Working of Actants and Management Functions in Modern Computing

Polarization information under normal illumination conditions, as stated by Shen et al. (2015), can be affected by ambiguities in polarization-based shape sensing and water particles in the air scattering light, which can create issues with functioning of 3D imaging devices. Coarse depth estimates method and LIDAR technology can help reduce ambiguity and determine object size and distance. This awareness is crucial for understanding the benefits and limitations of 3D imaging devices in modern era.

Introduction to computing

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of the present essay is to describe contemporary (modern) computing
concept using two stories including “Roboticists learn to teach robots from babies” and
“Increased the resolution of conventional 3-D imaging devices 1000 times faster as compared to
previous one”. In this regard, Actor network theory has been applied and Actants are categorized
into present stories in order to compare and contrast the viewpoints of a range of theorists in a
significant manner.
MAIN BODY
Actor-Network Theory (ANT): It is also known as the sociology of translation and enrolment
theory. For the purpose of exploring collective socio-technical processes and emphasize on
particular attention to science and technologic activity, ANT theory can be applied. It is process
oriented theory and it is applied in the context of developing new emerging technologies and
their impact on societies (Latour, 2005). By employing this theory, an individual will be able to
understand the construction and transformation of heterogeneous networks. Keys concepts
associated with ANT framework can be enlisted as follow. Actant: Agent, collective or individual can be an actant which is responsible for scientific
production such as a policy maker, a user and an information system.
 Actor network: In a heterogeneous network, computer systems, policy makers and users
are present to enclose the facts and fictions are and their impact on collective activity
(Actor network theory, 2004). Event: In order to explain the analyzed situation and framed a network of heterogeneous
element, an action that has transformed can be defined as event. Translation: This term can be explored in form of harness “scientific evidence” and texts
into inscriptions to define specific issue. Translation activity is generally raised between
human actors and non-human actors (Hitomi, Silva and Ruppert, 2015).
Reasons for suitability of Actor Network Theory
ANT is a powerful qualitative research framework and it is a process of heterogeneous
engineering. The rationale behind to apply this network theory is to determine the collective
socio-technical processes with help of exploring two stories. With help of applying this
framework, investigator would be able to describe the stories related to teach robots from babies
and 3 D imaging sensors (Giannuzzi, 2015). In addition, this theory allows researcher to
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understand that how social scientists talk about society’s relationship to technology. Along with
this, it also serves as the launch point for researcher in term of enabling him to understand that
robots to learn in the same way that child do.
Story1: Roboticists learn to teach robots from babies
According to research of University of Washington (2015), through collaboration
between developmental psychologists and computer scientists, it is possible that robots can learn
much like babies. In this regard, code was written so that physically moves a robot's arm and
perform different actions. For developing next generation robots, University of Washington was
done collaboration with developmental psychologists and computer scientists (University of
Washington, 2015). In near future, this kind of robot will be able to perform variety of functions
by exploration and watching a human perform a task.
Table 1: Problems translation in action
Robotics Systems used presently
Entities Ethical and uncertain tasks related problems
Bio-metric robot Artificial skin Unconventional computation
system
Roboticists learn to teach robots from babies
Goals
Learn much like kids Understand actions and perform by watching people Interpret the behaviour of other
From the above figure, it is clear that presently, bio-metric robot systems are used and they are
facing ethical and unconventional computation related issues. Moreover, by developing next
generation robotics, enterprises and an individual would be able to perform different functions
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like experiment with pushing or picking up different objects and interpret the behavior of others
in a significant manner. In this regard, experiment was done by university and associated firms to
guide robot to push an object to a new location by watching human (Hardesty, 2015).
Actants: The main Actants are technology experts, developmental psychologists and computer
scientists and UW developmental psychologists. In addition, bio-metric and artificial robot
techniques are employed in present robotics system.
Categorize scale of hardware and software:
Computer programming, Machine learning language and mental model can be used to
solve novel problems and allows a robot to explore how its own actions similar to human and
child (University of Washington, 2015). In addition, probabilistic model was used to perform
actions similar to human wants and complete the task in a significant manner. From the
negotiation process between two key Actants, bio-metric system and artificial skin, it is found
that both Actants are working together to perform computation functions effectively.
Importance of Roboticists used within the current story
From the above story, it is clear that new generation Roboticists will be beneficial to
teach robots to perform like babies and gaining knowledge by playing with other toys. In this
regard, a machine learning algorithm was developed to allow robots how its own actions result in
different outcomes and understand that how their actions cause changes in the world. By
conducting a computer simulation experiment, it was found that an actual robot learns to imitate
human actions and tracks the beginning and ending points of a human's head
movements. Meltzoff's test was applied and from the result, it was identified that visual barriers
and blindfolds different kinds of problems are associated with the use of new generation
robotics. Nonetheless, network does not take into account and influence of other network kinds
of problems is also associated with the use of ANT theory (Latour, 2005)
Story 2: Increased the resolution of conventional 3-D imaging devices 1000 times faster as
compared to previous one.
MIT researchers were conducted experiments regarding to increase the resolution of
