Oil and Gas Exploration as a Crime against Humanity

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION8 1.1 Rationale for conducting study8 1.2 Study background10 1.3 Definition of key terms 11 1.4 Aim 12 1.5 CONCLUSION METHOD 12 1.6 Research question 12 3.1 Environmental degradation 17 2.1 Environmental degradation 24 2.2 Oil and gas sector and its impact on environment 22 2.3 Demonstrating impact of oil and gas sector on environment 24 2.5 Demonstrating impact of oil and gas sector on environment 24 2.5 Demonstrating impact of oil and gas sector on environment 24 2.5 Demonstrating impact

Should widespread environmental
degradation be prosecuted as a crime
against humanity?
[e-mail]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT
This exploratory research and study
aims to critically analyse and evaluate environmental degradation due to excessive oil
and gas exploration. The six research objectives are defined in a way that analyses the
role of oil and gas industries which causes threats to bio-diversity and life. Thus,
whether their actions are to be prosecuted in the International courts and whether their
actions have increased the procurement of these products and if so, due to that is it a
contributory factor to our environment being damaged?
For executing the study successfully well-defined research methods are
employed in the study. The ethnography in qualitative research is defined as the
observations or the documented data for generating the analysis of research subject.
The ethnography of this research will focus on the epistemological study within the
grounded paradigm by using the mixed research methodological approach. A
qualitative approach will be used to statistically analyse empirical data which is obtained
from the observation and response through a interview within a positive paradigm. The
inductive approach and exploratory design are used for qualitative analysis of the
collected data. For the collection of data, in the report primary data collection methods
(questionnaire)is used. In order to make the study more relevant nonprobability
sampling is used so that data validity can be enhanced.
It can be concluded from the study that there is an imperative high need to create
awareness among oil and gas service providers in order for them to understand their
role and responsibility towards the environment. Thus, upon the study findings, it is

recommended that oil industries must explore new sources of energy to enable them to
reduce the harmful impact on the environment due to excessive exploitation of energy
resources.
However, some authors do have different opinions on this topic, some claim over
exploration kills nature and others opine differ on that, they also state lack of legislation
and laws are the reasons for the harm caused. Effective research methodology is used
to conduct the research by using qualitative design, inductive approach, interpretive
philosophy, collection of data through secondary sources and analysing them in a
thematic presentation. The qualitative design involves the inclusion of theories and facts
instead of statistical analysis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................8
1.1 Rationale for conducting study .............................................................................................8
1.2 Study background................................................................................................................10
1.3 Definition of key terms .......................................................................................................11
1.4 Aim .....................................................................................................................................12
1.5 Objective .............................................................................................................................12
1.6 Research question ...............................................................................................................12
1.7 Dissertation structure ..........................................................................................................13
1.8 Significance of the study .....................................................................................................14
1.9 Scope of the study ...............................................................................................................15
1.10 Company overview ...........................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................17
2.1 Environmental degradation .................................................................................................17
2.2 Oil and gas sector and its impact on environment ..............................................................22
2.3 Demonstrating impact of environment degradation through case studies ..........................24
2.4 Legal and financial aspects of environmental sustainability within oil and gas sector ......26
2.5 Concept of sustainability .....................................................................................................30
2.6 Environment management system (EMS): a step towards sustainability ...........................32
CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................35
3.1 Research methods ...............................................................................................................35
3.2 Data collection and analysis methods .................................................................................37
3.3 Critical evaluation of the research methods ........................................................................41
CHAPTER 4- ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS..............................................45
CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................60
BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................65
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................71

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale for conducting study
With the increased growth in population there has been a continuous need of
resources available to each and every individual. Oil and gas service providers are
constantly making improvement in their operational aspects. The exploitation of
natural resources and negligence to the environment has increased and has had
an impact on greenhouse gases on earth. The direct implications of such impacts
are observed in the form of climate changes like sudden changes in the weather
which can be witnessed in various parts of the world.
The oil and gas sectors on the international level are engaged in mining and
exploration of natural resources mainly crude oils and petroleum products. This
sector is engaged I the procurement of finding natural gas and crude oil. The
effect on the environment are made harmful due to their acts, subsequently in
future this will increase and disturb the ecological balances of the planet as well as
the environmental cycle. This research project is based on the critical assessment
on the determination of international standards and laws that will be used against
oil and gas sectors to prosecute them in courts for the environmental damages
done by operating oil and gas organisations on international level. Furthermore,
why should O&G organisations be charged for criminal offences under
international laws and if provisions are made along with any findings, are there
remedies to curb the harmful effect on the environment?
8

Since the environment cannot be restricted or defined within any single economy
or nation hazardous impact of environmental degradation are observed within the entire
world. All nations are affected by climate change and natural hazards which causes and
has caused threat to the lives of millions of people. Due to the adverse impact on
climate change most economies in the world are affected, due to natural disasters
subsequently, this goes beyond the control of human beings1. These destructive events
not only cause loss of property but also leads to several other critical issues such as life
threats to humans, animals as well as bio-diversity, loss of properties and the
destruction of entire colonies or islands.
Thus, it is very essential and imperative that the research is carried to ascertain
the harmful impact of environmental degradation furthermore to peruse the role of oil
and gas industries to evaluate them. The purpose of the study is to gain the attention
and awareness of people towards these issues and if there are any remedies necessary
for the betterment and suitable actions should be taken towards the protection of the
environment we live in, as our survival depends primarily on it. Along with human
survival it is also important that ecosystem and biodiversity is protected. Any single
disturbance in the food chain and ecosystem will make human survival impossible on
the earth2 hence, it is required to analyse the impact of oil industries on the environment
so that improvements in their practices can be suggested and implemented.
1
? J.B. Skjærseth and T., Skodvin. Climate change and the oil industry: Common problem,
varying strategies. 2018
2
? K. Lee et.al. The behaviour and environmental impacts of crude oil released into
aqueous environments. The Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa. 2015
9

Issues that will be referred in the research project is the determination of laws,
standards and legislation that can be used against to sue the oil and gas companies on
a global level. This is due to the deterioration of other environmental and weather
conditions in the widespread operation of O&G sector3 . The issues will be addressed
by finding the remedies on how such effects of environmental damages can be
minimised and the actions taken to discourage the operations at a large level causing
the environmental damages and deterioration. The research project will be made with a
view to consider the fact that whether environmental damages caused by oil and gas
sectors is a criminal offense against mankind.
1.2 Study background
Environment conservation is one of most the important aspect to humans as it
leads to a less harmful planet and our healthy survival. However, with the increase and
growth in population, our dependence or needs for petroleum products like oil and gas,
natural resources such as water, land, air and soil are polluted. Consequently, the
environment is affected to its detriment. One can only ponder and ask questions about
the treatment of humanity as against the progress of development.4. Biodiversity is one
3 Environmental Management Systems (EMS). 2019. [Online]. Accessed through
<https://oilandgasukenvironmentallegislation.co.uk/contents/topic_files/onshore/
ems.htm>
4
? M.S. Alam, and S.R. Paramati. Do oil consumption and economic growth intensify
environmental degradation? Evidence from developing economies. Applied economics, 47(48), 2015,
pp.5186-5203.
10

of the most important characteristics which distinguishes planet earth from all other
planets. All living beings have equal rights to live in a healthy and secure environment.
However, excessive exploitation of natural resources by petroleum industries
does not only cause harm to nature but also makes other living beings deprived of their
resources. For instance, land is polluted by disposal of oil waste and which then
becomes life threatening for marine population and other living organisms living in that
area. The agricultural land which gets polluted due to toxic substances affects the
employment and livelihood opportunities of the people living in the region. Thus, certain
organisations and individuals’ actions can consequently be considered as crimes
activities against humanity. The excessive exploitation of natural resources and
unsustainable development practices are making the survival of humans as well as
other living beings difficult. With the continuation of the environmental degradation
practices several issues have been identified. These adverse practices are making life
threatening impacts on people’s lives and appalling changes for the worse. Thus, it is
high time that individuals and all service providers must be made to understand the
needs of sustainable development before it’s too late further, in order for both the
survival of human and biodiversity protection5.
1.3 Definition of key terms
Environment degradation: It is defined as the decline in the quality of the environment
due to excessive exploitation of natural resources.
5
? V. Andreoni, and S. Galmarini. Drivers in CO2 emissions variation: A decomposition
analysis for 33 world countries. Energy, 103, 2016, pp.27-37.
11

