Ethical and Professional Issues with Computer Related Technology

This article discusses the ethical and professional issues that arise with the use of computer-related technology. It focuses on the importance of maintaining confidentiality, client welfare, and adherence to ethical codes. The article also explores strategies for improving ethical practices in computer technologies.

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Ethical and professional issues with computer-related technology:
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Ethics and professionalism in computer
Abstract
The school psychologists have an ethical authoritative to define various ways that computers can
fully facilitate the practice because of the possibility to improve efficiency and effectiveness.
And on the other hand, the psychologists have another imperative to fully consider the
implications of ethical and professional practice. The computer aspects that give them helpful
also give them vulnerability to ethical violations. With the advancement and increase in the use
of computer-related technology, the conflicts between personal values, professional ethics,
principles of professional conduct may arise in any practice that is being conducted every
individual. The psychologists should use the traditional practice for an argument about the
practice rather than using it in place for technological advancements. Basics ethical imperatives
are similar in the use of computer-related technology as used in any professional work.
Introduction
Professional issues in the computer-related technology help the profession in IT sector to
establish their capacity in their professional areas in order to operate effectively at work and at
the company situations and to be familiar with its environment. Ethical issues are a situation that
needs a company chooses between what is right and wrong. In these articles when shall in details
discuss the ethical and professional issues in computer-related technology. We shall extend our
discussion in using the school psychologists as the main person who is using this technology.
Our discussion will majorly focus on ethical and professional issues with the applications of
computer-related technologies.in the services that are being delivered by the school
psychologists. Even though legal principles are related to this topic we are discussing it offers

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minimal guidance to various trainers and practitioners as compared to professional ethics which
gives greater guidance to many practitioners (Huda, pp.172-192). it should be well known that
through school psychologists ethical codes they will be a position of adhering to the presents
state and federal laws, administrative rulings, statutes and local procedures and policies. And
results it has become very difficult to follow these ethical principles and due to the advent of the
internet due to psychological services provides various questions regarding supervision and
legality.
The following section expounds the discussion of the risks and risks potentials to main ethical
principles that may arise when various computer technologies are applied. The professional
concern reports entail responsibility, confidentiality, the welfare of the clients, competence
professional and lastly the parameters of applying the computer technologies in supervision and
training. In our discussion within each section, we shall discuss the issues which are caused due
to the use of computer technology and expounding on how these issues are used for greater
consideration for ensuring appropriate practice in the professionalism.
Risks to client confidentiality and welfare
The school psychologists should keep the child's welfare as a priority. When utilizing the
computer technology, the psychologist should be aware that compares are very reliable,
appropriate, accurate and sensitive because the humans are the one who develops this programs
(Veruggio, Operto, and Bekey, 2016),
Recently computer programs are not regulated As (Veruggio, Operto, and Bekey, 2016), stated,
"the observer that human therapists require a license to ensure that they are highly competent and
well skills should be applied for the computer programs. Without the license, the psychologist

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has mandatory to ensure that the computer programs are appropriate and it can be used in many
practices by seeking evaluation of this unbiased programs.
Moreover, psychologists at school should not recommend trainers and educators in using the
software products that have not been well evaluated by concern persons. The clear
confidentiality between the customers and school psychology should exist so as to establish trust
and also influences the effectiveness of consultation, therapy, research, and assessments.
Confidentiality is more likely to be embedded in the professional ethics, although at some points
the legal requirements emphasize the requirement for the psychologist to maintain
confidentiality( Dörr& Hollnbuchner pp.404-419)The psychologists should guide clients in the
cases of confidentiality during their meetings. In addition, they should always consider any
violation when they are using computers both at home and also in the workplace. This is very
crucial since violation can occurs which may pose insecurity to the client's documents or sharing
access to the internet with another individual.( Dörr& Hollnbuchner pp.404-419)
Research questions
The study for the topic of ethical and professional issues in computer-related technology is
guided by the following question.
 What are the major ethical issues in computer-related technology?
 How the school psychologists to identify the ethical issues concerning computer-related
technology.
 Is ethical and professional issues with computer-related technology affected by the
defined laws?
 What is the difference between professional and the ethics and also what is the difference
between the ethical and legal issues?

