Evidence Based Health Promotion in Coronary Heart Disease: A UK Study

This essay delves into the significance of evidence-based health promotion, particularly in the context of coronary heart disease (CHD). It highlights the importance of information literacy and its role in improving healthcare services. The study explores the causes, interventions, and risk factors associated with CHD, with a specific focus on the UK population, especially those aged 65 and above. The essay incorporates a literature review, explains the PICO framework, and discusses key findings, including the impact of age on treatment and mortality rates. It also offers recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for effective planning and ethical considerations. The study concludes by emphasizing the vital role of evidence-based interventions in enhancing patient care and outcomes, while also acknowledging the significance of factors like patient education, exercise, and psychological interventions.

Essay
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Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.............................................................................................................................3
Information literacy and its importance.................................................................................3
Aim and objectives of research..............................................................................................3
Evidence based public health and its importance..................................................................4
Literature review....................................................................................................................5
Rationale of the topic.............................................................................................................5
Used databases in this study...................................................................................................5
What is PICO framework.......................................................................................................6
How many search results identified.......................................................................................6
Strengths and limitations of study..........................................................................................6
Key findings...........................................................................................................................6
Recommendations for future research...................................................................................7
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................8
Books and journals.....................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Evidence based practices refers combination of skills or individual practitioner
expertises in some specific disease and related programmes in order to provide better
healthcare services to patients (Li and et.al., 2018). This present study is going to show
importance of evidence in health promotion for both patients and professionals. It will also
show some evidences based practices which are being used in coronary heart disease which is
increasing in the UK in the people of 65 year and above. Further, it shows importance of
information literacy and its usage improving services along with importance of using
databases in developing study and accomplishing the main goal.
MAIN BODY
Information literacy and its importance
Information literacy can be defined as an ability to identify appropriate time of
requirement of informations and also identifying ways of using those informations for solving
issues and problems (Doyle, Furlong and Secco, 2016). It plays an important role as it
increases quality of education in learning environment and also helps in performing functions
in organization in an effective manner.
Aim and objectives of research
To identify evidence based health in coronary health disease and its effects.
Objectives
 To identify causes of coronary heart disease.
 To explore some interventions of preventing people against coronary heart disease.
 To identify importance of evidence based practice in coronary heart disease.
By making an effective use of secondary scholars like books and journals and articles all
informations are gathered. It is an evaluation study for which people with the age of 50-65
selected.

Evidence based public health and its importance
Before discussing about evidence based public health in the context of coronary heart
disease it is important to understand that what is it and, its causes, interventions etc. In the
context of coronary heart disease it can be said that it is a heart disease which develops when
major blood vessels becomes damages. The main reason of heart disease and why damages of
these blood vessels become the reason of coronary heart disease it these vessels supply blood,
oxygen and nutrients to heart. And when it damages then heart stops to get all these which are
important for our body to live and working properly. Coronary heart disease sometimes leads
to heart attack (Birken and et.al., 2018). There are some symptoms of this disease by which
people can be prevented at initial stage which include: pressure, squeezing, burning, aching,
weakness, heart break etc.
In addition, it is analysed that in the UK, coronary heart disease is the main and common
cause of death as 1 on 5 men and 1 in 7 women die from this coronary heart disease. There
are some common and main reasons of this increasing rate of this disease which include:
overweight, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity and
ageing. Approx 80,000 deaths from CHD in the UK each year is reported. Age is one of the
main factor as CHD increase with age.
Evidence based public health refers development and implementation of effective policies in
public health through application of principles of. In the context of benefits and importance it
can be said that this evidence base approach in health promotion have several direct and
indirect benefits such as have access to effective and higher quality of informations,
successful prevention programs, greater workforce productivity etc. People with the age
group of 50-65 are selected for gathering data and informations. By having evidence in health
promotion, health promoters can make effective decisions but for that they need to identify
activities for promoting health (American Diabetes Association, 2018).
Evidence in CHD: In the context of evidence based health promotion in this disease, it can
be said that age is one of the main factors which create problems as it becomes complicated
with more cardiovascular risk factors but get fewer evidence based medications (Coronary
Heart Disease: Evidence, 2015). There are some evidence of this disease which shows several
things such as:
Patient education: It is one of the important factors which helps healthcare providers to
provide effective services to them as it also give alter to caretakers of patients to alter their