Sustainability: Sustainability is defined as an approach to establish a balance between
development strategies and environment stability so that the development does not
cause any harm to the environment or its survival.
1.4 Aim
“To examine how widespread environmental degradation can be prosecuted as a
crime against humanity a critical assessment of oil and gas sector: A case study on
British petroleum (BP).
1.5 Objective
 To understand the concept of environmental degradation.
 To analyse the impact of environmental degradation on humanity and its survival.
 To evaluate impact of oil and gas sector on the environment by analysing British
petroleum.
 To determine the international normative bases if any, could widespread
environmental damages and causes be prosecuted under international criminal
courts auspices against the oil and gas sector.
 To determine the outcome in the form of remedies to improve environment
damages; and
 To identify the evidence of true international community appetite to mobilize and
pursue reforms.
1.6 Research question
 How does the environmental degradation concept influence humanity? What is
the impact of the oil and gas industries on the environment?
12

 What are the international standards, bases on which oil and gas sectors can be
prosecuted for damages caused by them to the environment in international
courts, are there any possible outcomes or remedies to improve environmental
damages?
 What evidence is collected in the context of involvement of international
community in this reform. Even if the above are answered affirmatively, is there
evidence of a true international community appetite to mobilise and pursue such
reforms? Each question will also require consideration of the economic power
wielded by many oil and gas sector multinationals, and whether a new
international criminal offence will be counter-productive, by discouraging O&G
enterprises from assuming environmental risks (where risk-taking contributes to
economic development), that might result in criminal prosecution.
1.7 Dissertation structure
The research study will have the following sections Introduction
This chapter will discuss the scope and study background so that the research
topic can be well understood. Literature review
This section will discuss the environmental impact of oil and gas sector from the
literature perspective so that the foundation of the study can be developed.
Methodology
The third chapter will provide description of the methods which are used to
conduct the research study. It will include various methodologies such as research
13

approach, philosophy and data collection methods. Analysis and discussion of
findings
In this chapter collected qualitative data for the study is analysed and interpreted
so that findings can be discussed. On the basis of these findings suitable
recommendations will also be provided to overcome or address the issue. Conclusion
This part of the research l will provide conclusions drawn from the entire study
so that the entire research can be summarised in conclusive statements.
1.8 Significance of the study
In order to meet the increasing needs of people the petroleum industries are
tremendously using natural resources without following any kind of sustainability
practices. These actions do not only affect the environment but also in effect produces
the scarcity of these resources. Thus, as a consequence the oil and gas industries have
contributed by putting human lives in danger and the survival of all living beings. The
study raises the awareness of people regarding concept of sustainability and therefore
making it a beneficial knowledge to the public. Most of the service users of the above
discussed industries are not aware that the exploitative use of natural resources puts
human survival and living beings into danger.
Thus, there is great need to make people aware. The study will help to create
awareness among general communities and organisations who are actively working for
the protection of the environment. The study is also important to encourage further
researches which aims for the conservation of the environment. The sustainability goals
cannot be achieved without the joint efforts of communities6. Thus, it is vital that
responsible authorities of petroleum sector and environment regulatory authorities take
6
14

necessary steps to establish a balance between the usage of services and the
environment. In addition, the importance of the research project can be defined as
putting a stop or limit on the operations of the oil and gas organisations on international
level which can curb the environmental damages caused by them. This will aid future
researchers in the same subject matter with outcomes and findings of this research
project7 . With identification of the laws and legislation this will be very helpful for
economics and environmentalists to identify the impact of finance and economics as
well as on weather and climate conditions which changes daily with the increase in
global warming. The research will aid to ascertain international organisation working in
the direction of environmental protection. This will also assist those organisations and
law firms in understanding the laws applied at international level.
1.9 Scope of the study
This research is not only applicable for academic research purpose, in addition it
can also help other scholars or researchers who conduct studies on the protection of
the environment. The petroleum sector plays an important role in the economy and
enhances the lifestyle of some of its employers and society in general. One cannot deny
the fact that without consumption of oil and gas survival in the 21st century may be
difficult. However, today practices of these industries are threatening the survival of life
on the planet earth. Climate change, disasters and the scarcity of resources are just the
? I.B. Ivshina et al. Oil spill problems and sustainable response strategies through new
technologies. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17(7), 2015, pp.1201-1219.
7 Laurence, W.F., & et.al., (2015). Reducing the global environmental impacts of
rapid infrastructure expansion. Current Biology, 25(7), pp. R259-R262.
15

mere beginning of environmental degradation. Appropriate actions are absolutely
needed if not taken on time, it may be impossible for the human/living beings to protect
their lives as well as the stability and the sustainability of the earth.8 The study can also
be used by all environment protection agencies as the foundation for making regulations
and guidelines for oil sector. The study provides the description of harmful effects on the
environment due to the oil sector furthermore necessary measures should be taken in
addition to the enhancement of making their business practices more sustainable.
1.10 Company overview
British petroleum is one of the leading O&G industries in the world with its
headquarters in London. The company provides its services in almost 70 countries in
the world. In terms of hydrocarbon reserves and oil production the company is a leading
service provider. However along with the excellence service quality the organisation is
also known for experiencing severe environment hazards9 . Thus, along with its service
expansion the organisation in addition it is also making attempts to adopt sustainable
practices so that it can improve its corporate social image and its contribution to the
environment.
8
? M.S. Alam and S.R. Paramati. Do oil consumption and economic growth intensify
environmental degradation? Evidence from developing economies. Applied economics, 47(48),
2015. pp.5186-5203.
9 British Petroleum (BP). 2015. [Online]. Accessed through
<http://www.petroleum.co.uk/british-petroleum>
16

17

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Environmental degradation
According to Rafaj and et.al., (2015)10 environmental degradation is known as the
process or events which contributes to the risk and deterioration of one’s quality of life
on earth. The unwise depletion of resources like land or water makes it impossible for
the living beings to sustain their survival on the planet. Events such as contaminated
water and land resources, pollution, unhygienic living space, destruction of natural
habitats of organisms and ecosystem as well as the extinction of various plant and
animal species are some of the common impacts of environmental degradation.
Contrary to the previous studies instead of providing only theoretical foundation this
study elaborate the issue with the help of practical case example. The study has
compared the environmental impact due to real degradtion impact by the organisation
and other similar oil and gas service providers.
Though not one single industry or sector can be considered as responsible for
such destruction or leaders in this process, however the increasing use of oil and gas
resources do contribute enormously to the environmental damage. Cotton, (2017)11
stated that the earth cannot be considered as the home to only human beings. Each
and every living being on the earth has an equal right to live safely and to be protected.
10
? P. Rafaj et al. Changes in European greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions 1960–
2010: decomposition of determining factors. In Uncertainties in Greenhouse Gas Inventories
2015, (pp. 27-54). Springer, Cham.
11
? M. Cotton. Fair fracking? Ethics and environmental justice in United Kingdom shale gas
policy and planning. Local Environment, 22(2), 2017, pp.185-202.
18

However, being the most intelligent and active organism on earth it is the responsibility
of human beings that their development activities does not cause any threat to the
survival of other living beings and biodiversity.
With the increase of technology and industrialisation, this causes the increase of
environmental degradation. Especially, the fossil fuel-based industries have increased
significantly, over exploration of natural resources such as oil and gas have impacted
ecological balance of the world. The ruthless excavation on non-renewable resources in
the form of petrol, diesel, CNG and LPG have created havoc conditions all over the
world.
Continual depletion of glaciers and the reduction of forest cover are reducing in an
extensive rate, this causes increase in global warming to a greater extent. Impact of
global exploration of the resources and the reasons the prosecution of oil and gas
industries. As per the findings of (Mafirmrebi andThorne,2017), this can be said that the
oil and gas industries, in order to expand their business and to generate more revenue
and profit they conduct ruthless exploitation of natural resources and kills nature in their
cruellest manner. Through their multinational corporation it enables them to excavate
more resources. In addition to this, the increase in the competition with the oil and gas
sectors is the key factor which has caused these organisations to increase their
productivity and the operations related to it for the increase in their production of these
natural resources.
However, on the other hand as per the study of Brisman, 2015, states that the lack of
proper management and legislation of the extraction of natural and non-renewable
19

resources like crude oil and gas is the major reason such conditions have risen to a
greater and extensive level. The increase in the pollution rate as tremendously
increased many health issues in people, which impacts on their well-being and
development. Thus, the assertions that these organisations must be prosecuted and
charged with severe penalties for their unforgivable offences, based on the proper
analysis of these action plans, the following prosecution measures on the oil and gas
industries may be considered. Some outcomes and remedies that are being taken for
managing the environmental damage caused by oil and gas firms with the growing
population and depletion of natural resources, the environmental concerns of people
and environmentalists have increased enormously. People are opting for many
environmentally friendly approaches to look after the ill effects of the depletion of natural
resources to get proper remedies and reforms to save nature or the environment from
the exploitation of oil and gas based resources As per the analyses and findings of
Santoro, 2018, the proper environmental reforms such as increasing forest cover,
reducing carbon footprint, improvement of better reduction of these non-convertible and
non-renewable resources with the organisation in a such effective and suitable manner .
The damages that is caused by the various organisations will help the firms to reduce
the quality of operations and will lead to the rise in business activities related to the oil
and gas-based products. On the other hand, O&G industries can be said to be working
in the environment conservation field impacting on the wellness of the business
operation’s and enhancing environmental factors to a greater extent.
20