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 Are there any consequences to be subjected to people who are unethical in using the
computer and related technology?
 What are various challenges faced by a school psychologist in implementing ethical and
professional issues for computer-related technology?
 What are various strategies for improving the cases of ethical and professional issues
with computer technologies?
Literature review
Many scholars have comes up with various studies about ethical and professional ethics in
computer-related technology. Such scholars have come with different views of how the
computer in the current society will enhance the ethic and professional in the modern world. A
broader survey about the professional literature on the topic related to ethical practice in the use
of computers has resulted in various multiple lists of guidelines recommendations from the
various scholars.
Ethical and professional issues related to computers and their related technology can have been
seen as great work for school psychologists. The psychologist power enables their speed, power,
tap, flexibility, and modification of the huge amount of information. This technology is less
expose to clerical errors and computations errors as compared to humans. They also a lot of time
and energy and in addition to creates other new methods of communication between the
customers and professionals. Computer applications in the current society have been seen
evolving at a higher rate. Currently, the software likes programs that can perform translation
from one language to another as stated by (Veruggio, Operto, and Bekey, 2016), would have
been term science fiction some few years ago. The computer-based services integrations using
the already existing services and resources can be a great problem (Veruggio, Operto, and

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Bekey, 2016), but delivering of services such as online counseling (Tribe, and Morrissey, eds.,
2015) and utilizing the internet for purposes of interpreting the test is increasing in a rapid pace.
This practice has the capacity to allow school psychologists to reach as many audiences as
possible and also to avail psychological services to be readily available to a given population.
(Tribe, and Morrissey, eds., 2015)
The internets have various psychological application which includes proving assistance in
therapy evaluation options, informational resources, information concerning psychological
services, therapy email, ongoing personal counseling, and counseling using real-time via
conferencing, chats, single session psychological advice through e-bulletin boards and email,
supportive counseling, psychological research, asynchronous and synchronous team discussion.
Tribe, and Morrissey, eds., 2015)
Psychologists may take part in proving these services as providers. With regularity increase
psychologists at school will encounter teachers, clients and parents who are familiar with that
service. Moreover, the internet has the capacity to revolutionize the supervision and training of
school psychologists starting from the open and distance learning to in the competence of the
culture. The National Association of school psychologists(NASP,2000), the APA committee on
psychological tests and assessment (1986) and American psychological associations (APA),
openly talk about the ethical issues involved in psychologists use of the technology. The
principles of professional ethics are very relevant (Huda, pp.172-192). The principles of NASP,
professional ethics in the professional conduct manual (NASP, 2000), states that the
psychologists at schools are totally accountable for technological services that are used. They
should ensure that privacy, confidentiality use technological devices to improve the quality of the
customers' services and taking responsibility for any decision. On the other, the APA policy

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statement from ethics committee (APA,1996) speak about ethical complaints regarding the
services that are delivered electronically and it dedicates how will psychologists make a wise
decision on how to utilize the computer and related technology, conserving the outlying benefits
and cost. In utilizing the technology to research efforts and argument services then the
psychologists should keep legal and ethically responsible for any outcomes. At a given point
sometimes psychologists are not allowed to attribute the professional responsibility for treatment
approach author, manufacturer of the software and computer programmers. The ethical
responsibility greatly lies on the psychologists and cannot be transferred to another person.
(APA, 1992; APA Ethics Committee1995; NASP, 2000; Reynolds, McNamara, Gallagher, and
Haworth, 2015). Due to that computer has the capacity to improve its efficiency and
effectiveness of the school psychologist work, then these psychologists will deserve an ethical
imperative to regulate the ways in which various computers can facilitate some practice.
( Gallagher, and Haworth, 2015).As stated by (Veruggio, Operto, and Bekey, 2016) that with
great power and knowledge then there is increasing degrees and forms of misusing the tools
which are needed for psychological change. Technology usually provides multiple opportunities
which are phenomenal for ethical violations (Veruggio, Operto, and Bekey, 2016)The computer
application in the treatment and assessment of the individual the consequences of violating the
human rights through the poor design and inappropriate use. Various ethical dilemmas have been
considered regarding the utilization of computer and related technologies, has created
commentary consideration both on the internet and also in the print media of the ancient times.
(Huda, pp.172-192).

