Ethics in Information Technology

This report discusses the ethical issues in information technology, including enforcement agencies, digital communication, ethical principles, and arguments. It also explores the ethical issues in international business, such as ethical principles and the chain. The report focuses on the National Security Agency (NSA) as a case study.

Ethics in Information
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY..............................................................1
Illustrate about Enforcement agencies to be allowed unrestricted access to such complete and
instructive information lives.......................................................................................................1
What is worse case situation where unrestricted access to digital communication of general
populations?................................................................................................................................2
Should we afford data stored in private email accounts as much protection as letters in a
locked desk drawer, that is stored where law enforcement agencies would otherwise need a
warrant to access and review documents?..................................................................................3
Describe which ethical principles are more relevant in information technology........................3
What are arguments as to why closing digital divide is important?...........................................4
TASK 2 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONA L BUSINESS .............................................4
Explain which ethical principles are most relevant to international business with examples.....4
Today, an estimated 24.9 million people around world are victim of forced labour, generating
$150 billion in illegal profits in private economy.......................................................................5
Know the chain...........................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Ethics in information technology is referred as study of ethical issues that are arising out
of development and use of latest electronic technologies. Goal of ethics in information
technology is to determine and formulate solutions to questions related to moral basis of
individual responsibilities and actions and moral underpinnings of public policy (Rahwan, 2018).
Whereas issues in international business is referred as issues that are arises in political, legal,
economic and cultural norms that varies from nation to nation. In international business it is
important to resolve ethical issues in various employment practices, human rights, environmental
norms, corruption and moral obligation of international corporations(Kroener, Barnard-Wills
and Muraszkiewicz, 2019). This report is based on ethics in information technology and ethical
issues in international business in NSA (National Security Agency) which is a national level
intelligence agency of United States Department of Defence where authority is undertaken
through Director of National Intelligence. This report is divided in two sections firstly ethics in
information technology that includes enforcement agencies, digital communication, ethical
principles and arguments and secondly ethical issues in international business that includes
ethical principles to international business and chain.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1 ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Illustrate about Enforcement agencies to be allowed unrestricted access to such complete
and instructive information lives.
As per the viewpoint of Steffani Cameron, 2021, Ethics in information technology is
defined as a study that analyses ethical related issues arise out development and use of electronic
technologies. Main aim and goal of implying ethics in information technology is to prevent and
implement various principles while assorting IT resources. Enforcement agencies is referred a
type of laws that respond to determine and protect crime issues (Wolkenstein, 2018) . In terms of
National Security Agency, in this kind of agencies police officer provides and have a vital role to
adapt in unexpected situation. It is necessary to determine situational awareness to enhance and
improve development of interaction among information technology. As it has been analysed that
various enforcement agencies are basically related to carrying of unrestricted access in different
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ethical aspects. As there Some of various enforcement agencies related to unrestricted access in
different aspects that are as follows:
 To determine and monitor critical use of websites by people, restrict to cyber hacking
which allows to build positivity in surroundings where people's social media safer.
 Agencies that are enforced by laws are FBI, USDC, CBI USS etc. there main objective is
to clear up and finish crime from United States and other connection on international
regions.
 For creating and regulating various laws and regulations to establish for maintaining and
having discipline to have optimum value for positive way of outcomes.
 Use of various rules and regulations is is target that significant working corporate
department and those segments that are not related with in professionalism. Major
objective is to protect various working guidelines and determine negative flaws to
improve working flexibility.
 Unethical activities and abusive to get secure by laws that generate from enforcement
agencies.
What is worse case situation where unrestricted access to digital communication of general
populations?
Digital communication consists a company's related online communication efforts. As
targets companies in present situation applies large range of channels from their websites to
mobile chat to blogs(Regan and Jesse, 2019) . After then to connect and prospective customers,
employees and other stakeholders. In terms of National Security Agency, digital communication
is referred as to social media channels where they uses to create and design society and ethical
awareness. NSA company uses their digital activities that might faces worst situation in various
aspects that deal: Lack of security: In NSA there are various threats to considers by terrorists where they
mostly uses to reduce foreign power, terrorists, targetting national information
infrastructure and economic espionage. As United States is said to be most powerful and
strong economy appealing mass development and if security is not effective enough then
threats that can implies more amount due to lack of security. Misuse of client or people data: In different multinational companies agencies faces
various sort of challenges while disclosing and opening of their client's information in
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public platform. As National Security Agency checks and ensures to restrict and provide
assurance about preventing as making confidential about clients personal data and
information within company premises.