However, Brittle, 2015 states that, the proper management of any reformation operation
will cause some enterprise to carry out the environmental conducting improvement
measures efficiently. the more utilisation of the renewable resources such as solar
energy, wind energy, biofuel etc, can be taken into consideration that will help the
organisation to enhance the quality of operation and thus will lead the firm to improve its
quality environment. Adoption of suitable measures will help the firm to enhance the
quality of products operations and will also catalyse proper development of new
innovative tools to tackle such harsh conditions. The development of high efficiency
engines and low emission vehicles will help the organisation’s s well as the
environmentalists to take suitable measures in order to carry proper management of
their business operations and action plans that will support proper implementation of
reforms within the firms to a greater extent. However, that can be critically said that the
training of staff to perform environmentally friendly way and producing fuel efficient
engines and automobile is a task and money-oriented issue that will impact the overall
operations of the organisations in a much effective way.
Measures taken by the international environmental communities to implement, mobilise
and pursue environmental reforms. Not only the development of environmental reforms
cannot be adequate for proper management of the environmental concerns that will
help any firm to enhance its quality of environmental factors on better management of
its environment reforms against oil and gas exploitation reforms. As per the critical
assessments and findings of Benn, Edward and Williams,2014, this can be said that the
international environmental conservation community must look after proper
implementation, thus they must look after the rise in the functional capacity of their
21

business activities in a much suitable manner. This will improve the environmental
factors and growth rate of any proper nature regaining measures. Thus, the proper and
effective growth of these measures will help to cover damages and destruction caused
by big oil and gas companies are the culprits and the reasons behind the increases in
pollution around the world. A strict and feasible legal framework is required to be taken
into consideration by any firm, this may impact the overall operations, and which will
cause the good rise in environmental welfare. However, many corporations can use
loopholes of legal obligations and can mould it according to their benefits.
Ivshina and et.al., (2015)12 asserted that unsustainable practices of human
beings cause damage to the environment. It also deprives other living beings of their
essential natural resources. Environmental degradation makes it hard for humans and
other living beings of this planet to access life’s essential resources such as food, water
and land. The pollution and climate changes are quite common detrimental effects of
environmental degradation. However, their impact is not uniform. Several species are
influenced to an extent that their survival has been challenged and they are now
considered as endangered or vulnerable species.
12
? I.B. Ivshina et.al. Oil spill problems and sustainable response strategies through new
technologies. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17(7), 2015, pp.1201-1219.
22

In the same context Xu and et.al., (2015)13 explained that due to the
consequences of these environmental changes there has been several health issues
that have affected society which is rather hard to compensate. For instance, due to very
poor pollution it is difficult to breathe fresh air. Communities are bedevilled with chronic
diseases which are impossible to control or treat. Thus, it is very pertinent and essential
that proper attention and focus must be given to the direction in which human practices
leads to the environment.
According to Lee and et.al., (2015)14 climate change is another visible impact of
environmental degradation. Some regions in the world are suffering from drought while
others are victims of flood. These patterns are not the natural geographical
characteristics of these regions instead they are the result of greenhouse effect.
Environmental degradation enhances greenhouse gases and as a result it increases
climate change on a yearly basis.
2.2 Oil and gas sector and its impact on environment
For development of every Countries economy many parts of the world depend
upon import and export of oil. However, the oil production as well as its transportation is
disrupting human population, animals as well as marine world. According to Laurence &
13
? J. Xue et.al. Marine oil-degrading microorganisms and biodegradation process of
petroleum hydrocarbon in marine environments: a review. Current microbiology, 71(2), 2015,
pp.220-228.
14
? K. Lee et.al. The behaviour and environmental impacts of crude oil released into
aqueous environments. The Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa. 2015.
23

et.al., (2015)15 the dumping of oil waste causes pollution and also damages natural
habitats of wildlife. The run-offs from processing of crude oil and gas are dumped into
water bodies which eventually have an adverse effect on marine culture facilities. Oil
and gas drilling projects of British petroleum are operated continuously for hours which
disrupt wildlife, human health and other natural resources in the region.
Cheng and Wu, (2015)16 elucidated that noise disturbances are serious concerns
which affect birds and mammals. The noise from these industries changes their nesting
and breeding patterns which in turn changes the ecological system. The drilling fluids
spilled on lands without processing make land completely unfertilised consequently it
becomes unsuitable for agriculture or vegetation growth. Oil industries uses heavy
equipment which contributes to the erosion and weed infestation.
In the same context George & et.al., (2016)17 asserted that faulty infrastructure or
leakage in the production of gas generates huge amount of methane gas which
contributes to climate change. Climate change influences the agriculture trends and
15
? W.F. Laurance et.al. Reducing the global environmental impacts of rapid infrastructure
expansion. Current Biology, 25(7), 2015, pp. R259-R262.
16
? T.M. Cheng, and H.C. Wu. How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity,
and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behaviour? An integrated approach for
sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 2015, pp.557-576.
17
? R.A., George et.al. Barriers to and enablers of sustainability integration in the
performance management systems of an oil and gas company. Journal of cleaner
production, 136, 2016, pp.197-212.
24

ecological systems and the habits of wildlife. The petroleum products like oil emissions
of British petroleum are also harmful when they are consumed as fuel. They emit
harmful gases like carbon dioxide and monoxide, sulphur and nitrogen oxides as well as
toxic substances such as lead and benzene. These toxic elements contribute to global
warming and acid rain. It is quite common in cities to observe hazy atmospheres.
Pollution level has increased to the extent that it is hard for all living organisms to
survive/live comfortably.
As per Proedria, (2016)18, these environment changes are the result of greed and
the increase in the exploitation of natural resources by human beings. With the advance
in technology the use of petroleum fuel is increasing rapidly. These fuels are not only for
domestic usage but for industrial and transportation purpose as well. Globalisation now
makes it effortless to connect to different corners of world, thus making it very easy for
the oil rich countries to export their resources. Greenhouse emission intensity of gas
industries and oil processing plants has disturbed the ecological balance of the region.
Akyuz, (2015)19 stated that it has become very essential for the regulatory
authorities to control and monitor waste discharge and emissions from these industries.
Since oil leakage has made vegetation and animal species vulnerable to extinction it is
vital that the survival is not compromised in the name of development. A minor change
in ecosystem can cause significant damage to biodiversity of the environment. The
18
? F., Proedrou. EU energy security in the gas sector: Evolving dynamics, policy dilemmas
and prospects. Routledge. 2016
19
? E., Akyuz. Quantification of human error probability towards the gas inerting process on-
board crude oil tankers. Safety science, 80, 2015, pp.77-86.
25

climate changes, behavioural and biological modifications are few examples which
demonstrate severe environmental degradation.
2.3 Demonstrating impact of environment degradation through case studies
According to Sarma & et.al., (2016)20 production and retraction of oil, gas and
other fuels is responsible for the environmental devastation. It is not only creating
threats to vegetation but is also affecting human health, livestock and climate
conditions. For demonstrating the evidences of environment degradation various
examples can be analysed.
For example, in Ecuador, in order to make the region economically strong oil
exploration was encouraged. The oil exploration causes water contamination to an
extent that significant number of indigenous tribes were reduced from thousands to
hundreds. The water contamination in the region leads to risks of cancer, infections due
to higher concentration of toxins in it. For oil drilling, deforestation was promoted on
broad level which destroyed the habitat of the wildlife. Due to the destruction of the
habitat numerous mammals in the Oriented jungle in the region became extinct.
In the same context Omeje, (2017) elucidated that Delta region of Nigeria have
also experienced these similar devastating impacts. People living near shell oil and the
extraction regions were exposed to food shortage, unemployment and health hazards.
land resources that these communities were dependent for their livelihood were polluted
by shell oil. The fertility of soil was destroyed and land in the region became incapable
20
? H., Sarma et.al. Localization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
surface soil of Asia’s oldest oil and gas drilling site in Assam, north-east India: Implications for the
bio-economy. Emerging Contaminants, 2(3), 2016, pp.119-127.
26