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For instance, the internet delivers autonomy, extraordinary powers and is followed by lack of
personal consequences (Huda, pp.172-192) that although the computer changes the way people
interact and also the way the people communicate with each other. The innovation changes
should not influence the way people does or their commitments. The conflicts between personal
values, principles and professional ethics and laws that govern specific practices may uproot due
to high use of technology. This conflicts which arise have raised a lot of questions on how to
utilize technology to the fullest and while upholding the virtue of ethical and professional
practices principles, for the welfare of the customer, integrity, responsibility, competence, and
truths worthy.
Research methodology.
In this research data will be collected from the primary and secondary sources. The primary
sources will include direct observation, interviews, and administering of the questionnaire
because it will target various companies who are using modern technology in enhancing ethics
and professionalism ( Dörr& Hollnbuchner pp.404-419)
The secondary sources will entail the literature review from IT companies and also
organizations that utilized well the computer-related technologies. In addition in this research,
we shall deal with research methods that will analyze quantitative and qualitative data. This
study will many foci on the sampling design methods, data collection procedures and analysis of
the data.
Research design
The research design is a valuable and logical way of looking at ethics and professional with
computer-related technologies. In this research, we shall use a mixed approach methodology.
The use of quantitative and qualitative methods in social research has been widely discussed as

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both have their advantages and disadvantages. The mixed methods approach will be adopted as it
assists in understanding complex data and gives a more complete and comprehensive account of
the equity. Moreover, the proposed research will primarily use qualitative approaches since most
of the data collected will be in the form of opinions and attitudes of the people sampled and the
recommendations of previous researchers. Quantitative approaches will also be used to analyze
some of the qualitative data collected. The quantitative research was in the form of close-ended
questions in the questionnaire and it provided numerical evidence and allowed statistical
analysis( Meiland, Innes, Mountain, Robinson, van der Roest, García-Casal, Gove, Thyrian,
Evans, Dröes, and Kelly,2017).
Study area
The area which I will highly focus on the research is I will mainly focus on the companies which
offer various IT solutions. In addition in my study, I will involve various expert in the field of IT
so that they can guide me on the ways the professional and ethics are carried out in the computer-
related activities. Also, I will major my study in the area which has recently encounter the cases
of computer security caused by a lack of integrity and lack of confidentiality in a given company.
Data collection and procedures
The researcher will use open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires to obtain the primary data
for this study. The primary source will include interviews, direct observation, and questionnaires
that will target many people using working in IT firms. Secondary sources will include a review
of literature from IT companies and organization that utilize IT in their daily running of
businesses. Questionnaires will be the basis for information collection as the approach explores
in depth, the research topic and ensures that the major details that are important to the whole