 Prevention in social media: As social media is very influenced and large concept in
different people who use their account for posting images and quotes(Arnold and
Scheutz, 2018) . There are chances of building and having threat through social media
platform such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other modes.
Should we afford data stored in private email accounts as much protection as letters in a
locked desk drawer, that is stored where law enforcement agencies would otherwise
need a warrant to access and review documents?
According to working criteria of enforcement agencies that follows protection and
prevention factor where agencies can adapt for having private emails accounts that helps in
storing laws enforcement for systematically being enhanced. In terms of National Security
Agency, there are various chances in building up more creativities which is ancient technologies
that are compared within modern team communication tools. Various limitations that makes its
age real barrier is of security(Sheehey, 2019). Every websites is carrying its own end to end
encrypting about to obscure data. An email server is data that drives to store and keep messages
and drafts as it operates from web browser. Having a private email have a benefits that could be
consider by National Security Agency which uses it for scanning email orders to have better
serving in advertisements. Though law enforcement and government agencies are compile
where email provider turns its account in effective manner. In terms of employees and employers
it is not vulnerable where risks is inherent and have chances to hack accounts. As per setup it
also provides better control to have email management and presentation. There are various
secured emails providers such as Proton mail, Zoho mail and counter mail and from these mail it
considers as a better security for attaining people's trust to open up a account.
Describe which ethical principles are more relevant in information technology.
Ethics in information technology is defined as a study and analysis of various ethical
issues that arise out where use of development about electronic technologies (Arnold and
Scheutz, 2018). Objective of ethics in information technology is to identify and reflecting that
are related to more information about responsibilities and actions. In terms of ethical principles
in information technology that follows for implementing online or usage of internet is to improve
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correct motive and content. Ethics in information technology is implementing principles of
beneficence that helps to undertakes decision making that ensures attain targets. As same
National Security Agency implements and uses this ethical principle of beneficence that operates
to accompanied for attaining and having better competitive advantages. There are also various
ethical principles that are related such as autonomy, principles of justice as they are summation
of linked with legal legislations and where information technology is demonstrated about
technical for creating and designing better work flexibility.
What are arguments as to why closing digital divide is important?
Digital divide is used to enhance to work on causes and inequalities that is
ICT(Information and Communication Technologies) where they and deals with advantages
which are having wide benefit towards information, reduction of cost and having wide creativity
among people etc. It is important to use digital divide as in current situation people survive and
use in digital technological world (Marciano, 2019) . As that, advanced technology allows
artificial intelligence which is featured towards every aspects of human lives. Thus to have
access about technologies and internet there should be an intensity about better social division
where technologies is used for accessing internet towards learning and having more
opportunities. As it further briefly explains about creating a bridge which have a difference in
implementing of national global strategies which distribute information and and knowledge of
rich and valuable data in social and cultural inequalities.
TASK 2 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONA L BUSINESS
Explain which ethical principles are most relevant to international business with examples.
Ethical principles is said to a element of normative theory which helps in having better
justification or defined about moral values and judgements where they are not dependent on
one's subjective view points. In terms of National Security Agency, there are some of examples
with principles towards business executives that establish standard or ethical individual explains
that are as follows: Principle of justice: This ethical principle states that there is a obligation to provide
others with various elements that are entitled and deserve as in public life obligation to
treat equally and fairly.
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 Principle of respect for autonomy: This ethical principle defines about autonomy is a
self rule which is having obligation for having respect for making decision through others
by considering own expectation(Ienca, 2019) . Principle of Non maleficence: This ethical principle is based about not harming to any
individual. For instance: company uses to make laws and regulations for infrastructure
and employees.
 Principle of Beneficence: This ethical principle states in having an obligation that
indicates about all actions where places are having conflicts and autonomy to other
persons. For instance: when a manager used to make decisions and undertakes all actions
to enhance objectives to be accomplished.
