautions and preventions are required.History- Ebola is a severe viral disease often observed fatal in humans. The largestoutbreak of Ebola till date was recorded from West Africa, particularly from Guinea, Sierra,Liberia and Leone (Fisman Khoo and Tuite 2014). 7178 cases of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)with 3338 deaths were reported on October 1, 2014 (Fasina et al. 2014). Apart from thisincident, 20 cases of EVD were reported from Nigeria, but after this no such severe cases ofEVD were observed since September 2014 (Weyer Grobbelaar and Blumberg 2015). The 20cases that were reported resulted due to a particular importation through a traveller who wasreturning on July 2014 from Liberia (Shuaib et al. 2014). Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus) isresponsible for hemorrhagic fever with increased rate of fatality. Till date five viruses ofgenus Ebola belonging to the family of Filoviridae are identified in which four virusescauses human EVD and the fifth species has been found in primates of nonhuman in nature(NHPS) (Rewar and Mirdha 2014). The species are Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Zaireebolavirus (EBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) and Côted’Ivoire ebolavirus (TAFV) respectively. The transmission of this virus occurs by direct

2AN OVERVIEW: GLOBAL TRAVEL WITH RESPECT TO EBOLAcontamination of blood, fluids of the body or derma of patients with EVD or through deadbodies due to this disease (Gebretadik et al. 2015). The pathogenic nature of these virusesvaries, with EBOV being lethal to a great extent in humans. Pathophysiology- Zaire (EBOV) replications produce large quantity of virus foundin monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophage cells. The chemical signals of highinflammation are released due to triggered monocytes (Falasca et al. 2015). Endothelial cells,liver cells, macrophages and monocytes are prone to this infection. This virus first infects themacrophages leading to cellular death and infection in endothelial cells occurs after 3 days ofexposure. The vascular injury caused by breakdown of endothelial cells attributes toglycoproteins (GP) of EBOV. The affected people with haemorrhage undergo edema withhypovolemic shock. A small soluble glycoprotein (SGP) is secreted just after the infection.This glycoprotein attaches the virus to endothelial cells by forming one trimetric complex.The (SGP) interferes with neutrophils signalling by forming a dimer protein evades the virusto immune system by inhibiting the action of neutrophil. These infected white blood cellspass the virus throughout the entire body into the organs such as liver, lungs, lymph nodesand spleen (Paessler and Walker 2013). The presence of virus within the cells causes’ celldamage and releases the chemical signals such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-Ω causing fever andinflammatory symptoms. The blood vessels integrity is reduced by the infection inendothelial cells which increases (GP) synthesis which in turn decreases the specificintegrins. Lack of these integrins causes liver damage resulting in improper clotting. Theproteins of EBOV blunt the immune system of humans by interfering the cell’s productionability with consequent response towards interferon proteins such as interferon alpha, betaand gamma (Meyer and Ly 2016).Mode of transmission- Identification of natural host reservoir of Ebola virus and howthe virus appears in human at beginning of the outbreak are yet to be known. According to

3AN OVERVIEW: GLOBAL TRAVEL WITH RESPECT TO EBOLAsome scientists, the first person got infected through a direct contact with an animal such asprimates or fruit bat infected by this virus. This condition is termed as spillover event(Chowell and Nishiura 2014). This then goes on transmitting other person affecting a largecount of individuals. It is believed that the primates in past got affected by Ebola and peoplegot infected too when they came in contact or consumed the infected primates. The mode oftransmission of this virus occurs through various ways. The Ebola spreads through skin thatis broken or via mucous membrane present in eyes, mouth and nose (Judson Prescott andMunster 2015). The virus spreads through blood or body fluids such as saliva, sweat, urine,semen, vomit and breast milk of an Ebola affected person. Other mode of transmission isthrough virus contaminated needles and injections. Transmission through fruit bat or apesand monkeys infected by this virus is also noted (Weingartl et al. 2012). Ebola is not an airborne disease neither it spreads through water or food. Transmission through mosquitoes orany other insects are not observed. This infection has been reported to confined species ofmammals such as humans, apes and bats and hence plays active role in spreading the virus.The risk of transmission increases significantly when directly coming to the patient contact atthe acute phase of the disease (Shears and O'Dempsey 2015).Incidence and prevalence of Ebola cases- The incidence of EVD and its currentprevalence with respect to last few years is being tabulated in the Appendix comprising themorbidity and mortality numbers.Incubation period of Ebola- Ebola virus can thrive in liquid medium or the materialsthat are dry in nature. The gamma irradiation inactivates the virus along with 60 minutesheating at a temperature of 60°C or 5 minutes of boiling. Bleaching with sodium hypochloriteand similar disinfectants can reduce their sensitivity. On the other hand, freezing them doesnot exert any affect on their sensitivity (Passi et al. 2015). The incubation duration that is thetime period between the appearance of the first symptom and the infection varies between 4-

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