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study being conducted will be effectively studied. The secondary sources will be vital in this
study in that it will provide useful background and identify key questions and issues that will
need to be addressed by the primary research. Secondary sources of data will mainly be obtained
from journals, written articles, and books. Secondary sources of data will help in explaining
different conclusions based on previous studies that will be conducted and concluded (Arnold,
and Boggs, 2019)
The secondary sources will be vital in this study in that it will provide useful background and
identify key questions and issues that will need to be addressed by the primary research.
Secondary sources of data will mainly be obtained from journals and books. Secondary sources
of data will help in explaining different conclusions based on previous studies that will be
conducted and concluded.
Validity and reliability
The reliability and validity will be carried out so as to check the validity of the instrument that
will be used in collecting the data. Validity measures whether the instrument to be used in data
collection will the output which is expected to. The instrument will be given to 100 individual
from the population from the one under study but bearing similar characteristics to give their
views on the relevance of the questions using a 4-point Likert scale of relevant, quite relevant,
somewhat relevant, and not relevant. The content validation established that the items in the
instruments will possibly give the kind of responses expected from the study as 4, 3,2, and 1
respondent indicated that the questions will be relevant, quite relevant, somewhat relevant, and
not relevant respectively. This implied that the instruments will be relevant and representative if
many of the individuals will select 4(Gotterbarn, pp. 57-62)

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Reliability will be tested using pre-testing data sets and Cronbach‟s reliability. Reliability is the
extent to which a measurement is free of variable error and is usually achieved when repeated
measures of the same variable show limited variation. The reliability of the variables will be
assessed using Cronbach‟s alpha. A cut off level of 0.5 and above will be acceptable. The
reliability of the questions used in the proposed study will be expected to be more than 0.5 which
will be above the acceptable minimum of 0.5. This will be indicated that the instruments used to
collect data from the respondents will be dependable and reliable and yielded good results while
the primary data sources will information collected by the researcher himself specifically for the
study.
Project plan
A project plan is an important document which is used for keeping the track of the project. The
following are what should be identified in the project plan, the goals, scope, deliverables and
project deadlines. The goals of the project are to research on ethical and professional ethics with
computer-related technology. In addition, the project will expound on various ways to have good
ethics and professionalism while using computer-related technology so that integrity and
confidentiality will be keep (Gotterbarn, pp. 57-62).
The scope of the project
The main objectives of the project are to inform the esteem customers and members on the
ethical and profession issue in using computer-related technology. The goals which are be
achieved will clearly communicate the obligations and also ethical obligations. The project
planning task which will be conducted includes structuring of the project, training of members
and general planning. The resources which we shall use in this project are the knowledge of

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computer-related technology, practical and real examples from problem-centered and connecting
the material with the existing ones. The budget of the project to completion will take $20,000
(Huda,
Project deliverables and timeframes
Our project will be communicated to our esteemed clients using various media which include the
advertisements, posters and radio announcements. This will inform the esteem consumers on the
progress on the project and what they will achieve from a given project. This mode
communication which we shall use in the projects since they are less costly and are can be
reached as many customers as possible. And in addition, it will not go against the budget which
is being set for the project. The timeframes for the projects take between 6 to 12 months this is a
good time since the project will be well access and monitored by various team members to see if
the project meets the customers’ needs. Below is the structure of the Gantt chart showing the
project time for a given project it takes nine steps.

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Conclusion
In our discussion, we have study many topics which are related to the proposal, on ethical and
professional issues on the computer-related study. In my discussion, I used school psychologist
as the person who will be responsible for maintaining ethics and professionalism in the computer
and related study. I extended my discussion in discussing the background of the study, then
formulated various research questions, followed by the literature of the study and lastly I develop
a project plan for the research.

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References
Arnold, E.C., and Boggs, K.U., 2019. Interpersonal Relationships E-Book: Professional
Communication Skills for Nurses. Saunders.
Dörr, K.N. and Hollnbuchner, K., 2017. Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism. Digital
journalism, 5(4), pp.404-419.
Florida, L. and Taddeo, M., 2016. What is data ethics?.
Gotterbarn, D., 2017. The use and abuse of computer ethics. In Computer Ethics (pp. 57-62).
Routledge.
Huda, M., 2019. Empowering application strategy in technology adoption: insights from
professional and ethical engagement. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management,
10(1), pp.172-192.
Huda, M., 2019. Empowering application strategy in technology adoption: insights from
professional and ethical engagement. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management,
10(1), pp.172-192.
Meiland, F., Innes, A., Mountain, G., Robinson, L., van der Roest, H., García-Casal, J.A., Gove,
D., Thyrian, J.R., Evans, S., Dröes, R.M. and Kelly, F., 2017. Technologies to support
community-dwelling persons with dementia: a position paper on issues regarding development,
usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, deployment, and ethics. JMIR rehabilitation and
assistive technologies, 4(1), p.e1.