to grow agricultural products. Gas flaring, oil dumping and spills raised pollution and
ecological damage in the region. The gas flares produce soot deposit on building
surfaces. When it rained the chemical containing soot flows with water reduces the
productivity of land and water. The ecological disturbances in the region have also
caused seismic surveys, land and water pollution to poisonous level, and increased
concentration of toxic material in the soil.
According to Zhang and Tingyun, (2015)21 these adverse impacts can be
considered as just the beginning of the environmental degradation. Severe
consequences of pollution climate change and the ecological disturbance is going to
become the next challenge for the life. The actions of human beings will create long
term impact on the entire biodiversity22. Vegetation and wildlife which does not
contribute in oil and gas-based pollutions are also becoming extinct. Thus, it can be
concluded that human beings are responsible for deploying nature and its resources.
2.4 Legal and financial aspects of environmental sustainability within oil and gas sector
In consideration to the above discussion of the hazardous impact by the oil and
gas industries the UK government follows comprehensive framework for managing
environmental degradation and its consequences due to gas and oil exploration. British
petroleum is required to get approval and permissions related to greenhouse gas
21
? D. Zhang and Y.A.N.G., Tingyun. Environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing in shale
gas development in the United States. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(6), 2015.
pp.876-883.
22
? M., Hebblewhite. Billion-dollar boreal woodland caribou and the biodiversity impacts of
the global oil and gas industry. Biological Conservation, 206, 2017, pp.102-111.
27

emission, combustion equipment and chemical and waste discharge activities.
According to Rees, (2017)23 EU emissions trading scheme regulation 2012 sets the
limits for greenhouse emission by petroleum and other energy industries. The key focus
of this scheme is to ensure that climate change due to the gas industries and pollution
can be minimised.
Similarly, the offshore chemical regulations 2002 provides guidelines to gas
industries for the chemicals used for processing and the discharge methods and other
offshore oil activities. The OPEP regulations 2002 and merchant shipping regulations
1998 create legal boundaries for the oil industries so that their development strategies
do not cause pollution in exceeding limits (Oil & Gas regulation 2019, United Kingdom,
2019).
As per Hirsch and et.al., (2018)24, in 2010 the disaster namely Deep-water
horizon oil spill raised questions on effectiveness of this environmental protection
regulations. This case involves the discharge of 4.9 million barrels of oil in water which
caused extreme damage to marine habitats. Dolphins and other species died in record
numbers. In order to clean up the mess and to adhere to the law similarly against any
legal implications British petroleum used 1.8 million US gallons of coexist oil dispersant
for its cleaning purpose. The organisation was also found guilty against environmental
degradation regulations and paid around $4.5 billion as penalty to the court and $18.7
23
? J., Rees. Natural resources: allocation, economics and policy. Routledge. 2017
24
? J.K., Hirsch, et.al. Psychosocial impact of fracking: a review of the literature on the
mental health consequences of hydraulic fracturing. International Journal of Mental Health and
Addiction, 16(1),2018, pp.1-15.
28

billion against clean water act penalties (British Petroleum (BP), 2015). By Analysing the
serious impact of what happened the European Commission concluded that there is a
need for more effective and influential framework for the offshore oil activities so that
biodiversity and ecosystem are not harmed. In response to this the European
Commission published the safety directive so that oil extraction and gas operations can
be made safer for the environment. From case law 2012 Jury verdict LEXIS 2567, BP
was ordered to pay penalties against medical claims and economic loss due to its oil
spillage (Case of the Week: The 'Deepwater horizon' Oil spill, 2019). Similarly, in 2014
Jury Verdicts LEXIS 7534 an award was given to the property owners whose personal
properties were damaged by the consequences of their oil spillage.
Another critical incident that gained the attention of British petroleum by the
environmental regulatory agency in the UK occurred in 2016. In 2016 around 95 tonnes
of oil was leaked from BP owned Clair platforms into the UK North Sea due to some
technical issues25. Responding to the possible environment damage quick actions were
taken by the organisation jointly with the UK government and the oil spillage response
agencies. Contrary to the impact of Deep-water international horizon it was quite easy
for the company to manage this event. The deep-water horizon accident occurred in the
US territory.
Because both the US and the UK are members of United Nations commission on
international trade law (UNCITRAL) it was mandatory for British petroleum to obey the
legislations of UNCITRAL related environment measures. It was adduced that BP
25
? BP platform leaks 95 tonnes of oil into North Sea. 2016. [Online]. Accessed through
<https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/03/bp-platform-leaks-95-tonnes-oil-into-north-sea>
29

caused damage to the natural water resources of US, subsequently BP were liable to
the damages caused. Hence, BP was found guilty and levied with large penalties.
However, British petroleum due to its strong financial standing was able to settle at the
time of North Sea leakage the company was able compensate the environmental
breach.
According to Tagliaferri and et.al, (2017)26 hydraulic fracture methods which are
used for oil extraction process have significant impact on ground water. The high
contamination of water forces the local habitats to migrate from the region as the
polluted water contain toxic element. For preventing the natural habitats onshore
hydraulic fracturing regulations came into existence in 2016. These regulations aim at
protecting groundwater and national parks by instructing oil industries that fracturing
events can be executed only below 1200 meters so that drinking water is not polluted.
The environmental protection agencies regulate that the generation and transmission of
non-renewable energy sources like gas and oil follows the environment and safety
regulations. All oil and petroleum gas industries are required to conduct environmental
impact assessment (EIA) which describes the impact of their activities on environment.
However, Hammond and O’Grady, (2017)27 asserted that these environment
regulations are not sufficient enough to reduce the harmful impacts of oil extraction.
Thus, for making people and industries to be more concern about the environment
26
? C., Tagliaferri, et.al. Shale gas: a life-cycle perspective for UK production. The
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(6),2017, pp.919-937.
27
? G.P. Hammond, and Á., O’Grady. Indicative energy technology assessment of UK shale
gas extraction. Applied energy, 185, 2017, pp.1907-1918.
30

protection climate change levy (CCL) and tax penalties for the industries exceeding the
limits of greenhouse emissions are also imposed on service providers. The best
alternative solution to protect the environment is to minimise the oil and gas resources
with renewable energy resources. To support such resources, legislative authorities and
environment agencies are encouraging the use of renewable resources.
In the UK, renewable electricity was exempted from climate change levy,
however this exemption has been removed since 2015. Thus, there is the need to
implement strict legislation so that instead of shale gas and other oil-based technologies
renewable resources are preferred by people. Similarly, Esmaeili, (2017)28 stated that
despite regulations on O&G (oil and gas) industries they are not much focused on
reducing their sustainable practices. There is need to make people and organisations
aware that exploration of O&G must not be accomplished at the cost of human survival.
The oil and gas service providers explore their services to international market as
well. However, their impact on natural resources of other countries can create trade
conflicts between different nations. For the international conflicts the UNCITRAL model
is preferred by the parties to resolve the dispute. However, UK based oil and gas
service providers are also required to follow the arbitrary regulations. Though UK
arbitral tribunal institutions e.g., LCIA has not completely adopted the international
UNCITRAL model, however both institutional rules and their legal frameworks have
similarities. Where no institutional rule applies, the arbitration act 1996 of the UK is
applicable to both international and domestic arbitrations. On the other hand, the New
York convention (NYC) adopted by UK to enforce the awards in other contracting states
28
? H., Esmaeili. The legal regime of offshore oil rigs in international law. Routledge.2017.
31

can be used to enforce or mediate in any arbitral process or disputes by British
Petroleum.
2.5 Concept of sustainability
Proedrou, (2016)29 defined sustainability as the method to establish a balance
between development and environment protection. The development processes cannot
be carried for long duration without considering the environment. The degradation
results in natural hazards as well as scarcity of natural resources. It can be visualised
as the threat to future generations and survival. One of the major factors for increasing
environment damage is that almost every economy is dependent upon oil resources.
These dependencies lead to increase consumption, exploration as well as spillage of
O&G resources. For promoting sustainability, it is vital that O&G industries must
understand their roles. As service providers, it is incumbent upon British petroleum that
their procedures should cause minimum harm to nature and the ecosystem. Along with
this the company’s consumer must also understand that their excessive dependency on
these resources is not good for their own safety.
Hebblewhite, (2017)30 stated that environment damage cannot be considered as
the contribution of any single event or authority. The impact of these damages will also
be faced by every community. Thus, apart from education, taxation is the most effective
measure to control the extent of its damage. If taxation on O&G are increased then,
29
? F., Proedrou. EU energy security in the gas sector: Evolving dynamics, policy dilemmas
and prospects. Routledge., 2016
30
? M., Hebblewhite. Billion-dollar boreal woodland caribou and the biodiversity impacts of
the global oil and gas industry. Biological Conservation, 206, 2017, pp.102-111.
32

