Essay. The threat of communicable disease. Introduction

same as 1092630,1092648 and 1092650 but all the 4 assignments should be on different topic.

The threat of communicable disease

Running Head: Essay
Introduction
The fundamental objective of the essay is to evaluate the role of the agent related to Zika virus.
Zika Virus is considered as a disease that is transmitted by Aedes mosquito during the bite in the
day time. The primary symptoms that occur due to this Zika virus are rash, fever, joint and
muscle pain, conjunctivitis and headache. The virus is so powerful that during pregnancy, it only
affects the mother but also affect the infants who will be going to born. Thus, proper steps and
care should be needed for every person suffering from this virus. Based on this fact, the study
will discuss the environmental factors as well as the host who are effectively involved with this
Zika virus. The virus created neurological risks to the infected children and adults such as
neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome and myelitis. Thus in order to reduce the impact of Zika
virus, some potential policy responses will be provided in this essay that can help an individual
to get rid out of the adverse effect of this virus.
Role of the agent of Zika virus
Zika virus was first identified in Uganda 1947 from rhesus money taken from the Zika forest of
this country. However, in human, it was identified in 1952 in the United Public of Tanzania and
Uganda. The outbreaks of this Zika virus has been reported especially from America, Pacific,
Africa and the Asian region. The primary role of the Zika virus is to infect the neurological
system of the individual by causing several mild symptoms to that person. Many scholars
suggested that the transmission of Zika virus generally occur due to the bite of an infected Aedes
mosquito belonging to the tropical and subtropical regions (Anaya et al., 2016). The role of
Aedes mosquito that spread the Zika virus is to inject the infected blood to the human body. Due
to this reason, currently, the clinical expert's demons are that Zika virus has created congenital
infections among the individuals. Besides this, in the opinion of Benelli, (2016), recently, the
Zika virus creates an infection that affected the brain anomalies of a normal person. Apart from
this, microcephalus is also taken place with the effect of this Zika virus.
It is analyzed that both the medical organizations and health agencies have issued several
guidelines for reducing the impact and spread of Zika virus in a human body. However, the

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people, as well as the healthcare experts, become failed to follow the guidelines properly and due
to this reason, the viruses are transmitted enormously among the individuals. As stated by Li et
al., (2019), another significant role of the agent that spread Zika virus is to impact viral
implications on the individuals so that their nervous system get infected by this attack. The agent
of Zika virus consequently uses their mosquito vectors to enhance both viral activities and viral
transmission among the individuals. Several studies demonstrate that currently, due to the
presence of this virus, people are suffering from dengue virus epidemics that have even lead to
death to an individual. According to the World Health Organization, the Zika virus another
prospect is to reduce the immunity power of a person so that he or she cannot survive properly
(Panchaud et al., 2016).
The mosquito-borne vector generally transmitted the Zika virus from one individual to other.
Besides this, another significant role of the agent is to target the people at day time and thus it
generally attacks the children as well as older adult groups. It is indicated from several studies
that the virus does not only infect the person but also create congenital abnormalities among the
person leading to death too (Medin and Rothman, 2016). Hence, the virus is considered to be
effective for the people, and thus proper care should be needed by every individual to get rid of
the problem related to Zika virus. According to the World Health Organization, the role of the
agent related to this chosen virus is to directly involved in the DNA replication of the individual
and affect the neutral cells of the people. The Zika virus, after entering into the human body
substitutes amino acid by the mosquito vector and quickly spread the disease in the whole body
(Baz and Boivin, 2019). Due to this reason, due to the impact of this Zika virus, not only a single
portion of the body is affected but the whole body has been affected tremendously by the impact
of the virus.
From recent studies, it is noticed that Zika virus has included several other arthropod related
viruses such as dengue virus (DENU), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) and West Nile Virus (WNV)
(Mor, 2016). Hence, it is considered as a single-stranded RNA virus that primarily infects a small
portion of the body and later with the advancement of time, it spreads throughout the body of an
individual. Due to this reason, formerly at the beginning of the infection, people do not get
effective symptoms of this disease. Thus at the later stage, they analyze the symptoms and then
take proper care and treatment for overcoming the health problem (Casadevall and Pirofski,

