Ethics Sustainability and Social Impact

This document discusses the concept of circular economy and its principles, as well as the development of circular economy in Manchester. It explores the initiatives taken by local companies and the government to support the circular economy. The document also highlights the factors and barriers faced in implementing circular economy and the efforts made by companies and the local government to overcome them.

Ethics Sustainability and Social
Impact

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
1. Discussing circular economy (CE) referring to theory from which it emerged......................3
2.Developing common wealth country Manchester....................................................................5
a. Developing circular economy in Manchester..........................................................................5
b. Factors and barriers in the circular economy ..........................................................................6
3.companies (local and international) and local government are doing to support development
of circular economy.....................................................................................................................7
4 Report Common wealth local government ..............................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Circular economy is a approach of economic development which is being designed to
benefit the society, land and environment (Kirchherr and et.al, 2017). This economy believes on
take-take-make and linear model. In this report various theories of Circular economy is being
defined apart from this development of circular economy in Manchester is defined in this report.
Initiation taken by local companies and government is being defined in this report.
1. Discussing circular economy (CE) referring to theory from which it emerged.
Circular economy is the method which is designed for the economic development and
that will give advantage to companies, environment and society. Circular economy is the
economy which is restorative by design. CE includes those activities which is helpful in building
healthy system. Its broad concept says that economy is important and it should be worked
effectively whether it is small or big business or individual or the domestic/global organization
(THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN DETAIL., 2017). It is dependent on three principles which
are designing out waste, materials should be reused and regenerating natural systems. In the first
principle which is design out waste and pollution says that with the help of CE negative impacts
of economic activity are revealed as it damage the human and natural systems.
Greenhouse gases and releasing hazardous substances from the factories in the environment is
harmful. It causes air, water, land pollution. When big companies are not monitored properly by
the government then it causes hazardous waste which negatively affect the environment. Second
principle which is keep products and materials in use states that CE supports those activities
which helps in protecting materials, labour, energy and other items. Designing should be done in
respect of reusing, recycling, durability and re-manufacturing goods and materials in order to
circulate them in the economy. Biological based materials are effectively used by circular
systems and CE finds out that resources have many uses because their cycle range between
economy and natural systems. When materials are recycled then it can be used again and again.
It also helps in decreasing wastage. Third principle is regenerated natural systems, refers that
individual and organizations should avoid using non-renewable resources.

CE promotes renewable resources and preserves it. It believes that soil should get valuable
nutrients which enhance regeneration. Renewable energy should be supported and used by
everyone as compare to fossil fuels. Renewable energy will not be harmful for the environment
so it should be promoted. Circular economy is adopted by many companies and governments. As
day by day people are getting aware of this concept and also worried about the environment. CE
also helps in economic growth, encourage innovation and create employment. It is been observed
that CE is not only beneficial for environment only but it facilitates individual and company's
growth as well. If CE is followed then its positive impact can be seen in the society. Country's
GDP will be increased through more revenue, adopting circular systems and lowering production
costs.
The concept of circular economy is not new and cannot be tracked accurately. Its application is
done in modern economic systems but CE has gained popularity in the year 1970. Cradle to
cradle theory which is build by Michael Braungart states that materials which is involved in the
commercial and industrial process should be nutrients (Kalmykova, Sadagopan and Rosado,
2018). It is based on two categories which are technical and biological. The cradle to cradle
model gives attention on designing such products which gives positive impact and are able to
reduce the negative impact through their efficiency. According to this framework there should be
safe process which increase biological metabolism and should develop technical metabolism.
Components which is used in the products should be designed in such a manner that it should be
utilized or reused.
CE focus on waste management, it says that waste should be eliminated because it is harmful for
the environment and human life. If waste is utilized properly then it can be harmful in saving
various costs of the company like input costs, operational costs etc. when costs are reduced than
company can enjoy more profit margins. Designing of products should be done in such manner
that which protects ecosystem and reused potentially via both of the metabolism. Company
should understand the power of renewable energy like solar energy and should use while doing
production. Importance of natural systems should be understood by the society (Korhonen and
et.al., 2018).
Water is also the natural resource so individual and company should use it effectively. Water
should not be wasted and polluted. Company and individual will get benefits only if they will
shift towards circular economy. Waste and pollution should be designed in order to reduce them.

