Euthanasia and Criminal Law: A Debate on the Right to Die
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This report discusses the application and validity of section 31C of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) and debates on the right to euthanasia. It argues that euthanasia should be applicable to welcome human rights and assisted killings should not be regarded as murder, manslaughter or any other crime.
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Running head: CRIMINAL LAW CRIMINAL LAW Name of the student Name of the university Author note
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1CRIMINAL LAW Table of Contents Introduction:...............................................................................................................................2 Description:................................................................................................................................2 Debate:...................................................................................................................................3 Conclusion:................................................................................................................................7 Reference:..................................................................................................................................9
2CRIMINAL LAW Introduction: The main topic of this case is to deal with the right to euthanasia process. In the content of New South Wales (NSW), the Crimes Act 1900 governs the criminal activities. According to the application of the Act, it will be applicable to the whole territory of NSW and it covers every kind of offenses. However, there are certain rules in Australia that oppose certain human rights policies. In Australia, if anyone assists a person to commit suicide, it is regarded as crime. However, there are certain provisions applicable in the world, where right to death has been regarded as a fundamental right just like right to life. In NSW, section 31C of the Crimes Act 1900 has made the acts to help to commit suicide void and illegal in nature. In the lights of the modern human rights approach, such application should be ceased and therefore, certain voices have been raised to amend the criminal law by repeal section 31C of the Act. In this report, certain arguments have been made on this matter. Description: The main subject matter of the topic is based on the application and validity of section 31C of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). According to this section, if a person helps other person to commit suicide or assist him to attempt for that, he will be litigated and penalised for the offence he has made. Further, the term of imprisonment is for 10 years. Considering this version, it can be stated that in Australia, passive euthanasia is a crime. According to Regan et al. (2018), there are certain arguments for the validation of the euthanasia, which is the most debated topic in the modern world1. Euthanasia means a right to end the life of a person. According to the constitution, there are certain fundamental rights that an individual deserves like right to life, freedom and 1Regan, Laurence, et al. "The views of adults with Huntington’s disease on assisted dying: a qualitative exploration."Palliative medicine32.4 (2018): 708-715.
3CRIMINAL LAW others. Therefore, certain voices have been raised with the facts that states an individual should get the right to end his life too. Euthanasia gives this right to the individual. It is a complex issue, as it covers ethical, medical, legal and religious dimensions. A person who is suffering from a prolonged disease or who has certain incurable disease can claim the right to euthanasia. In this case, the justice system should be careful and should apply all the legal principles justifiably and according to Pormeister et al. (2017), proper adjudication of legal propaganda should be maintained in such cases2. In the concurrence of social and legal development, euthanasia has become one of the most debated topics, where some support it and the rest oppose it. According to certain philosophers, every individual should have certain rights on his life. If right to life is a fundamental right, then right to death should be categorised as fundamental to get certain relieve from physical and mental agony. On the other hand, according to Stain (2015), euthanasia provokes a person to commit suicide, which is a crime and if certain other person instigate him to commit suicide is a serious offence and that can be compared to grave offence like murder or manslaughter3. Debate: The term euthanasia derives its origin from Greek that means good death. According to the Greece doctrine, committing suicide is better to suffer from physical and mental strains. However, Aristotle did not support this doctrine and according to him, suicide can be termed as a direct insult to the state. Further, another eminent philosopher, Socrates had deniedthepositiveapplicationofeuthanasiaorassisteddeath.However,withthe development of the societal changes, many countries have accepted the legal and doctrinal approaches of euthanasia4. Countries like Canada, Rome validate the euthanasia and the 2Pormeister, K., M. Finley, and J. J. Rohack. "Physician Assisted Suicide as a Means of Mercy: A Comparative Analysis of the Possible Legal Implications in Europe and the United States."Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L.24 (2017) 3Stein, Rebecca F. "Philosophical Foundations of Physician-Assisted Death and Euthanasia Legislation in Oregon and the Netherlands: A Comparative Analysis." (2015). 4Robertson, James. "Euthanasia survey hints at support from doctors, nurses and division." (2017).