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2018). Thus after revering all these prospects, it is quite evident that the agent of Zika virus plays
an important role in affecting the nervous and immune system of an individual and thus it is
essential for every individual to take effective steps to get rid of the health issue causing by this
virus.
Host and environmental factors involved with Zika virus
The widespread rate of Zika virus has affected today's current environment effectively. After
accessing several sources, it is evaluated that the rate of Zika virus has tremendously increased
from 2015, and it is continuously growing with time at a high rate. The primary hosts of this Zika
virus are the mosquitoes belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes and Mansonia (Jamil,
Waheed and Durrani, 2016). Among all these primary hosts as well as vectors the effective one
that generally spread this virus is the Aedes mosquito of varied species. As per the World Health
Organization, one of the common features of these genera of mosquito is to spread the Zika virus
at the day time and not on the night. It is analyzed that apart from the human being, the virus has
also spread to the animal hosts such as in monkeys, rodents, cows, bats and carabaos.
Along with this animal hosts, other hosts spread this particular virus such as sheep, horses,
orangutans, ducks and goats (Epelboin et al., 2017). Hence, all are considered as the primary
hosts of the Zika virus. According to several scholars, though the Zika virus is considered as an
effective threat to human being but mammals are not considered as their native hosts. The main
hosts of this virus are the wild animal population and the non-human primates. This virus is
mainly transmitted by the mosquito to the human body by these hosts. In the words of Schwartz,
(2017), a human being does not directly affect by this virus, but the careers transmuted the
disease to a person body with the help of these hosts.
According to this author, the Zika virus directly attacked the hosts mentioned above, and when a
mosquito bites them, it easily transmitted to the vector body. Later on, when this infected
mosquito bites a normal person in day time then again is transferred to the individual body
(Villegas et al., 2018). Hence, these are the effective ways by which the hosts transmitted the
Zika virus indirectly into the body of a normal person. However, several comprehensive

Running Head: Essay
examinations are failed to analyze the reservoir host of this virus, but apart from it, scientist
provides a proper explanation regarding the common hosts of this virus.
The varied environmental factors that involved with the Zika virus are provided below:
Ineffective living in the well-screen house
In the current trend, the environmental pollution rate is increasing tremendously with time. The
rate of increase in pollution has directly influenced this virus to spread from hosts to vectors. In
order to reduce the rate of Zika virus among the individuals, the people need to live in well
sheltered as well as in well-screened house. Thus if they started to live in a healthy environment
with a well-sheltered house, then they can reduce the spreading of this Zika virus among
individuals (Zhu et al., 2016). However, due to the increasing rate of poverty in the nation,
people unable to afford proper living shelter for themselves. Thus, for this reason, they become
failed to reduce the spreading of this infectious disease. The primary reason for considering this
as the environmental factors because the viruses are spread through the adverse impact of
increasing pollution level.
Urban waste disposal and urbanization
Another environmental factor that involves in the spreading of this Zika virus is the increasing
rate of Zika virus and urbanization, respectively. In the previous year, the increasing rate of
urbanization in Brazil demonstrates that Aedes mosquito has enhanced the rate of Zika virus in
this country. As per the report, it is evaluated that the presence of environmental degradation has
influenced the mosquito to eat from the uncollected garbage, drink from the undrained water and
also from the discarded tires filled with stagnant water. Collecting food and water from these
habitats enable the rate of deadly Zika viruses in their body (Mayer, Tesh and Vasilakis, 2017).
Thus when this mosquito bites a normal person at the day time, then it easily transmitted from
the mosquito to the human body. Apart from this, due to the intensive rise of urban growth all
around the nation, the rate of waste also increases whereas the disposal sites are reduced day-by-
day. In society, both wealthy and poor people belong, and among them, the rich people have uses
sufficient protection to get rid out of this virus. However, poor people do not dispose their waste

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properly due to their poverty level. Hence, the presence of this ineffective waste disposal context
has increases the spreading of Zika virus through this environmental prospect (Angleró-
Rodríguez et al., 2017).
Ineffective water supply by building dams
In today's environment, people often construct a dam on a large river for creating reservoirs and
hydropower, respectively. This procedure not only affects the water supply chain of the area
where the dam is constructed but also damage the ecosystems. Many scholars provide
considerable evidence on the fact that changing of the watery environment in the region can
foster this vector-borne disease in the whole area (Simões, Caragata and Dimopoulos, 2018).
From several studies it is noted that Zika virus also can spread by parasite carrying freshwater
snails and thus if water management projects and dams are made then it can worsen the situation
for the snails and they can die without water. After dying, their body is eaten by various genera
of mosquito and this vector easily inject the virus in their body. Thus when they bite a single
person, then the Zika virus spread to the body of this individual (Weaver, 2017). Hence, it is seen
that the presence of this human activity, as well as the environmental factors, has impact
effectively on the spreading of this particular disease in the human body.
Rainfall patterns
The changing in rainfall patterns is one of the environmental factors that involve in the spreading
of this Zika virus in the human body. In the areas where rainfall pattern exceeds 2000 mm
annually, then in this area, the mosquito rate are incensed. Due to heavy rainfall, the grown of
mosquito increases, and this has indirectly influenced the spread of Zika virus in the human body
(Gutiérrez-Bugallo et al., 2019). Thus it is analyzed that the people live in the area where high
rainfall takes place are often get more affected by the Zika virus than that of other location
people. As per the WHO, the rise of heavy rainfall attract the mosquito to enhance their birth
rate, and this eventually spread the disease among individuals. Hence, it is considered as one of
the major environmental factors involved in the rise of Zika virus among individuals.
Damaging and chopping down of forests

