This document discusses the difference between morality and ethics, the trolley dilemma, the use of deontological ethics in business management, Andrew Stark's recommendations for improving business ethics, and the impact of corporate social responsibility on society and organizations.
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Ethics and Morality of Business
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1 Contents Difference between morality and ethics.....................................................................................1 Trolley Dilemma........................................................................................................................1 Deontological ethics use in the business management and modern day business.....................1 Andrew Stark’s recommendation for improving business ethics..............................................2 For consequentialist no type of act is inherently wrong............................................................3 Corporate social responsibility...................................................................................................4 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................7
2 Difference between morality and ethics Often both these terms are considered as same thing. Morality is understood as something that is normative and personal. On the other hand, ethics is considered as something that is standard of bad and good and hence distinguished by any social setting or community (Diffen, 2018). Morality is understood as something that is attached with individual i.e. their own principles related to right and wrong. It is habits and principles with regards to wrong and right conduct.Alongside ethics is referred to as the rules that are given by external source such as codes of conduct in the workplaces or principles followed in different religions (Weinstein, 2018).Ethics are the rules related to conduct that is recognised with respect to a specific class of human actions or a specific culture or group. Ethics is something that is practiced since society suggests that it is right while morality is practiced since an individual believes in something being wrong or right. Trolley Dilemma In a trolley dilemma since there are no actual options available i.e. on both sides there will be casualties hence choosing any option would lead to situations related to ethics. In such situation different theories have different view point on this trolley dilemma. Consequentialist or Unitarianism would have different set of recommendations so as to deal with this situation. Since Consequentialist focuses on the consequences hence it suggests that lever must be pulled so that only one person dies rather than five people (D’Olimpio, 2018). This is because only one person will die if the lever is pulled and hence the casualties will be less.If the lever is not pulled than 5 people may die which leads to more numbers of families to suffer while on the other side the numbers of people that will suffer is relatively less.The overall consequence of pulling the lever is less hence this theory suggests doing it. It is ethically correct saving to lives of more people than to save one. Deontological ethics use in the business management and modern day business Deontological ethics suggests being rigid with the duties that is assigned to an individual at any cost. Thisethicalapproachfocuseson wrongnessand rightnessof actionsitself irrespective of the rightness and wrongness of the results or consequences of these actions or to the habits or character of the actor. The modern day businesses have become very much competitive hence managers are forced to take actions that are against the rules and regulations of the company at the lower levels (Kant, 2018). For example if the company
3 aims to make cost reduction then there will be chances that company makes unnecessary job cuts which was wrong but at the same time it was necessary too. Reducing the numbers of people and increasing the load on few people to maintain the productivity may not be deontological. Despite of the situations arising in the modern day business, it is possible to conduct deontological ethics. The first and the most basic thing that has to be done as a business manager is that to stick to the rules and ethics that is made within the firm. This will help them to remain practical in terms of the way different operations within the organisation can be maintained. In the management of role of organisational culture is very much importanthenceacompanythatisabletoadoptanorganisationalculturewhichis deontological can be successful in practicing it. Apart from this there are people from the different segments of the society working under the same roof hence their cultural norms are very much different and may differ from the rules and practices made by the company hence they might not work according to the duties assigned by the company and hence it will violate the theory of deontology. Modern day business managers have to adopt strategies according to the changing business scenario. This might deviate from the actual line of duties that has been assigned to the people. At the surfacelevelsdeontologyispracticedbutatthegroundlevelsitisnotpractically implemented. Since every organisation has a defined set of rules and regulations hence implementing deontology may differ especially when it comes to practicing it (D’Olimpio, 2018). Modern day business managers will have to re-think about the ways in which they want to achieve their goals so as to remain deontological. In the time to come situations in the business are going to be more complex and hence being deontological can be more challenging. Andrew Stark’s recommendation for improving business ethics Andrew Stark was very much concerned with the changing business practices that might lead to ethical issues within a firm. It is essential that a company adopts a social responsibility approach and hence they could take an expansive view of the market rather than only focusing at the expansive view of the law. Under this approach he recommends to bring experts in the moral philosophy in the business schools (Stark, 1993). Trainings related to moral philosophy give the people an analytical frameworks and conceptual tools essential for building fine-grained ethical distinctions and discerning the appropriate course in ethical