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4CRIMINAL LAW courts are supporting the views of the patients in this regard. in the book Euthanasia and the Right to Die: A Comparative View, Scherer and Simon (1999) has stated that it is the basic right of the citizen to end his life to avoid agony and stress from terminal diseases and insanity. They have stated further that suicide should be termed as offense if they are committed in certain irrational way. InRodriguez v British Columbia (AG)5, it has been decided by the Court of Canada that if a person is suffering from an incurable disease and there is no chance left with him to survive that, he should apply for assisted suicide and his claim should be accepted for securing justice. However, inCarter v Canada (AG)6, it has been held by the court that assisted suicide can be accepted only to retain equality and if any provision of the claim opposed the provision of the Criminal Code, the claim could not be accepted.Further,certainmovementshavebeenconductedinvariouscountrieslike Netherlands. In this case, the supporters have highlighted an economic context. According to them, the right to euthanasia could not apply not only to the sick person; but to the individuals who are facing challenge to continue their lives. The main economic factor in this case that the cost of the incurable diseases is huge and it is not possible for every person to bear all the expenses. Such conception is quite liberal and justifiable in nature. In Australia, certain human rights debates and media representations have been made on the euthanasia and certain self-governing Acts have been passed on the subject7. According to Article 6 of theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), every individual should have the right to lead their lives with dignity and therefore, if certain incurable diseases affect them, they should get certain right to end their lives. The principle of euthanasia depends on 5Rodriguez v British Columbia (AG), [1993] 3 SCR 519 6Carter v Canada (AG), 2015 SCC 5 7Johnstone,Megan-Jane.Alzheimer'sdisease,mediarepresentationsandthepoliticsofeuthanasia: Constructing risk and selling death in an ageing society. Routledge, 2016.
5CRIMINAL LAW this. Further, according to the provision of theRights of the Terminally III Act 1995, assisted voluntary euthanasia should be legalised. According to the judicial rule of the country, the Australian state shall have the right to implement law on euthanasia. A bill has been passed in the Victorian Parliament though. InJustinevRegina8,ithasbeenobservedthatawomanwhohasbeentriedfor manslaughter, as she has assisted her partner to commit suicide was acquitted from the charges of manslaughter. Considering the present conditions, a voice has been raised to amend the criminalcode regarding voluntary suicideand CriminalCode Amendment (Suicide Related Materials Offences) Bill of 2004 has been proposed. Further, inR v Mathews9, the Supreme Court of New South Wales has suspended the conviction period of an old man, who has assisted his partner to die, as she was suffering from certain incurable spinal pain. The Liberal Democrats have stated certain legislative approach to the issues like euthanasia. `However, before all these, it is important to make certain changes in the legislative provision. In section 31C of the Crimes Act 1900, assists someone to commit suicide is a serious offence and an imprisonment of 10 years will be imposed on the offender. Therefore, according to the law, application of euthanasia is an offence and for the proper application of the principle, it is important to repeal the provision and amend the law subsequently. Certain bills have been proposed in New South Wales on the proper application of the euthanasia in 2017 namedVoluntaryAssistedDyingBillby thesupportersof theNationalParty. According to Nicholls (2017), the bill can be regarded as a bold step towards the execution of euthanasia. 8Justine v Regina [2010] NSWCCA 242 9R v Mathews [2011] NSWSC 339
6CRIMINAL LAW The concept of euthanasia depends on a broad principle. It does not support the process of right to kill. Further, it is not revealing the fact that the partner of the dying man or woman would get a licence to kill him or assist him to commit suicide. Quinlan (2016) states that the main purpose of the Act is to give certain relieves to the dying person so that they could die with dignity10. Further, the principle is also aimed to provide certain relieve to the patients from mental or physical agony11. In South Australia, the medical practitioners have to face legal proceedings if he has assisted a patient with drugs that cause death to the patient. In this case, it is immaterial whether the medical practitioner has any intention to kill that person or not. This system denies the right to die of a patient. Further, in certain cases, the patient shall have no good financial background for bearing all the expenses of his medical treatment. In this situation, euthanasia could give him proper relieve. Such type of principle has not been applied for the entire territory of Australia till now and therefore, it becomes necessary to implement certain policies to accept the rights of the individual. The first legislative approach has been made on this principle in the Northern part of Australia. In 1996, certain Australian who was suffering from cancer got the legal permission for voluntary euthanasia. However, the act of giving assistance to commit suicide should be well reversed and there should be certain valid reasons behind the same. According to section 18 of the Crimes Act 190012, if death has been caused by the act of others, it will be regarded as murder and in this matter, the intention to kill the person will be taken into consideration. There are two kinds of euthanasia such as active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Dynamic wilful extermination is the term utilized when demise is rapidly and purposely caused; for instance, if drugs are intentionally regulated to achieve the passing of 10Quinlan,Michael."