Natural resources should be regenerated it rather than degrading. Global climate targets can also
be achieved through CE. It focuses on reducing carbon emissions and using organic materials.
This theory emphasizes that land is the precious thing and should not be damaged from human
activities. It try to safeguard earth from every possible way. This is the reason that CE focus on
waste management and using renewable resources. If waste are managed properly then it can be
reduced and reused (Velenturf and et.al., 2019). Renewable energy are also promoted by
government these days because it does not harm the environment and also fossil fuels are limited
so its better that companies should shift towards renewable energy. CE will benefit individual
also along with industries. It will increase individual's disposable income in order to improve
their living standard.
It will also decrease health problems because if the environment is less polluted and less wastage
are their in the environment then individual will lead to healthy life. As cost of goods and
services will be reduced through circular economy and that will benefit society at large range
(Pieroni, McAloone and Pigosso, 2019). CE Theory also says that new resources should be
utilized less and old resources should be reused. As reused can reduce costs, save environment
and reduces pollution.
2.Developing common wealth country Manchester
Manchester is focusing on developing the circular economy as this city is producing
lowest waste, all the resources and energy is getting used in circular way. This city is working
on a specific initiative that they will repeat the usage of old and previously used products.
This city wants to increase the share of circular economy so that they may safeguard the
valuable resources.
a. Developing circular economy in Manchester
Circular economy is getting increased in Manchester every day the main reason behind
this is that people of Manchester is aware about the limitation of limited resources. So the
people are focusing on the current product and they do not want to waste their valuable
resources.
Apart from this government of Manchester is concerned for the increasing pollution and
the present situation of the city ans also they are concern for the upcoming generation, if the
present generation and people spoil all the natural resources then the next generation will not get
any resource for the survival.

So the government of Manchester is actively forming the policies and strategies to
utilize more renewable energy so that they can save the energy and electricity (Prieto and et.al,
2018). Another thing on whi8ch the government of Manchester focusing the most plastic waste
and pollution as well, this waste of plastic has captured the attention of people, companies and
government as well. Government has found that just cleaning up the plastic will not remove its
effect on the land and environment so the government is planning to impose the linear model
and have to use take-make -waste and have to rethink the way of design, reuse and recycle the
plastic.
For that government of Manchester has started a collaboration with the global consumer
goods company, retailers, manufactures of packaging and also the plastic procedures.
Now most of the local companies are focusing on the development of technology through
which they can shred the full plastic and use that in the making of new products. It has been
found that when companies recycle the plastic only 2% can be used so it is very difficult to
recycle the plastic because at the time of recycling, it produces toxic air which is harmful for the
lives of employees and also it increases the air pollution.
Besides this, government of Manchester is actively working on waste managements thus
they are making aware people that they should collect the waste and they should throw such
waste in the electric dustbin, so that this E- dustbin will provide the information to the garbage
collector about the level of garbage in the dustbin (Rajput and et.al, 2019). So that they can
collect the garbage from the dustbin.
b. Factors and barriers in the circular economy
As government and companies are concerned for the circular economy but they have to
face some hurdles and issues. The main issue which the government is facing in this city as
that they do not have proper technology through which they can reuse and recycle the things
another issue is that management is not that good who can check the work and also they are
facing the issues of funds. So these are the barriers which is being faced by the government -
Technology
Improper technology is the biggest hurdle of circular economy, without proper
technology company cant recycle the products and they cant modify the old goods. But the major
problem which they are facing in the technology is that they do not have proper fund to buy
such technology. So lack of fund and technology has become the obstacles.

Poor management and knowledge
As the government has decided to implement the circular economy but there is not
proper management available who can guide the companies and the consumer as well about
how to use such products. Apart from this companies are trying to recycle the things but they do
not have knowledge how to convert the goods and products in to new product. So the
government is running a campaign to imp[rove the knowledge of the customers and also the
manufacturing companies who can recycle the things by getting proper knowledge.
Consumer education
As consumer education is the key of circular economy, if the consumers are not aware
about the concept of recycling they will continuously buy the new goods over old and will not
use the old goods for so long (Urbinati and et.al, 2017). Thus the government is indulged in
teaching the students of school and college about the usage of waste manage and also the
importance of renewable energy so that they can educate their parents and other family
members so that they may know the importance of circular economy and demand more circular
product.
As the customers are the king of market and if they demand circular products then the
supply will also get increases. Apart from this due to hike in the demand companies will have to
make more and more circular products.
Funding
Lack of fund is also one of the issue which is being faced by the government and the
companies. If the companies try to satisfy the needs of the customer by fulfilling the demand
they have to purchase the latest machines and equipments who can make the recycled products.
So the companies are not able to utilize and create the goods properly but the government is
trying to help such companies who are working in reclining government of Manchester is
providing them funding so that they can complete their work and fulfil the demand of the
consumer.
3.companies (local and international) and local government are doing to support development of
circular economy
Local government plays vital role in designing cities which is liveable and resilient cities.
Government of Manchester effectively manage negative aspect of take make waste economy.
They are spending public funds on waste management. Although it incurs costs but will give