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Schneider, G.M. and Gersting, J., 2018. Invitation to computer science. Cengage Learning.
Veruggio, G., Operto, F. and Bekey, G., 2016. Roboethics: Social and ethical implications. In
Springer handbook of robotics (pp. 2135-2160). Springer, Cham.
Gallagher, T. and Haworth, R., 2015. Professional and ethical issues. Handbook of Professional
and Ethical Practice for Psychologists, Counsellors and Psychotherapists, 108.
Kaplan, B., Liaw, T., Subbian, V., Courtney, K., Hochheiser, H. and Goodman, K.W., 2017.
Promoting Ethical and Professional Responsibility in Biomedical Informatics Education.
Available at SSRN 3099251.
Tribe, R. and Morrissey, J. eds., 2015. Handbook of professional and ethical practice for
psychologists, and psychotherapists. Routledge.

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Appendices
Table 1
Summary of Guidelines for Responsible Use of Computer Technology
Guideline Specific Actions to Ensure Responsible Use
Ensure quality Use technological advancements to augment, improve, or increase
the efficiency of traditional practice
Monitor the effect of technology on the provision of care
Develop methods to monitor and ensure practitioner competence
Maintain integrity and therapeutic value of the relationship
between professionals and clients
Ensure the same quality of services is provided as would be
provided in face-to-face encounters
Integrate computer-generated findings with other information
Augment computer-generated reports by taking into account vital
information about the test taker, such as cultural, linguistic,
and economic factors
Avoid using unadulterated narratives generated by the software
programs
Review and edit computer-generated prose; reject errors and
overstatements

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Receive ongoing supervision or peer support in computer-mediated
consultation
Retain responsibility and Remain aware that computers are simply tools programmed by
safeguard client welfare people
Retain full responsibility for computer technological services used
Retain full responsibility for decisions based on technological
services
Fully consider costs and benefits when deciding how to use
computers and related technology
Receive appropriate training on ethical issues and using e-mail in
consultation
Limit practice to those areas that are legally or professionally
authorized
Consult unbiased evaluations of software to determine
appropriateness of use
Ensure the safety of clients through safe software, safe hardware, and
practitioner competence
(Table 1 continues)
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School Psychology Review, 2003, Volume 32, No. 1
Maintain confidentiality Inform clients about the limits of confidentiality in computer maintained
records, including information regarding the use
and disposal of tapes and disks

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Assume e-mail messages are permanent and potentially public
Safeguard the confidentiality of all records of each client’s
encounter with all services, both face-to-face and via
computer technology
Avoid the use of networked computers
Obtain informed consent for simultaneous or delayed supervision
using computer technology
Use the best computer security available or a closed computer
network
Use pseudonyms for computer-based consultation and records
Restrict access to confidential computer databases to authorized
professionals
Review computer files regularly, consolidate working notes, and
purge obsolete confidential data maintained on computers
Minimize inclusion of identifying information in computer-based
consultation notes and archival records.
Make data-based decisions Base professional practice on empirical data and professional
consensus
Use only software that has been evaluated favorably
Ensure the equivalence of interpretations derived via computer
technologies and those derived “by hand”
Remain aware of professional competencies and be careful to stay
within one’s limits

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Resist assuming that computer-generated reports and any
associated decisions are necessarily accurate
Resist assuming that computer-generated recommendations are
necessarily appropriate for the individual client or student
being evaluated

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