Today, an estimated 24.9 million people around world are victim of forced labour,
generating $150 billion in illegal profits in private economy.
Estimation of 24.9 millions people around about manpower that builds high profits $100
billions in private company. For instance in a retail company it is suitable example of
highlighting about generating more revenues, some ventures of retails such as TESCO and Asda
stores where they provide wide range of product and services . As there is research which is used
to create about 40-45 percent for generating $3.6 billions in year of 2017. Research method
according to literature review is quantitative research method is used and all data is scrutinize
through primary as well as secondary data is used. Various key messages that are used in overall
research is conduct is to assess current working environment in carrying retail business. As it
ensures that employees are working as per guidelines. By conducting interviews in more than
135 business leaders and managers where workers, union government agencies ODF state of
Tamil Nadu is improved and leads to generating revenues by focusing towards exploitation.
Know the chain
According to this research report of know the chain,2020 is creating a benchmark which
enhances to addresses about world 49 largest ICT companies about their efforts to handle and
deal with risks. This states majority of companies scored in poorly ways within 76% receiving
towards implement policies. As per the report qualitative research methodology is being used for
carrying up project successfully. For performing up this report literature review of ethical
principles along with its operations in carrying international business are mentioned. As it carries
an impact on various enforcement agencies in its code of conduct and its fixed ethical principles.
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Overall research states that it focuses on qualitative research method where finding
generates in ration and explained manner in terms of graphs commitments and government,
traceability and risk assessment, purchasing and recruitment (Luck, 2018). Various key messages
helps in allowing to demonstrate in improving internal structure of know the chain company and
in context to workers voice, remedy monitoring and worker voice all these rates are on high
scale, average and low score to build optimum outcomes. As being a common observation which
demonstrate it in two reports that generally highlights their internal changes that occurs top
empowering development perspective in context to customer recruitment and other factors for
creating and designing benchmarking.
CONCLUSION
From above report it has been concluded that ethics in information technology plays an
important and vital role in determining various ethical issues of business as it takes use of
various latest information technology to analyse and resolve various ethical issues that are
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present in businesses. There are also ethical issues that can arise in carrying international
business that affect external factors of businesses. With that various enforcement agencies are
determined and explained with digital communication tools and explanation of ethical principles
that are relevant in information technology along with various arguments. There is also ethical
principles that are explained which are relevant to international business along with its
explanation of chain.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Arnold, T. and Scheutz, M., 2018. HRI ethics and type-token ambiguity: what kind of robotic
identity is most responsible?. Ethics and Information Technology, pp.1-10.
Arnold, T. and Scheutz, M., 2018. The “big red button” is too late: an alternative model for the
ethical evaluation of AI systems. Ethics and Information Technology, 20(1), pp.59-69.
Ienca, M., 2019. Democratizing cognitive technology: a proactive approach. Ethics and
Information Technology .21 (4). pp.267-280.
Kroener, I., Barnard-Wills, D. and Muraszkiewicz, J., 2019. Agile ethics: an iterative and
flexible approach to assessing ethical, legal and social issues in the agile development
of crisis management information systems. Ethics and Information Technology, pp.1-
12.
Luck, M., 2018. Has Ali dissolved the gamer’s dilemma?. Ethics and Information
Technology .20 (3). pp.157-162.
Marciano, A., 2019. Reframing biometric surveillance: from a means of inspection to a form of
control. Ethics and Information Technology .21 (2). pp.127-136.
Rahwan, I., 2018. Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract. Ethics and
Information Technology .20 (1). pp.5-14.
Regan, P.M. and Jesse, J., 2019. Ethical challenges of edtech, big data and personalized learning:
Twenty-first century student sorting and tracking. Ethics and Information
Technology .21 (3). pp.167-179.
Sheehey, B., 2019. Algorithmic paranoia: the temporal governmentality of predictive
policing. Ethics and Information Technology .21 (1). pp.49-58.
Wolkenstein, A., 2018. What has the Trolley Dilemma ever done for us (and what will it do in
the future)? On some recent debates about the ethics of self-driving cars. Ethics and
Information Technology .20 (3). pp.163-173.
Online
Cameron, 2021, about ethics in information technology[Online] Available Through:<
https://bizfluent.com/about-4743180-ethics-information-technology.html>
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