there is less demand of these resources. Many industries and people shift their needs to
coal when price hike occurs. However, coal is more harmful to nature and thus the best
way to protect environment is to search for alternative renewable sources.
The accidental discharge of O&G is one of the most common issues faced by the
industry. Though these incidents cannot be controlled completely but it is required that
O&G companies must develop policies which helps them in achieving sustainability
goals. For example, after evaluating and analysing the investigation of Deep-water
horizon incident British petroleum developed and improved operational management
system. The improved system includes methods and frameworks so that accidental
leakage of O&G can be completely avoided during drilling operations.
As per Cotton, (2017)31, O&G industries are also emphasizing on green policies
by aiming at reducing greenhouse intensities. The sustainable development can be
achieved only when O&G companies understands their environment and social
responsibility. The sustainability is not beneficial to the companies from only social
responsibility instead it is also helpful from the operational perspective. British
petroleum spends millions of amounts by its dealing with oil spillage and leakage
accidents. When sustainability frameworks become an integral part of their functional
activities then, operational errors are reduced. It also encourages the services of the
company. For example, many organisations in UK when they tried to explore shale gas,
they faced huge criticism and opposition from the local communities and environment
agencies. The major concern for the people was that these activities are not favourable
31
? M., Cotton. Fair fracking? Ethics and environmental justice in United Kingdom shale gas
policy and planning. Local Environment, 22(2), 2017, pp.185-202.
33

for biodiversity. It affects the overall performance of the organisation and questions its
social responsibility.
2.6 Environment management system (EMS): a step towards sustainability
As per Paterson, (2017)32 increasing protests against harmful practices of O&G
and high penalties against environment damage has made it essential for the
organisations to make their strategies and operations sustainable. In 2010 Deep-water
horizon accident is known to be one of the biggest and severe example of human right
violation and environment damage. As a result, the organisation was considered as the
most irresponsible and polluting company which influences brand value of a company.
Realising the adverse impact of environmental degradation and necessity of
green policies within O&G industries. For sustainable operations the O&G companies
are promoting alternative fuel or energy options. For instance, solar energy and green
technologies which reduces green emission are now encouraged by the companies.
British petroleum is greatly criticised for exaggerating environment credentials. Since
other leading organisations are adopting EMS it has become necessary for British
petroleum as well to follow the same path so that it can sustain its position among other
competitive O&G service providers. In the same context the organisation is
manufacturing solar panels and promotes global warming scepticism. With the EMS
framework O&G companies have more emphasis on meeting climate goals so that
environment degradation can be reduced?
32
? J., Paterson. Behind the Mask: Regulating health and safety in Britain's offshore oil and
gas industry. Routledge. 2017
34

According to Adeola, (2017)33 the first priority of companies is to reduce the
carbon emission. Previously, to increase the profits of O&G industries they promoted
particular fuels so that their consumption can be increased. However, with the increase
in environmental degradation the O&G service providers are now promoting the use of
green and solar products so that neither their profits are compromised, nor environment
is harmed. One of the major factors which makes the O&G sector responsible for the
environmental degradation is the lack of energy efficiency. The operational activities of
companies often lack the innovations and efficiency which causes gas leakage and
other significant environment impact (Environmental Management Systems (EMS),
2019).
Contrary to these EMS enable organisations to strictly follow and implement the
environment legislations so that sustainability goals can be achieved. In the same
context Esmaeili, (2017)34 stated that the service providers are also using global
reporting frameworks so that they can track their social, environment and economic
performance. The new development and production plans of O&G service providers
follow the European eco management system and audit schemes so that companies
can get international funding and guidelines over sustainable practices. The government
agencies also provide subsidies or tax relaxation to organisations which promote green
practices. The biggest contribution to environment can be made by developing products
33
? F.O., Adeola. Environmental injustice and human rights abuse: the states, MNCs, and
repression of minority groups in the world system. In Environmental Rights, 2017, (pp. 3-23).
Routledge.
34
? H., Esmaeili. The legal regime of offshore oil rigs in international law. Routledge, 2017
35

which have low carbon footprints. This can be accomplished in production as well as
transportation of O&G services.
36

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research methods
Research approach:
Research approaches provides the well-arranged and organised path for
executing the research study. These methods provide flexibility in defining scope and
execution of the subject areas. Most of the quantitative studies are based upon
deductive approach because these studies are initiated with a specific premise instead
of conclusive statement. In this study since conclusive statement is provided and well
known that oil and gas industries cause harm to the environment inductive approach is
more suitable35. The inductive approach can be considered as bottom up approach
because on the basis of conclusive observations and theories are analysed. One of the
advantages of using this approach is that it provides the generalised theories and
concepts which can be applied to all oil and gas industries. Thus, the use of this
approach in the study will help to implement its findings in general instead of limiting it to
a particular organisation or subject group.
Research design:
Research design provides the procedures for analysing the research variables
which can affect the research outcomes. Researchers can use wide range of research
designs for the study purpose, however the most commonly used are descriptive,
exploratory and causal design. The descriptive designs are quantitative in nature and
emphasis on conclusive studies. The major aspect of this type of design is that the
35
? D.K., Padgett. Qualitative methods in social work research (Vol. 36). Sage Publications,
2016
37

statistics obtained from the defined population can be used as tool to explain the related
research studies36. Since sample size is small and qualitative research is used
descriptive design is not followed.
Similar to descriptive design causal design is also quantitative based and is
preferred for the studies which require determining the cause and effect variables.
However, in this study there is no conclusive cause effect relation between environment
degradation and oil and gas sector this approach is not used. In this study exploratory
design is used so that the impact of oil industries can be analysed and evaluated by
analysing the different factors. The exploratory design helps to analyse the possible
solutions for the issue37. It also suggests the latest trends and possibilities related to the
research objectives. This design approach also helps to prioritise the areas which need
further scope for the study and improvements.
Research philosophy:
Research philosophy describes the way in which primary or secondary data must
be collected, interpreted and analysed so that it can be utilised for the research
purpose. The research philosophy can be of various types such as positivism, realism
and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy derives experience from sensory knowledge or
the knowledge which is based upon natural phenomenon. Though the results from this
philosophy are highly validated but it is more suitable for scientific and quantitative
studies.
36
? J.W., Creswell. Reflections on the MMIRA the future of mixed methods task force report.
2016
37
? H., Coolican. Research methods and statistics in psychology. Psychology Press, 2017
38

Thus, it is not suitable for this study. Contrary to this in this study interpretivism is
used which is based upon humanistic and qualitative methods. The use of interpretivism
approach in the study helps to develop empathetic understanding of the subject instead
of being completely dependent upon socially constructed statistics38. Since every
individual has different perspective on a particular subject or issue scientific methods
cannot be used to measure their behavioural perspective. This reason makes the
interpretivism philosophy more suitable for this study as compared to other approaches
which are more based upon scientific facts and statistics. Thus, the research philosophy
used in this research project is interpretivism. With this the interpretation will be made
from the sources and data information used for conducting the research. The methods
for selection of data will be decided along with these techniques for analysis and the
presentation of the data will be decided upon.
Research type:
The research studies can be classified as qualitative and quantitative type.
Qualitative research aims to analyse the specific situations or the research subjects
while the other one measures the statistical facts for predicting the research outcomes.
Quantitative research is quite useful when sample size is quite large, and it is easy to
use numerical facts for determining the relation between different research variables. In
this study sample size is very small and it is required to analyse the behavioural pattern
and operational concepts followed by British petroleum. Thus, for having deeper insight
of the issue qualitative study is used by evaluating the functional aspects of the
organisation and conducting primary data collection methods.
38
? C., Quinlan, et.al. Business research methods. South Western Cengage, 2019
39

3.2 Data collection and analysis methods
Data collection:
The data for this research project will be collected from secondary sources. No data and
information will be gathered from primary data. The inclusion in sources of secondary
data will be articles and journals written by professors, economist and environmentalists
and people of key concern. Along with this, articles and Journals published in
newspapers and magazines will also be considered. The newspaper and Magazine will
be those which are related key areas of the environment finance and economics.
Books from authors in this field, specially from famous lasers and judged on
international laws and legislation.
The data collection is defined as the method to measure and gather information
related to research variables in systematic fashion so that it can help to answer
research questions. Data can be collected from primary as well as secondary sources39.
The primary data is considered as first-hand information which is gathered and
interpreted by the researcher. On the other hand, secondary data involves the
interpretation and analysis of data from different secondary sources. In this research
study both primary and secondary data is used. The data collected through secondary
methods for this project will be analysed n the form of Themes. The data-will be
presented in the thematic form, the reason behind choosing this form of data analysis is
that, it will help in emphasising pointing out, examining and recording the patterns within
39
? P. Eriksson, and A., Kovalainen. Qualitative methods in business research: A practical
guide to social research. Sage, 2015
40

the data and information so collected. The themes developed will show the pattern
across the data sets which will be important for describing the phenomenon associated
with this research.
For primary data a questionnaire is used to discuss the important aspects of
research from different regional managers of British petroleum. It provides the real time
data which is highly specific to the research needs. Thus, it can be considered as more
reliable. On the other hand, secondary data is collected from various journals,
government reports on environment sustainability and official websites and reports of
British petroleum. The secondary data can be collected quickly and is more economical
as compared to primary methods of data collection. It can be considered as the refined
form of data40. The use of secondary data sources for the study is beneficial to develop
actual impact of O&G on the environment which is not possible to analyse through
primary data collection.
Sampling:
To make the study feasible and more systematic a small population is chosen for
collecting the primary data. The small population chosen for measuring and collecting
data is known as sampling. The sampling size depends upon the factors such as
accessibility of population and accuracy. For this study a sample size of 10 is chosen.
Since British petroleum operates in different regions, 10 of its managers are chosen as
the participants of the study. One of the important parameters which influences the
40
? K.D., Singh. Creating your own qualitative research approach: Selecting, integrating and
operationalizing philosophy, methodology and methods. Vision, 19(2), 2015, pp.132-146.
41