good results in the future. Local government should make policies related to circular economy.
Policy can be implemented within 6 months. If policies once is framed and implemented than
every company and individual have to follow it. If CE will be adopted by all companies than it
will facilitate economic growth of the company (Keijer, Bakker and Slootweg, 2019).
Environment can also be saved and waste can be reduced to waste management. Company
should be given knowledge and encouraged by the government to use renewable energy over
fossil fuels. Earth is very precious and greenhouse gasses and global warming are dangerous for
it. CE will helpful in increasing employment which will give jobs to the local people of
Lanchester. Company's play important role in supporting circular economy.
They should be reused materials and that will be helpful in maintaining the value. Renewable
energy should be encouraged and used by companies (Rizos, Tuokko and Behrens, 2017). It is
observed that industrial waste and pollution has becoming harmful for ecosystems. So by
adopting CE it can be reduced. Companies also knows that to attain sustainability CE can be
helpful. Materials and waste should be reused in the sustainable manner. Company can come up
with innovation to create ways for reuse and recycle. Local and international companies should
come up with such method in which process will require less water and no chemicals. If
company will innovate their practice of production then they can eliminate use of chemicals
(Geissdoerfer and et.al., 2017). Chemicals are very harmful for the environment so industries
should reduce or eliminate it. Company can find alternative to plastics. Plastics are harmful for
the environment and business should opt for its alternatives.
Different materials should use in the place of plastic. Plastic which are already present should not
be thrown but must be recycled in order to use them again in the future. As after industrial
revolution, companies should stop relying on natural resources in order to increase their living
standard. Neutral resources are becoming costly days by day and also scarer. Government and
companies together should find out innovative way for the sustainable environment. Companies
should also stop disposing their waste in rivers and land because it pollutes them and water of
river are used for drinking (Urbinati, Chiaroni and Chiesa, 2017). If such polluted water is
consumed by living being then it will be harmful for their health.
4 Report Common wealth local government
As al the countries whether they are developed or developing they all are concern about
the excess use of natural goods and resources because they are limited in nature and every

country needs them to complete their day to day activity (Geissdoerfer and et.al, 2017). Thus
the government of most of the countries are making plans, policies and roadmap to save the
waste, water ad resources.
So the government of Manchester is trying to minimise the uses of raw material and
trying to extract them. For that government is trying to collect the information about those
initiatives which are related to the economy.
Apart from this government, is trying to establish the E- dustbins at the public areas so
that people do not through the garbage anywhere and government and other companies can
collect such waste and make something useful from the waste.
Besides this government has run the initiative and projects where they make aware the
companies to utilize the waste so that they can make bets out of the waste goods.
Another thing which the government is working to reduce the extra consumption of
disposal management (Rizos and et.al, 2017). Government is trying to ban single plastic and
their use as this is causing harm to the environment and animals as well.
On the flip side to promote the circular products government is providing funds to the
companies and NGO's who can create such recycled products and also these NGO's are trying to
educate the employees and consumers as well. So that they can know how to create best out of
waste. So there are many mission which is running by the government to recycle the
infrastructure. Apart from this, government of Manchester is requesting to all the companies
whether they are private and public both have to remove the disposable plastic , such as glass
and other things which is being used by the employees of the companies.
Apart from this, government focusing on green technology to reduces the usage of
plastic because in the city of Manchester their local public is using more plastic bags whenever
they buy any groceries or clothes and etc. so now the government has established a rule that
no one seller will give the things in plastic bags and also they have to use recycled bags which
is being made from the recycled paper. For that government is promoting this initiative by
taking help of social media .
To increase the circular product government has set a different department, and this
department is actively working on social media is to make people aware about the importance of
circular product and how they can use the old product and their raw material to make new
product (Camacho and et.al, 2018).

Apart from this, government is indulge in traditional marketing as well, because
government want that this city make the goods own by own and they do not have to remain
dependent on other countries to purchase the raw material when the companies of Manchester
start using the raw material from the old goods and create something new products form that.
CONCLUSION
Through this report it can be concluded that study has discussed circular economy and
how it has emerged. CE is not the new concept but It helps in safeguarding environment by
reducing waste and adopting renewable energy. By choosing city which is Manchester, it was
evaluated that how circular economy has developed in the city. Progress are also analysed of CE
in Manchester focusing on barriers and opportunities for the growth. Further it has analysed that
how companies and local government can support circular economy development. Report has
also evaluated report for commonwealth local government ministers meeting on key and
recommendations on action.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Camacho and et.al, 2018. Consumption in the circular economy: A literature
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Geissdoerfer and et.al, 2017. The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?. Journal of
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paradigm?. Journal of cleaner production. 143. pp.757-768.
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Keijer, T., Bakker, V. and Slootweg, J.C., 2019. Circular chemistry to enable a circular
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Pieroni, M.P., McAloone, T.C. and Pigosso, D.C., 2019. Business model innovation for circular
economy and sustainability: A review of approaches. Journal of cleaner
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Prieto and et.al, 2018. Towards a consensus on the circular economy. Journal of cleaner
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Rajput and et.al, 2019. Connecting circular economy and industry 4.0. International Journal of
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Rizos and et.al, 2017. The Circular Economy: A review of definitions, processes and
impacts. CEPS Papers, (12440).
Rizos, V., Tuokko, K. and Behrens, A., 2017. The Circular Economy: A review of definitions,
processes and impacts. CEPS Papers. (12440).

Urbinati and et.al, 2017. Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business
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Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D. and Chiesa, V., 2017. Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy
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Online
THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN DETAIL., 2017 . [online]. Available through:
<https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/explore/the-circular-economy-in-detail>