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4 situationsthataredifficulttomanage.Suchmoralphilosophieswouldapplytheir sophisticated frameworks to moral issues arising on daily basis and faced by managers. It is a wrong reason to build a business into ethical business just because it is profitable. Business ethics has to be implemented even for the non-business reasons.Pulling down the ethical approach because it is not profitable is a wrong practice (Brenkert and Beauchamp, 2012). For remaining ethical, firms need to ensure that workers tasks are compatible with their own individual projects and hence making external motivation irrelevant. Stark’s recommends that it is necessary for the managers to advance their proposals with increased sensitivity to the practitioners when it comes to influencing the practice of management. This must always be done checking the relation between the stakeholders and management even when it saves the uniqueness of the agent-principle relationship between the both. A company must readdress the approach to business ethics so as to find the ways in which it is morally right and socially responsible without actually doing huge loss to company and the career (Heath, 2014). A company must add more numbers of people in developing new incentive systems, decision making process or corporate structures. It is not essential to construct arguments that appeal to moral idealist but generating actionable strategiesforthepragmatistsiscrucial.AndrewStarkrecommendsthatminimalism, pragmatism and moderation must be the three approaches in the modern day business ethics (Boatright, 2013).In all these approaches, the things that are important is not so much according to the practical analysis offered (whole lot of things needs to be done) but the commitment to converse with real managers in a language that is relevant in the world they inhabit as well as the issues they face. It is a consideration of the business ethics worthy of attention of managers. For consequentialist no type of act is inherently wrong Consequentialist is an approach that has nothing to do with the actions that is done in due course of project or task. Since every task is associated with certain kind of consequences hence understanding it to be totally wrong from the beginning is not good. Inherently no act or type of act can be wrong from the start. Consequentialist believes that they will do their actions and not wait for the consequences it might pose. Consequentialist also do not find problem till the time they actually face any consequence (Piazza and Landy, 2013). For example people following this approach do not think about the deeds of theirs that are
5 changing. Long term following of this approach actually disturbs their balance in the business ethics set by any organisation. It is also seen that people who are following this approach finds an excuse to parties to violate their duties based on providing that it will have positive consequences. It is impossible to determine the future consequences in many situations as outcomes differ based on future situations hence it boosts the followers of this approach. It might affect the practical balance between the approach that has to be taken by the people and what is taken by them (Piazza and Sousa, 2014). There are no counter-check measures in the start. It gives a boost to the new kinds of emerging ideas. This is good for achieving short- term profits but it not good for the long-term gains. There are long term implications of this. This is because it does not stop people to do something from the start as they understand that no task or activity can have negative effect from the start. Every task or its consequences becomes wrong after sometime or when it is not is not properly implemented. The positive implication is in a manner that it does not restrict people from doing anything and hence new ways of doing business or task can be found out. With the numbers of ethical issues increasing, it has become crucial for the management to work on the tasks also rather than only focusing on the consequences (Berker, 2013). Other implication of it is the fact that larger numbers of people might start following unethical practices.The consequences of these unethical practices do not get reflected at the surface level and the overall results might also show the positive deviation. But, at the ground level it might affect the feelings of the stakeholders attached with the company. If any individual keeps on believing that no act is wrong then nothing bad will be prevented or said to be as wrong. The consequence of many types of task may not be reflected in the area where actually the individual wanted that it should not reflect. But, it will certainly affect some other outcomes or the process of achieving the actual outcomes may become difficult. For example, a manager who follows Consequentialist approach might not feel that safety of the employees is as much important as productivity till the point when any casualties may happen. Corporate social responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility is an activity which helps the company to be socially accountable.It is a type of international privatebusiness self-regulations. It is also known
6 with the name of private firm policy. The laws and rules are made on the basis of corporate social responsibility activities of the company. This concept helps the companies to be socially accountable with the stakeholders, and society(Schwartz, 2017). As per the laws, it is necessary for the companies to follow the practices of corporate socially responsibility. The practices of corporate social responsibility are called corporate citizenship. A CSR activity means that the company has to work in way in which the society and the environment enhance. Corporate Social Responsibility is a broad concept which is based on the companies and industry activities. The CSR activities have many advantages which help the society by creating the better world as well as the high profit. It is a correct statement that the Corporate Social Responsibilities create the better world and the better profits(Stellner, Klein, and Zwergel, 2015). Impact of CSR on society and the organisation It has been seen that the companies and industries contributing in the society from their profits. As per the act, the company has to spend at least 2% of their average net profits in the preceding years. It is founded that the 2% of each and every company convert into a big huge amount which helps to develop the society by resolving the issues(Lim, and Greenwood, 2017). Labour protection, banking reform and the public utility controls are terms which can be resolve with the contribution of the companies. The contribution of the companies also helps the government in developing the good budget for the society development.The government can uses this budget to develop the society by providing the many facilities to the public.The company also has the responsibility to operate the business by keeping in the mind the care of environment and the society.It is compulsory for the companies to follow the rules and regulation which is developed by the government to secure the environment. It has been seen that the companies is restricted to do not throw the garbage into the water, less pollution creation, less use of electricity and the many others. The name of the company is known with the social activities of the companies. The social activities perform by the companieshelpsindevelopingthepositiveenvironment.Itisdemonstratedthatthe companies also provide the charities in order to help the people and change their life style. In the context of environment, the protection of natural environment is beneficial for the company as well as the society because it decreases the damage. The green action developed by the government refers the activity which saves the planet and the living beings.The reducing CO2 emission and waste, non-renewable resources are the only ways which the company can use to lower their negative environmental impact in order to improve the