behaviours. There is little evidence which shows that patient education as a part of cardiac
rehabilitation programme and improves quality of life of health related. With the lack of
informations of patient education it also becomes difficult to understand actual disadvantage
or advantages of patient education for all those patients with coronary heart disease. But it
can be said that patients with coronary heart disease should receive comprehensive
rehabilitation which include education.
Other main element of rehabilitation and evidence is exercise. For getting effective long term
and short term outcomes it is important for patients to focus on physical activities and
exercise. Exercise based cardiac rehabilitation plays an important role as it decreases the risk
of death due to all these causes of cardiovascular. People who give time in exercise they are
less likely to stay in the hospital as compare to others who do not exercise and overall it helps
them out in improving their health and quality of life.
Psychological interventions are other main component which shows evidence in CHD. It has
been analysed form evidence that Psychological interventions does not play role in reducing
mortality rate of people with CHD in rehabilitation programmes (Kotani and et.al., 2016).
They only help patient in alleviating patient reported symptoms of anxiety, stress and
depression. But by focusing on regular psychology therapy they can treat patients to some
extent as it allows them to improve other important psychological symptoms.
Literature review
A literature reviews generally refers a survey of some secondary sources like articles, books
and journals etc. It is an important part of thesis which helps researcher in getting critical
informations about a specific topic.
Rationale of the topic
Evidence in health promotion plays an important role. For making people aware about
Coronary heart disease and prevent them against this disease in one of the main reason of
selecting this topic.
Used databases in this study
A data structure which stores data of an organization like employees, products, financial
records and others. For this study some informations like data of mortality rate in the UK by
CHD is identified, the age group of people which affected the most is also used by some
articles..

What is PICO framework
A PICO framework is being used in evidence based practices which have been discussed
above in order to have all informations relevant to the topic or getting answers of all
questions. It refers: patient/people/process, interventions, comparison and outcome (Zhang
and et.al., 2020).
How many search results identified
This study has got several informations which helped in knowing mortality rate
because of CHD, the main age, causes, risk factors and ways to solve them.
Strengths and limitations of study
Collecting informations from sample was one of the main tasks as different people
have different views on the same topic. Making people aware about the disease was also main
tasks. Age factors are one of the main element which affected implementation of evidence
based practices or medications in patients with coronary artery disease (Impact of Age on the
Implementation of Evidence Based Medication in Patient, 2018). The main strength which
helped in making this research study successful was availability of resources like financial,
human resources, technical resources and others. All these resources helped in getting
informations relevant to the topic and making it successful. On the other hand, time of
completion of the study was one of the main weaknesses. Some external environmental
factors like environmental changes and different beliefs and cultural of participant created
some problems in providing accurate informations.
Key findings
Some results were identified in which it is analysed that age is one of the main factor
which affected implementation of evidence based practices. It is also analysed that people
with the age group of 60-70 affected the most with coronary heart disease and rate of
mortality is also high in this age group of people due to this CHD. There are some main
common issues were also identified which include: lack of physical activities, smoking,
increasing cholesterol due to lack of nutritional food. Some ways were also identified which
are decreasing this mortality rate to some extent such as daily routine check up and focusing
on physical exercise which can help people in getting oxygen and allow heart to pump blood
and function properly. Other causes due to this disease is also identified which helped in
making people aware and prevent them against this disease.

Recommendations for future research
It can be suggested that for making a study successful, researcher needs to make an
effective planning and deciding about required resources, people who will perform activities
and also with backup plan. If they do not have skilled and other resources then in that
situation how can they complete research study. It can also be suggested that researcher must
follow all codes of ethics by which he can influence participants and get all relevant
informations as well as improve image (Pfenninger and et.al., 2017).
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarized that interventions and evidence based
health promotion played a vital role in providing better healthcare services to patients and
improving their health in an effective and in a timely manner, It has also discussed some
causes, interventions and risk factors of coronary heart disease in the UK and age is one of
the main factors of it. Some evidences also have been shown in this study related to coronary
heart disease along with discussing importance of information literacy, literature review and
others.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Li, S.A. and et.al., 2018. Organizational contextual features that influence the implementation
of evidence-based practices across healthcare settings: a systematic integrative
review. Systematic reviews. 7(1). p.72.
Kotani, K. and et.al., 2016. Evidence-based assessment of lipoprotein (a) as a risk biomarker
for cardiovascular diseases–some answers and still many questions. Critical reviews
in clinical laboratory sciences. 53(6). pp.370-378.
Birken, S. and et.al., 2018, July. A systematic review of middle managers’ role in
implementing evidence-based practices in healthcare. In Academy of Management
Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 11633). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of
Management.
American Diabetes Association, 2018. 9. Cardiovascular disease and risk management:
standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes care. 41(Supplement 1),
pp.S86-S104.
Doyle, G.J., Furlong, K.E. and Secco, L., 2016, July. Information Literacy in a Digital Era:
Understanding the Impact of Mobile Information for Undergraduate Nursing
Students. In Nursing Informatics (pp. 297-301).
Zhang, T. and et.al., 2020. Unlocking the Power of Deep PICO Extraction: Step-wise
Medical NER Identification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.06601.
Pfenninger, S. and et.al., 2017. The importance of open data and software: Is energy research
lagging behind?. Energy Policy, 101, pp.211-215.
Online
Coronary Heart Disease: Evidence. 2015. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.students4bestevidence.net/blog/2017/11/17/coronary-heart-disease-
what-is-the-evidence/>
Impact of Age on the Implementation of Evidence Based Medication in Patient. 2018.
[Online]. Available through <
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5049-x>