“SuchisLife”:EuthanasiaandcapitalpunishmentinAustralia:consistencyor contradiction?."Solidarity: The Journal of Catholic Social Thought and Secular Ethics6.1 (2016): 6. 11Foley, Bec. "Is assisted suicide such a dangerous idea?."Green Left Weekly1069 (2015): 11. 12Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s. 18
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7CRIMINAL LAW somebody enduring a terminal disease or condition. Involved killing's the term utilized when passing is caused by withholding or pulling back treatment that simply manages life; for instance, expelling life emotionally supportive networks from somebody in a trance like state. Since of latent wilful extermination, demise is in fact from 'normal causes'. Under this law, dynamic killing is seen as murder. It is begging to be proven wrong whether inactive killing, which is viewed as death from common causes, additionally constitutes kill. Notwithstanding when the passing is from common causes, a specialist who withholds or pulls back medicinal help can in any case be viewed under the present enactment as the lawful reason for death13. Provision of Section 18(1) states that murder can be because of exclusion, so a specialist who performs latent wilful extermination might be accused of murder if that activity is lawfully translated as an oversight. However, this rule could deny the positive side of euthanasia or assisted suicide. Therefore, there should be proper legal implication regarding the same. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be stated that euthanasia should be applicable to welcome the human rights and assisted killings should not be regarded as murder, manslaughter or any other crime. In many countries, euthanasia has been regarded as legal approach where the parties suffering from incurable diseases could apply to end their life legally. The main purpose of this act is to secure the interest of the patients so that they could get relief from all the physical and mental agonies. Further, the justice system should be liberal enough to accept such claims. Certain economical perspectives have also been discussed in this report. Considering all the arguments and substantive arguments, it can be stated that the legal apprehension should allow the application of euthanasia. However, the Crimes Act 1900 has directly mentioned certain sections that oppose the concept of assisted murder. Therefore, in 13Denton, Andrew, et al. "Death and dignity: Why voluntary euthanasia is a question of choice."Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal24.6 (2016): 18.
8CRIMINAL LAW order to legalise euthanasia, section 31C should be repealed. Certain amendments are also required in the part of section 31B, where provisions for the survivor of the suicide pact have been discussed. The case of Justine v Regina has made certain steps towards legalising the process of euthanasia. However, the state should have to implement proper Acts on it.
9CRIMINAL LAW Reference: Carter v Canada (AG), 2015 SCC 5 Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) Denton, Andrew, et al. "Death and dignity: Why voluntary euthanasia is a question of choice."Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal24.6 (2016): 18. Foley, Bec. "Is assisted suicide such a dangerous idea?."Green Left Weekly1069 (2015): 11. Johnstone,Megan-Jane.Alzheimer'sdisease,mediarepresentationsandthepoliticsof euthanasia: Constructing risk and selling death in an ageing society. Routledge, 2016. Justine v Regina [2010] NSWCCA 242 Pormeister, K., M. Finley, and J. J. Rohack. "Physician Assisted Suicide as a Means of Mercy: A Comparative Analysis of the Possible Legal Implications in Europe and the United States."Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L.24 (2017) Quinlan,Michael."“SuchisLife”:EuthanasiaandcapitalpunishmentinAustralia: consistency or contradiction?."Solidarity: The Journal of Catholic Social Thought and Secular Ethics6.1 (2016): 6. R v Mathews [2011] NSWSC 339 Regan, Laurence, et al. "The views of adults with Huntington’s disease on assisted dying: a qualitative exploration."Palliative medicine32.4 (2018): 708-715. Rights of the Terminally III Act 1995 Robertson, James. "Euthanasia survey hints at support from doctors, nurses and division." (2017).
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10CRIMINAL LAW Rodriguez v British Columbia (AG), [1993] 3 SCR 519 Scherer, Jennifer M., and Rita James Simon.Euthanasia and the right to die: a comparative view. Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. Stein, Rebecca F. "Philosophical Foundations of Physician-Assisted Death and Euthanasia Legislation in Oregon and the Netherlands: A Comparative Analysis." (2015). Willmott, Lindy, et al. "Failed Voluntary Euthanasia Law Reform in Australia: Two Decades ofTrends,ModelsandPolitics."UNSWLJ39(2016):1.Availableat https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95429/1/Failed%20Voluntary%20Euthanasia%20Law%20Reform %20UNSWLJ.pdf