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7 relation with the society. Less Air pollution leaves the local community in the better health (Schrempf-Stirling, Palazzo, and Phillips, 2016). It is observed that the number of enterprises is increases which state the high contribution amount that means high development.As per the development perspective, it is beneficial that the number of companies is increases because the companies use the high technologies to produce the product or develop the new technologies, innovation, infrastructure that can be used by every member of the society. Advance technology improves the living standard of the people because each and every member of the society used this technology for their self-interest. The companies that share their technologies contribute to the advancement of the whole society. It is founded that the engaging in the CSR activities helps to develop the strong bond between the companies and the government. The better relation of the government with the companies states the better way to serve the society so that the lifestyle of the people change and the environment will develop as the better world. There are many advantages of CSR which states that the company earn the high revenue. The company put their efforts in creating the better world. The activities of the company build the good image in the society due to which the trust of the consumers is also develop. The companies who perform the activities by ignoring the environmental regulation or by improving the lifestyle of employees come in the limelight through social media. The large number of consumers attract towards the goods and services of the company due to which the incomes of the company getting high(Grayson, and Hodges, 2017). The companies appoint the large number of employees in order to reduce the issue of unemployment from the society. By appointed the large number of employees the productivity of the company is also increases which reflects the high profit. The high profit shown in the financial statement helps the investors in taking the decision regarding the investment into the company. Thus, the high investment states the development of the company. The good image and position of the company helps the company in taking the quality of raw material in credits which reflect the high productivity. CSR activities of the company help to develop the relation with the stakeholders which are the main source of earning the high revenue(Ni, and Van Wart, 2015). Conclusion From the above analysis, it has been concluded that the Corporate Social Responsibility is beneficial for the company as well as the society.Corporate Social Responsibility secures the environment by ignoring the harmful activities. The contribution of the company towards the
8 society creates the better world which changes the life style of the people by resolving the issues. It is a fact that the activities perform by the company towards the society build the good image which helps to earn the high revenue. The above discussion states that the CSR activities help to earn the high profit and also create the better world(Spark, 2016).
9 REFERENCES Berker, S., 2013. The rejection of epistemic consequentialism.Philosophical Issues,23(1), pp.363-387. Boatright, J.R., 2013.Ethics in finance. John Wiley & Sons. Brenkert, G.G. and Beauchamp, T.L. eds., 2012.The Oxford handbook of business ethics. Oxford University Press. Diffen,(2018)EthicsVs.Moral.[Online]Availableat: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Ethics_vs_Morals. [Accessed on 02 January 2019] Grayson, D. and Hodges, A. (2017)Corporate social opportunity!: Seven steps to make corporate social responsibility work for your business. Routledge. Heath, J., 2014.Morality, competition, and the firm: The market failures approach to business ethics. Oxford University Press. Kant,I.(2018)Thebasicsofphilosophy.[Online]Availableat: https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_deontology.html. [Accessed on 02 January 2019] Lim, J.S. and Greenwood, C.A. (2017) Communicating corporate social responsibility (CSR): Stakeholder responsiveness and engagement strategy to achieve CSR goals.Public Relations Review,43(4), pp.768-776. Ni, A. and Van Wart, M. (2015) Corporate Social Responsibility: Doing Well and Doing Good. InBuilding Business-Government Relations(pp. 175-196). Routledge. Piazza, J. and Landy, J., 2013. " Lean not on your own understanding": belief that morality is founded on divine authority and non-utilitarian moral thinking.Judgment and Decision Making,8(6), pp.639-661. Piazza, J. and Sousa, P., 2014. Religiosity, political orientation, and consequentialist moral thinking.Social Psychological and Personality Science,5(3), pp.334-342. Schrempf-Stirling,J.,Palazzo,G.andPhillips,R.A.(2016)Historiccorporatesocial responsibility.Academy of Management Review,41(4), pp.700-719. Schwartz, M.S. (2017)Corporate social responsibility. Routledge. Spark. (2016)Positive Impact on Society: Communicating Your CSR Initiatives. [online] Availablefrom:https://www.adp.com/spark/articles/2016/04/positive-impact-on-society- communicating-your-csr-initiatives.aspx# [Accessed 2/1/19]. Stark,A.(1993)What’stheMatterwithBusinessEthics?.[Online]Availableat: https://hbr.org/1993/05/whats-the-matter-with-business-ethics.[Accessedon02January 2019]
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10 Stellner, C., Klein, C. and Zwergel, B. (2015) Corporate social responsibility and Eurozone corporate bonds: The moderating role of country sustainability.Journal of Banking & Finance,59, pp.538-549. D’Olimpio, L. (2018) The trolley dilemma: would you kill one person to save five? [Online] Available at:https://theconversation.com/the-trolley-dilemma-would-you-kill-one-person-to- save-five-57111. [Accessed on 02 January 2019] Weinstein, B. (2018) Is There A Difference Between Ethics And Morality In Business?. [Online]Availableat:https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceweinstein/2018/02/27/is-there-a- difference-between-ethics-and-morality-in-business/#4f6d706f2088.[Accessedon02 January 2019].