reliability of the study is sampling frame. It is defined as the list or groups of individuals
who are appropriate for being chosen as the samples of the study41.
In this research managers of British petroleum are used because they have deep
insight of the operations and green policies of company. Sampling is of two types’
probability and non-probability sampling. The former is defined as the sampling in which
each population member has equal probability of being selected as the sample. On the
other hand, in non-probability sampling is adopted when each member does not have
equal chance to be selected for the study purpose42. In this study non-probability based
purposive sampling is used. Every employee of British petroleum may not have
knowledge of green policies of the organisation. The planning schemes and regulations
are well known by the mangers of company. Hence, purposefully only mangers of
British petroleum are selected so that validate, and realistic data can be provided by
them. It is quite possible that purposeful sampling may provide bias result but from the
context of this study this type of sampling will provide more valid results and data.
Data analysis:
Data analysis is known as the process to evaluate the collected data by using
logics and analytical skills so that it can be examined, and conclusions can be drawn.
After collection of data from both primary and secondary sources it is first reviewed and
41
? G. Ryan and J., Rutty. Philosophy and quality? TAPUPASM as an approach to rigour in
critical realist research. Nurse Researcher,2018, 26(3).
42
? M., Padilla-Díaz. Phenomenology in educational qualitative research: Philosophy as
science or philosophical science. International Journal of Educational Excellence, 1(2), 2015
pp.101-110.
42

analysed before it can be used to reach specific findings. For qualitative and
quantitative data different analysis tools can be used. For analysing the qualitative data
statistical software tools are used which can draw conclusions and relationship pattern
from the available statistics43. These tools use statistical methods such as mean,
frequency distribution and standard deviations to interpret the data. However, in this
study qualitative data is used and for analysing the collected data observations,
documents and interviews are used. On the basis of these observations’ themes are
prepared and thematic analysis is performed. One of the advantages of using thematic
analysis over quantitative data analysis is that themes provide the highly focused and
accurate data segmentation44. Thus, more precise conclusions can be drawn with
simple processing.
3.3 Critical evaluation of the research methods
Reliability is defined as the measure of consistency in findings and is one of the
most important aspect for validate research outcomes. The research studies must not
be bias so that they can provide the most reliable results. In this study the questionnaire
is used for collecting data so that actual data can be analysed instead of reviewing a
single secondary source which represents a single perspective or opinion. In terms of
43
? J. Slayton and A., Samkian. Scaffolding learning for practitioner-scholars: The philosophy
and design of a qualitative research methods course. Journal of Research on Leadership
Education, 12(1), 2017. pp.51-71.
44
? J., Bardzell, S. Bardzell, and L., Koefoed Hansen, April. Immodest proposals: Research
through design and knowledge. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems, 2015 (pp. 2093-2102). ACM.
43

discussion the research methods can be considered as consistent. The validity of the
research can be considered as high when measurements or findings from the research
study are closer to what is intended to measure.
The qualitative research helped to make research validate. The study aim to
emphasis on the role of O&G industry in contributing to environment degradation. The
qualitative analysis of British petroleum helped to evaluate the research objectives.
Thus, assuring the reliability and validity of the study can be challenging aspect for the
researchers. For data collection a questionnaire is used, and questions framed are
intended to analyse and explore the role and activities of O&G sectors in the
environment. In terms to face validity and content validity the data collection and
analysis methods used in the study are effective. The questionnaire will help to actually
measure the contribution of British petroleum towards sustainability.
However, for better analysis and study outcome analysis and comparison of the
CSR reports and other secondary sources could have been better choice for the
analysis. In this study non-probability sampling is used which appears to be more bias
than probability sampling. Since the green policies and strategies are not only employed
at operational functions but in routine activities of the organisation as well.
Thus, instead of choosing only managers other staff members were also included
in the study with random selection this helped to evaluate the more detailed analysis of
the subject. For instance, it would have helped to evaluate the extent of sustainability
awareness among the key stakeholders of O&G industries. The test reliability of the
study is of moderate scale. Some elements of the questionnaire will give similar results
in future studies as well. However, there has been significant change in the perspective
44

of O&G sector, and they have tried to understand their social and environment
responsibility. Thus, the questionnaire can be improved with some more advanced
concepts which can enhance the test reliability.
The research study can be improved by implementing certain improvements. The
study is divided into manageable parts so that it can be executed with ease. However,
for improved results the method to execute the research and research plan must be
discussed prior to so that feedbacks from others can help to improve methods before
accomplishing the actual study. To clearly understand the research scope appropriate
research guides and variety of relevant database can be used. It will help to develop a
strong base for the study background. The mixed research methods are also
considered as effective tools to make the research more accurate and effective.
3.4 Ethical consideration
For making this project ethical consideration that will be considered are ensuring the
quality and integrity of the research project. Tor taking any information prior consent will
be taken from the relevant authorities or departments. The confidentiality of all the
resources will be maintained. The facts will be considered that the research will be
made from original data collected or taken from the relevant authorities or departments.
The confidentiality of all resources will be maintained. The facts will be considered that
the research will be made from original data collected or taken from relabelled sources
only.
3.5 Timeline: Activities/weeks
Identify research topic- week 1
Review of Literature – weeks 1&2
45

Drafting Methodologies- weeks 2&3
Complete Proposal -weeks 2&3
Design question and pilot research- weeks 3&4
Documentation of records-weeks 5&6
Analysing data and interpretation weeks 7,8 &9
Discussion and Conclusion weeks- 9&10
Reassessment weeks -10&11
Final Submission week 12
46

CHAPTER 4- ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS
The questionnaire used in the study will help to understand the detailed insight of
the perspective and operational aspect of British petroleum. The research conclusions
cannot be drawn without using suitable data analysis technique. The use of thematic
data analysis in the study will help to generalise the study findings on the basis of
several themes.
Theme 1 Environment sustainability concept
Q- 1 Do you know the concept of environment sustainability? Frequency
Yes 8
No 1
Not sure 1
Total 10
Interpretation-
When managers of operational department of British petroleum were asked
about the concept of sustainability, 8 out of 10 managers were well aware with the
concept. It shows that O&G companies are also taking sustainable practices into
account and associated members are known to the term. One of the reasons which has
created such high awareness about environment sustainability is the increase in its
legal implications. Since the harmful impact on environment increases significantly
47

environment concern agencies and legislative authorities are regularly making attempts
so that sustainability can be integrated with development process. It has made essential
for the oil and gas service providing companies to understand and implement this term.
Only 2 managers were known to the concept. It may be due to lack of focus on
environment protection in their operational strategies. Overall it can be concluded that
almost all the functional units of British petroleum employ the concept of green policies
and understand the current trends of environment protection.
Theme 2 Adverse impact of operational activities of British petroleum on
environment and bio-diversity
Q- 2 Do you agree that operational activities of British petroleum
are having adverse impact on environment and bio-
diversity?
Frequency
Yes 1
No 1
Partial impact 4
Not sure 4
Total 10
Interpretation-
48

Regarding the adverse impact of organisation on environment there has been
mixed response received from the managers of British petroleum. 4 out of 10 managers
are not sure that if company’s practices are harmful for the environment and bio-
diversity. On the other hand, 4 managers also informed us that since the company
follows sustainable practices there is partial impact on the environment. It cannot be
said that the company is completely neglecting the adverse environmental impact on
the environment. A very a small number of participants, only one participant agreed that
still there is need for huge improvements in sustainable practices because existing
operations cannot be considered in alignment with the environment policies. 4
participants also informed that they are not sure that if existing practices of the company
are sustainable or not or whether they are causing harm to environment.
Theme 3 Green and sustainable policies
Q- 3 Is your company currently using green and sustainable
policies?
Frequency
Yes 6
No 1
Not sure 3
Total 10
49

Interpretation-
It is believed by most of the employees of British petroleum that existing working
methods and strategies of the organisation are sustainable. 6 out of 10 managers
informed that there are several policies used by the organisation so that it can meet its
sustainability objectives. For instance, managers informed that the company conducts
environment effect assessment annually so that it can evaluate the pollution scale and
greenhouse emission factors caused by the activities of the organisation. However, it
has been also analysed that 3 managers were not sure that if their organisation is
employing green policies actually or not. From this analysis it can be interpreted that
though British petroleum is concerned and are employing sustainable policies but still
there is the need to enhance the involvement of all staff members so that the managers
and other senior authorities are well aware with these policies and they can provide
guidance to their subordinates. It has also been analysed that organisation need to
explore its sustainable practices at broader level so that the aim of these policies can be
achieved.
Theme 4 Ineffective green policies
Q- 4 Do you think that Deep-water horizon accident was the result
of company’s ineffective green policies?
Frequency
Not at all 1
Somewhat 5
Large extent 4
Total 10
50

