Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

This article discusses the ethical issues related to artificial intelligence and autonomous systems. It provides suggestions to address the problem such as code of ethics, promotion of ethical behavior among the employees, and central concerns into the relationship of humans and emerging of the information-driven technologies.

Running head: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SIT740 Research and Development in Information Technology: Distinction Task 10.1: Digital
Ethics Reading
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Title: Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
Article 1: “Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision For Prioritizing Wellbeing With Artificial
Intelligence And Autonomous Systems”.
This particular paper summarizes the ethical issues into field of artificial intelligence
along with autonomous systems. AIS are subject to norms as well as values which may conflict
by means of each other. It is built into data/algorithmic biases which are disadvantage members
of the groups. There is no such trust among the humans as well as AIS. An ethical dilemma
based on the personal information is data asymmetry. Autonomous system is designed to the
physical harm as compared to the traditional weapons. IEEE Standards Association (2016) stated
that technologies as well as systems are aimed to reduce human intervention into daily activities
which evolved at rapid pace. The aim of this paper is to identify the key drivers shape the human
technology global ecosystem as well as address of the monetary ramifications. Both artificial
intelligence as well as autonomous technologies is available worldwide. In the current era,
general principles are being concerned with different types of artificial intelligence along with
domain of applications whether they are physical robots and software artificial intelligence.
In this paper, it is recommended regards the artificial intelligence technologies. It is to be
proposed on realistic direction associated to central concerns into association of the humans in
addition to emerging information driven technologies. It is ensured that the human values such as
human rights are required to be secured. Ethics are therefore the underpin standards which
mandates that the system is certified as obedient with the standards. Ethics into the organization
are linked with the standards that are in turn linked with the regulations (IEEE Standards
Association 2016). It is mostly recommended to secure the personal data so that they are not

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accessed by any other person those have unauthorized access to the data. Professional ethics
code is required to be strictly followed into the organization.
Article 2: “Society-in-the-Loop: Programming the Algorithmic Social Contract”.
In this particular article paper, it is summarized about the regulations of artificial
intelligence along with algorithmic systems. The author argued that there are requirement of
tools that can program, maintain in addition to debug the algorithmic social contract. In order to
achieve the tools, “human-in-the-loop (HITL)” is used for modeling as well as simulation with
interactive machine learning. The author proposed “society-in-the-loop (SITL)” to combine with
HITL control paradigm with the mechanism to negotiate the values of different stakeholders
affected by the AI systems. Into human-in-the-loop system, the human operators are crucial
component for the automated control process that can handle the supervision tasks, exception
control along with optimization as well as maintenance. Rahwan (2017) stated that HITL
thinking are applied to the human robot interaction. The issues in this article are that HITL is not
used to improve accuracy of AI system and speed up the convergence of reinforcement of the
learning robot.
It is recommended to use of SITL algorithm in order to serve well defined function with
broad functions of the societal implications. This particular AI algorithm controls various self-
driving cars and setting of filtering algorithms which influence the political beliefs. This
algorithm also mediates allocation of the resources; therefore a qualitative shift is done from
HITL society into SITL. Rahwan (2017) discussed on the comparison of two loops such as
optimization of the AI system into narrow impacts, SITL which embeds values of society into
algorithmic control of the societal results that can expansive the social implications. The

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scientists of artificial intelligence proposed to use crowd sourcing in order to identify the societal
tradeoffs into programmable ways. Tim O’Reilly coined algorithmic regulations for describing
the data driven governance. The regulations satisfied the properties such as they understand of
the outcomes, measuring to determine achievement of outcomes and algorithms are understand
based on new data.
Reflection on two articles:
From two of the articles, I have identified that ethical issues are addressed. I have
analyzed that the issues are related to unparalleled scale based on which the computational
algorithms are being used and complexity level of the mutual connections. Those are linked with
the autonomous behavior. There are issues regarding data processing from huge resources. I have
observed that the author has provided some suggestions to address the problem such as code of
ethics are developed i.e. promotion of ethical behavior among the employees so that it provides
guidelines towards ethical behavior into the workplace. The advantage of this suggestion is that
it helps employees to understand the ethical regulations but disadvantage is that there are no such
strict ethical rules are mentioned into the papers. A suggestion is addressed to central concerns
into relationship of humans and emerging of the information driven technologies (Anderson,
Anderson and Berenz 2016). Early development of AI/AS rise to complex ethical problems. Into
the second article, I have analyzed that among HITL and SITL, HITL suggested putting human
expert into the AI system’s loop so as to solve the problem of ethical regulations. I have analyzed
some new class of algorithms such as oversight algorithms those can monitor furthermore audit
the operational AI programs. This program is aligned about uselessness of source code
inspection for means of ethical regulations.

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In order to implement the suggestions, I have concluded that there are requirement to
identify what types of ethical behaviors are people expected from the artificial intelligence.
Therefore, the policy makers can articulate people expectations to the machines. In order to close
SITL loop, new metrics are needed to evaluate behavior of AI against quantifiable human values
(Burton et al. 2017). In my point of view, the managers should be designated as role model to
promote ethical behavior and it is beneficial as employees would guide force for promotion of
ethical behavior. The managers should be strict to the ethical standards so that the employees
should follow the ethical guidelines. I have mentioned that ethical training program are required
to train employees about the ethical behavior when design of artificial intelligence and
algorithmic systems. After completion of the training program, they are rewarded for their
positive behavior. It helps to continue towards ethical practices. Into two of the articles, there are
many aspects which are mentioned but some of the ethical aspects are not addressed such as
aspects based on concept of sustainability like creation of motivation, moral commitment of
people along with sensibility. Virtue and context are ethically required to navigate of
sustainability.
In my point of view, detection of fraud, conducting of research, the artificial intelligence
systems are used to transform the lives of people towards better future. In order to do so, the
researcher observed that there are various ethical considerations into AI/AS. Those issues
provide effect on the work of IT professional, IT developer; therefore it is required to cope up
with the issues quickly. It affects the human behavior and interaction, and in short term it
influences the humanity. AI is becoming better to provide human conservation as well as human
relationships. The humans are limited to the kindness that they expend on other person; the
artificial bots are channeling the unlimited resources into building of relationships. Human

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dominance is caused due to ingenuity as well as artificial intelligence. I have seen that artificial
intelligence is a vast potential and there are responsible implementation of it into the
organization. The ethical issues are related to future creation of the machines and the issues are
raised into current automation system. Social network contracts are effective to help employees
work together across the generations.

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References
Anderson, M., Anderson, S.L. and Berenz, V., 2016, February. Ensuring Ethical Behavior from
Autonomous Systems. In AAAI Workshop: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Assistive
Technologies and Smart Environments.
Burton, E., Goldsmith, J., Koenig, S., Kuipers, B., Mattei, N. and Walsh, T., 2017. Ethical
considerations in artificial intelligence courses. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.07769.
IEEE Standards Association, 2016. Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision For Prioritizing
Wellbeing With Artificial Intelligence And Autonomous Systems, Version 1.
Rahwan, I., 2017. Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract. Ethics and
Information Technology, pp.1-10.