Running Head: Essay
Other environmental factors that directly influence the rise of Zika virus among individuals are
damaging and chopping down of forests. Due to the presence of environmental impact, many
forests in the world are getting damage day-by-day, and this causes a positive impact on the
increasing rate of mosquitoes. If the mosquitoes grow at a tremendous rate, then it can implicate
the increasing transmission of disease to humans (Diderichsen, Augusto and Perez, 2019). For
example, due to the increasing rate of deforestation, the mosquitoes become go-between the
living area and transfer the disease of Zika virus in the individuals. Hence, chopping and
damaging down of forest due to the environmental cause has considered being one of the reasons
that enhance the spreading of Zika virus.
Potential policy responses involve with Zika Virus
As per the World Health Organization (WHO), Zika virus disease is considered as one of the
complex and difficult public health issues that even give rise to the death of an individual.
Therefore, to control the rate of Zika virus among individuals, potential policy responses are
used by the WHO. The primary role of the law is to control the spread of these infectious
diseases. According to the information and resources developed, the Public Health Law Program
is one of the potential responses that help the public in relation to Zika-related legal problems
(Gray and Mishtal, 2019). Apart from this, the legal development involved with Zika virus is
Legislative Report for Zika that introduced by state, territorial and federal government of several
countries. Along with this, Regulatory Report for Zika is also a legal development that
introduces by state, territorial and federal government in their administrative rules and
regulations so that the whole country can take effective measures for reducing the spreading and
transmission of Zika viruses among individuals.
According to several law and policy resources, another policy that enhances the public
understanding regarding the Zika virus is the Zika Action Plan Summit (Mansuy et al., 2019). By
following this policy response, the public can enhance their understanding regarding the useful
steps needed for reducing the transmission of this virus. The action plan provided a brief view
regarding the Zika virus, its symptoms, treatment, testing, prevention control, health effects and
risks. Thus after analyzing all the various concepts of this virus, the people can take effective

Running Head: Essay
precaution that helps them to reduce the spread of this disease. It is analyzed that by following
this potential policy response the people in current trend uses a mosquito net at day time, use
several mosquito repellent creams and always make a hygienic environment that can reduce the
growth of mosquito in the locality (Vianna et al., 2018). Hence, it is equalled that the policy
responses are beneficial for the people in order to reduce the spreading as well as the
transmission rate of Zika virus among the individuals.
Many scholars argue that Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) guidelines are
considered as the policy response used for the pregnant women so that their infant not get
attacked by the adverse impact of Zika virus (Malone et al., 2016). However, some author argues
that CDC's is a guideline that helpful for pregnant women to reduce the spreading of Zika viruses
in their child. Considering this fact, it is evident that this guideline or policy help pregnant
women to reduce the transmitting rate of this disease in their babies. The evidence regarding this
public health interventions shows that the guidelines help the women to understand the impact of
cross-reactivity that can generate a negative impact on their babies by affecting them with Zika
viruses (Etebari et al., 2017). The intervention also helps pregnant women to do their serologic
test and another diagnosis that eventually help them to reduce the impact of this disease in both
mother and child. Hence, these policy responses are also beneficial for the women to reduce the
adverse impact of Zika viruses among their children during the time of their pregnancy.
Conclusion
The paper concludes that Zika virus was first originated in the body of Rhesus monkey in the
Zika forest of Uganda. The primary role of this virus is to affect the neurological system of the
individual by generating several symptoms to that person. The Aedes mosquito is responsible for
spreading this virus among the people. After reviewing the paper, it is analyzed that the Zika
virus spread mainly in the day time, and it affects the brain anomalies of people. The primary
host of this Zika virus is mosquito vector, and along with this, some animal host is present such
as sheep, horses, ducks, cows, rodents and monkeys. Besides this, it is seen that several
environmental factors are involved in the spreading of this Zika virus such as ineffective living
in the house, urban waste disposal, the ineffective supply of water, rainfall pattern and chopping

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and damaging of forests. Thus several potential policy responses are provided that can help the
people to reduce the spreading of this Zika virus among individuals.

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