Interpretation-
The UNCITRAL regulations enables O&G organisations the assurance that
international trade practices do not cause harm to the interests of any member. Thus,
when the deep-water horizon event took place British petroleum was levied with heavy
penalty. Due to this reason for the critical event was analysed 5 out of 10 managers
agreed that to some extent ineffective green policies of the company were responsible.
Contrary to these 4 managers believed that the accident was purely the result of
improper management and implementation of green policies. Thus, it can be interpreted
from this response that there is need for improving the monitoring policies which ensure
that operational practices are as per the environmental legislations. Such improved
monitoring systems and policies are vital for the O&G organisations so that they can
avoid the environmental hazards and related conflicts.
Theme 5 Reduction of greenhouse gases
Q- 5 As per the legal implications related to green gas emissions
what is your company's annual target to reduce such
emissions?
Frequency
Less than 10% 1
10-20% 2
20-30% 1
More than 30% 6
51

Total 10
Interpretation-
As per the emission trading scheme regulated by the EU O&G service providers
are required to establish a framework so that greenhouse emission (GHE) can be
reduced. The companies who contribute to the environment by reduction of these GHE
gases are given relief in environment taxes. Thus, British petroleum has also
incorporated such annual targets which aimed to reduce the emission in predefined
levels. More than 50% of the study participants informed that the company is making
attempts to reduce the emission by more than 30%. However, 2 managers also stated
that presently the focus of the company is to reduce emission only by 10 to 20%. Thus,
it is suggested that the organisation though it does have ambitious aims faces
challenges in achieving their goals of 30% sustainability to reducing harmful emissions
of their oil exploration.
Theme 6 need have improved regulations and technology for enhancing
sustainability within oil and gas industries
Q- 6 Do you agree that there is need to have improved technology
and regulations related to environment sustainability for
Frequency
52

O&G industries?
Yes 7
No 1
Not sure 2
Total 10
Interpretation-
7 out of 10 managers who participated in the study advised, that the most critical
aspect in the O&G industry is the dependence of the consumers and their demands is
increasing rapidly, hence, they are compelled to fulfil the demands. However, this is not
acceptable for the environment and earth. Thus, there is high need that more
technological advancements are used so that neither development nor environment is
neglected. It is also analysed that environment legislations such as emission and
climate change policies must be less flexible so that companies pay attention to the
environmental aspect seriously. Due to this reason 7 managers agreed that technical
and regulatory aspects must be improved so that oil companies can find it possible to
meet their sustainability goals. However remaining participants of the study were not
sure that if existing framework and methods are sufficient or they need such technical
improvement.
Theme 7 Green policy code
Q- 7 Does your organisation have any green policy code such as Frequency
53

minimising use of paper or recycling waste products?
Yes 6
No 1
Not sure 3
Total 10
Interpretation-
Sustainability cannot be achieved only by implementing large scale changes. In
order to excel in corporate social and environment responsibility companies must
incorporate several minor changes. For instance, the minor changes in waste
management and recycling policies, packaging methods can also bring significant
difference in operational cost as well as environment protection. When managers of
British petroleum were asked about such management level practices 6 managers said
that the company is involved in recycling and technology so that the usage of paper can
be reduced. On the other hand, 3 managers were not sure whether BP is employing any
such practices. Thus, it is also required that the awareness of these practices must be
encouraged by the managers so that all staff members can equally contribute the
welfare of the environment.
Theme 8 Need to implement sustainable practices
54

Q- 8 Do you believe British petroleum need to have more
sustainable practices?
Frequency
Yes 4
No 2
Not sure 4
Total 10
Interpretation-
There were 4 managers who agreed that the company need to enhance its
sustainable practices because current practices are not sufficient and satisfactory. On
the other hand, only 2 managers were completely satisfied with the existing methods
and practices. Whereas the remaining managers were not sure regarding this. This
analysis shows that there is need that British petroleum must develop strategies and
explore new methods for its operational efficiency to be increased in terms of
sustainability. The sustainable practices must be improved and updated as per the
legislative terms and annual sustainability goals of company.
Theme 9 Sustainable waste disposal strategies and related legal implications
Q- 9 Do you think that current waste disposal strategies of the
company are sustainable and as per legal standards?
Frequency
Yes 5
55

No 1
Not sure 4
Total 10
Interpretation-
Ineffective waste management system is another reason which makes the O&G
industries unsustainable. Along with the organisational waste these organisations also
have challenges to manage the disposal of oil waste. The negligence in this can cause
oil leakage events which pollute marine and land sources. Several legal implications
such as Marine and coastal access act 2009, Energy act 2016 and Draft Marine
environment regulation 2018 regulates that the waste generated by the O&G service
providers is not discharged into seas or other sources without processing. 5 out of 10
managers informed that British petroleum follows waste management legislations. The
methods used by the company are sustainable as well. However, another segment of 4
participants were not sure that if all legal aspects are considered or not. The managers
further stated that in many circumstances’ technical errors or the unavailability of
resources leads to the failure of waste disposal methods that are required/desired.
Theme 10 Reasons behind harmful implications of oil and gas industries on
environment
56

Q- 10 According to you what is the main reason behind the
harmful implications of O&G industry to the environment?
Frequency
Ineffective legislation 1
Lack of awareness 1
Budget and technical restrictions 1
All the above 7
Total 10
Interpretation-
It is assumed that O&G organisations does not pay attention to the harmful
impact on environment and are solely responsible for environmental degradation.
However, 7 managers stated that British petroleum and similar organisations are aware
about the environmental consequences, however they are bound by certain limitations.
The limited awareness regarding technology and legislations encourage the
organisations to follow these unsustainable practices. Secondly for meeting the
demands companies do not have many choices of alternative energy resources or
higher budget to employ existing alternatives. Thus, these organisations are left with the
only choice but to exploit the environment. However, the remaining managers does not
consider that all of these aspects are responsible for the environmental damage.
Instead, they assume that depending upon the scope and goals of the company either
technology or ineffective legislation limits its sustainable activities.
57

Theme 11 Impact of exploitation of natural resources on ecosystem and living
beings
Q- 11 Do you agree that the current exploitation of the natural
resources is not only affecting human beings but also
affecting other living beings and resources of ecosystem?
Frequency
Yes 3
No 1
Not sure 6
Total 10
Interpretation-
The development plans of human beings are entirely focused on their benefits
irrespective of the impact on the environment and other living organisms on the planet.
More than 50% of the participants were not sure that apart from humans’ other
elements of the ecosystem are also affected. Only 3 managers out of 10 agreed that
other living beings also encounter the harmful effects of environmental degradation
caused by O&G industries. Thus, it can be concluded from this analysis that most of the
individuals are not aware of the actual consequences of environmental degradation.
There is need to evaluate the overall impact of pollution and other environment
concerns. Any kind of harm to ecosystem will also create difficulties for human beings
58

thus companies must ensure that along with the benefits they must not damage the
survival of other species.
Theme 12 Environment sustainability policies as annual company strategy
Q- 12 Do environment sustainability part of the annual strategy of
British petroleum?
Frequency
Not at all 1
Somewhat 6
Large extent 3
Total 10
Interpretation-
Sustainability is not considered as part of the organisational growth and
development plan. Despite the operational cost benefits these practices are perceived
as burdens imposed by legislative frameworks. The perception of O&G service
providers appears to prevent British petroleum to integrate new development and
sustainability. 3 participants of the study believe that environmental concerns are also
an important aspect in the annual development plan of the organisation. However,
majority of the 6 managers believed that the current policies holds only a small fraction
and the major focus of the organisation is on its profitability. O&G industries cannot
make their practices less responsible for environmental degradation until they establish
59

an alignment between profitability and sustainability. For this purpose, in all operational
aspects, environment conservation must be analysed and implemented.
Theme 13 Average cost spent on environment conservation and sustainability
projects
Q- 13 What is the average cost spends by British petroleum on
sustainability projects and environment conservation?
Frequency
£200-400 1
£400-600 2
£600 and above 6
Less than £200 1
Total 10
Interpretation-
Oil leakage accidents and penalties have made it essential for the British
petroleum to develop separate strategies and budget consideration for dealing with
such events. 6 managers advised that the organisation currently has an estimated
£600m budget for the provision and management practices in a way which aids to
promote sustainability. All the participants informed that the company has specific and
separate budget sanctions so that its sustainability efforts and plan can be
implemented. It is interpreted that this budget is used for improving waste management
and recycling of organisational resources.
60