conventional 3-D imaging devices 1000 time faster. In this context, high-quality 3-D cameras to
fit on cell phones and coarse recovery of geometry concept was used. This new system was built
to polarize 3D in a paper. At wider angles of reflection and an unusually heavy concentration of
light with a particular polarization was bounced (Gough, 2015). The Media Lab researchers were
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employed coarse depth estimates approach to resolve the ambiguity. From the result of
experiment, it was found that Polarized 3D offer higher resolution. Result of experiment
indicates that new polarization systems could aid the development of self-driving cars and it will
be highly reliable under normal illumination conditions (Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
2015).
Actants: Software, hardware, LIDAR, high-quality 3-D cameras built into cell phones, polarizing
filter, and machine-shop laser scanners are the major Actants of the 3D imaging system.
Categorize scale and management functions
In order to snap a photo of an object, high-quality 3-D cameras built into cell phone was
employed. Polarize filter gives something that's better than many machine-shop laser scanner. It
was found that the way in which light bounces off of physical objects highly influenced by
Polarization (Palmer and Alexandrov, 2015). However, fundamental ambiguity about polarized
light kind of constraint is also associated with the use of new system which is passing through a
polarizing lens and affects a surface with the opposite orientation. In order to solve issue, coarse
depth concept (the time a light signal takes to reflect off of an object and return to its source) can
be useful. However Johnson (2015) suggested that by using a graphics processing unit,
ambiguity and physical features such as small as a centimeter at a distance of several meters can
be solved. In addition, tiny polarization filters can also create issue related to overlay individual
pixels in a light sensor and scattering problems effectively.
Table 2: Problems translation in action related to 3D imaging devices
3-D imaging devices
Entities
Problem related to present devices
Expensive Produce a replica of the object
Goals
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New generation 3-D imaging devices
In-expensive Super-compact
highest depth-measurement accuracy Collision prevention
By doing experiment and polarization of light, MIT researchers were able to increase the
resolution of conventional 3-D imaging devices as much as 1,000 times. These devices are an
inexpensive and super-compact 3D imaging and able to generate accurate 3D scans of objects.
Besides that, these new generation devices also provide the highest depth-measurement accuracy
and determine the object's size and its distance from the laser. Gough (2015) explored that laser
imaging technology called LIDAR, developed by engineers at the California Institute of
Technology, can be beneficial in determining the object's size and its distance from the laser.
Researcher suggested that an individual can integrate 3D devices into a Smartphone and cars
(Gough, 2015).
Working of Actants and management functions
ANT opens up new opportunities of innovation for an individual in term of the
polarization information under normal illumination conditions (Shen and et.al., 2015). However,
Hardest (2015) stated that different problems include ambiguities in polarization-based shape
sensing and water particles in the air scatter light can create issue in functioning of 3D imaging
devices. Coarse depth estimates method and laser imaging technology called LIDAR would be
beneficial for individuals to reduce ambiguity and determine the object's size and its distance
from the laser (Hardest, 2015). This story will be helpful for an individual in term of
understanding awareness of benefits of 3D imaging devices and issues associated with it use in
modern era.
CONCLUSION
ANT theory is rooted in science and technology studies and it is applied in the context of
computing and its impact on society. In the present report, this theory was employed to analyze
two stories related to identify the impact of Roboticists and conventional 3-D imaging devices on
an individual. However, network does not take into account and influence of other network kinds
of problems is also associated with the use of this theory. An actor's theory clearly exposed its
alliances. The present answers given by researcher are related to the statement of “An actant in
modern computing does not act in isolation” because if an actor's identities will changes then a
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minor change in alliance will come. From the overall summary of the stories, it is found that
actors taken in two stories have behaved well and anything can be challenged, even well-known
facts.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Giannuzzi, L. A., 2015. Dose accumulation and 3D imaging with He+ ions.Journal of Vacuum
Science & Technology B. 33(1).
Hitomi, E. E., Silva, J. V. and Ruppert, 2015. 3D scanning using RGBD imaging devices: A
survey. In Developments in Medical Image Processing and Computational Vision.
Springer International Publishing. pp. 379-395.
Latour, B., 2005. Reassembling the social. An introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Okaichi, N., and et.al., 2015. Integral 3D display using multiple LCDs. In IS&T/SPIE Electronic
Imaging .International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 939114-939114.
Palmer, A. D. and Alexandrov, T., 2015. Serial 3D imaging mass spectrometry at its tipping
point. Analytical chemistry. 87(8).pp.4055-4062.
Shen, X., and et.al., 2015. Extended depth-of-focus 3D micro integral imaging display using a
bifocal liquid crystal lens. Optics letters. 40(4). Pp.538-541.
Silvis, E. and Alexander, P., 2014. Actor-network theory in information systems
research.IRinformation research.
Online
Actor network theory, 2004. [Pdf]. Available through:<
http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/5222_Ritzer__Entries_beginnin
g_with_A__[1].pdf > [Accessed on:4th December 2015].
Gough, M., 2015. This 3D imaging device is set to be integrated into smart phones. [Online].
Available through :< http://www.sciencealert.com/3d-imaging-device-could-be-
integrated-into-smartphones>. [Accessed on: 4th December 2015].
Hardesty, L., 2015. Making 3-D imaging 1,000 times better. [Online]. Available through :<
http://news.mit.edu/2015/algorithms-boost-3-d-imaging-resolution-1000-times-1201>.
[Accessed on: 4th December 2015].
Johnson, D., 2015. Inexpensive 3-D Imaging Device Integrated Into a Smartphone.[Online].
Available through :< http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/optoelectronics/
inexpensive-3d-imagining-device-integrated-into-a-smartphone>. [Accessed on: 4th
December 2015].
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