Theme 14 Impact of sustainability on profits
Q- 14 Do you believe that sustainability concept is influencing
profitability of the company?
Frequency
Not at all 1
Somewhat 1
Large extent 8
Total 10
Interpretation-
Profitability is dependent upon the supply demand balance as well as on
operational cost. In order to achieve higher profitability companies, adopt methods
which lowers their operational cost. The implementation of proper waste disposal
system and monitoring policies need implementation cost. Thus, O&G service providers
try to avoid these additional expenses which if implemented would help the environment
but would be a loss of revenue to the company. However, there is a close link between
sustainability and profitability. 8 participants of the study strongly agreed with this. The
oil leakage accidents do not only cause financial loss, any disputes may affect and
influence the brand image of the organisation. Thus, it is considered by the companies
that it is more profitable to follow the sustainability model. There were only a few
participants, merely 2 who agreed that profitability only depends upon the quality of
services not on the environment factors or sustainability plans.
61

Theme 15 Monitoring committees for regulating sustainability and environment
regulations within organisation
Q- 15 Do you have any monitoring committee in the company
which regulates and ensure that all environmental
regulations are followed, with its sustainability practised?
Frequency
Yes 4
No 4
Not sure 2
Total 10
Interpretation-
From both environmental and profitability perspective O&G service providing
companies ensures that they follow all legal implications related to energy emission and
disposal. For this purpose, the organisations have monitoring committees which
develop sustainability policies and regulate that they are properly implemented. When
same analysed it was found that, British petroleum does have such monitoring
committee and 4 managers agreed to this. Contrary to this, the other participants also
advised that there is no such regulatory committee as per their knowledge. Thus, the
organisation can improve its sustainable performance by enhancing the role of such
monitoring committee.
62

Theme 16 Use of commercial arbitration to resolve the conflicts
Q- 16 Does British petroleum uses commercial arbitration to
resolve its conflicts in international as well as national
boundaries?
Frequency
Yes 4
No 5
Not sure 1
Total 10
Interpretation-
It was analysed that majority of the managers stated that commercial arbitration
is not widely used by the organisation. Most of the conflicts faced by the organisation
were not the result of negligence instead they were mere outputs of technical errors.
Thus, instead of settling issues via commercial arbitration the organisation found it more
suitable to approach other legal framework instead of arbitration. Contrary to these 4
managers advised that the company uses arbitration approach so that conflicts can be
resolved with minimum damage as they are private and confidential and less expensive
than litigation through the courts. The North Sea accident in the UK was an example of
63

this scenario in which arbitration was used. and the Thus, company effectively uses
commercial arbitration.
64

CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION
From the research study it can be concluded that for the long-term survival on
the planet earth it is important that sustainability concept must be integrated with the
development process. It has been analysed from the above discussion that O&G
service providers as well as the users are not concerned about the environmental
effects of energy organisations. There are several aspects such as production, waste
disposal, transportation and exploration which can be improved for the sustainability
purpose45. It can be argued that O&G organisations are vital for the economic growth as
well as for the development and wellbeing of individuals.
The case study of British petroleum has been analysed in the study so that the
research questions can be answered clearly. The oil spillage cases, regional and
international disputes related to O&G helped to understand the challenging aspects for
these service providers. The questionnaire and interview session with the managers of
British petroleum helped to analyse the approach and strategic trends followed by the
organisation. The O&G demand is continuously increasing and thus for meeting these
demands companies are using new technologies such as hydraulic fracture and shale
gas technique.
Though from its profitability perspective these methods can be considered highly
suitable, but these approaches do not take sustainability into account. For instance, the
regions in which these methods are used, suffer huge losses and damage is caused to
the vegetation and its bio-diversity. Thus, it can be concluded that environmental
45
? E., Bomberg. Shall we drill? Discourse dynamics in UK fracking debates. Journal of
Environmental Policy & Planning, 19(1), 2017 pp.72-88.
65

degradation must be one of the poignant priorities of the companies. The hazards as a
result of climate change, pollution and exposure to oil leakage and flared gas are
increasing at a fast rate. Petroleum activities affect the soils fertility and their toxic
nature also destroys wild and marine life46. Government agencies have implemented
several legal policies consequently, toxic emissions and waste can be disposed
properly with minimum threat to the environment.
It is evaluated from the study that the international frameworks for dispute
resolution such as NYC, UNCITRAL and arbitration tribunals must expand their
legislation particularly for the O&G services. The environmental impacts not only
influence only a specific community or the regions47. For instance, the increased global
temperature and climate pattern is experienced by the entire world. Thus, unlike other
trade issues energy conflicts must be resolved with more emphasis because apart from
the parties involved in the dispute these conflicts are also related to the survival of entire
living beings and nature.
It is recommended to the organisations that they must understand that though
implementation of green policies can lead to extra expenses. However, their proper
utilisation can also generate profits and is vital for the long-term survival. For example,
the waste management system and paper recycling methods seem to be complex, time
46
? F., Proedrou. EU energy security in the gas sector: Evolving dynamics, policy dilemmas
and prospects. Routledge., 2016
47
? L., Whitmarsh, et.al. UK public perceptions of shale gas hydraulic fracturing: The role of
audience, message and contextual factors on risk perceptions and policy support. Applied
Energy, 160,2015. pp.419-430.
66

and resource consuming process. Instead, if organisations employ these approaches
then they can save considerable amount of cost in purchasing new resources. It is also
evaluated from the study that technological and information barriers are the prime
factors which prevents sustainability development. Many services providers seek to
follow the practices which does not cause harm to the environment.
However, companies have limited resources and technical information for the
disposal and processing methods. Thus, there is high need that the government and
other support agencies must encouraged the sustainable practices through tax
relaxation and innovative technologies. O&G organisations must be provided with a
sustainability framework and methods which can guide them to reduce greenhouse
emission48. It can also be concluded that along with the legal framework sustainability
can be enhanced only by technological choices. For instance, the solar energy sources
are good alternative of O&G.
If solar based devices and energy sources are encouraged among consumer
then naturally the demand of O&G will decrease. In such situations the service
providers can manage their profitability by investing and exploring solar energy. Solar
and other renewable energy sources do not contribute in environment degradation.
Thus, their excessive use can encourage the sustainability. It is also suggested to O&G
organisations that they must regularly monitor their green policies and there must be an
audit committee within every organisation. This committee must define the annual
48
? K., Love. Tabloids and qualities: Why transatlantic journalism trends vary, a case study of
the 2010 British petroleum oil spill in British and American newspaper coverage, 2016
67

sustainability targets and strategies. This approach will help service providers to
minimise the risks such as oil spills or threats to bio-diversity.
The study has also discussed the soil contamination as the result of toxic
elements discharged by petroleum processing. Thus, the agricultural land is also
reducing which can create the possibility of food shortage and adverse impact on the
health of individuals living in the area49. The loss of natural habitat to many species
makes their survival very difficult. It has been observed that lack of natural habitat and
contamination free food and water resources is responsible for the extinction of many
biological species.
Thus, it can be concluded that environment degradation is a serious matter of
concern and must be addressed as a priority especially within oil and gas sector. The
associated stakeholders of these companies must understand that along with its
development it is the responsibility of each and every human being that their actions are
not destructive for any of the living creature. Understanding this critical aspect all
organisations are adopting sustainability as the integral part of their operational
strategies. It can be said that the proper management of environmental issues is the
major and most important factor that s required to be taken into consideration by the oil
and gas organisations. The ad option of proper legal measures and assessment of the
issues related to the exploitation of these operations by an oil and gas firm, possible
prosecution of their widespread environmental depletion if successful may make them
ponder and mull over their actions.
49
? M. Mejri, and D., De Wolf. Crisis communication failures: The BP Case Study. IJAME,
2018
68

For this purpose, it is recommended that companies must follow the corporate
social responsibility (CSR) framework. This framework helps O&G service providers to
track their emission records and improvement process50. It will also create a positive
brand image of the organisation as a responsible company which is not only profit
oriented, but which also understand the significance of sustainability and environmental
sustainability.
50
? P., Humphrey, D.A. Carter, and B., Simkins. The market’s reaction to unexpected,
catastrophic events: The case of oil and gas stock returns and the Gulf oil spill. The Journal of
Risk Finance, 17(1), 2016, pp.2-25.
69

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75

APPENDICES
Questionnaire
Name- __________________
Age- ___________________
Gender- _________________
Q- 1 Do you know the concept of environment sustainability?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
Q-2 Do you agree that operational activities of British petroleum are having adverse impact
on environment and bio-diversity?
 Yes
 No
 Partial impact
 Not sure
Q-3 Is your company currently uses green and sustainable policies?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
Q- 4 Do you think that Deep-water horizon accident was the result of company’s ineffective
green policies?
 Not at all
76