Evaluating People’s Perceptions of Trust in a Robot in a Repeated Interactions Study

This study evaluates people's perceptions of trust in a robot in a repeated interactions study. It analyzes the role of computer applications in robots, evaluates the opportunities and threats of increasing trust in robots, and explores the issues raised by society. The research aims to identify the challenges and strategies to develop trust in robots.

Evaluating People’s
Perceptions of Trust in
a Robot in a Repeated
Interactions Study.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Relation to Computer science.................................................................................................3
Research.................................................................................................................................3
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................4
Literature Review.............................................................................................................................4
Research Methods..................................................................................................................5
Alternative Solution/Approach...............................................................................................7
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
Books and Journals...............................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence can be defined as a process of working system of machines that
will require intelligence when they operated by humans. It involves simulation of human
intelligence in such machines that are programmed to work like humans. Robots are the
machines which are programmed to carry out multiple complex tasks at a single time
automatically. The programming is based on the artificial intelligence and being designed,
constructed in such a way that their application reduces the human work load. This report will
focus on the robots and AI and the analysis of the opportunities and threats of increasing trust n
robots (Akalin, Kristoffersson and Loutfi, 2019). Trust is the key factor which is essential to
develop after the usage of robot in the daily workings. In today's scenario the usage of robots
have increased but the trust level on them in the mindset of human is not enhancing. Since, there
is a myth that robots have replaced human beings. As they perform the dangerous tasks that are
not undertaken by human beings. The report undertaken the perception and threats related to the
increasing trust on robots.
MAIN BODY
Relation to Computer science
Robots are the machines that combine electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and
computer science. The application of computer science includes the simulation of sophisticated
sensor processing and artificial intelligence. These tools help in developing the robots that will
help the humans with disabilities, work in challenging environment and work together with
teams. Furthermore, these applications ensure that the robots are designed in such as way that
they are easily adaptable by the human beings (Ashoori and Weisz, 2019). Computer
applications have created a smarter way to design the robots and develop innovative applications
that will carry out the tasks effectively.
Research
Research Title
“To analyse the perception of people towards increasing trust on robots”.
Research Aim
“To identify the opportunities and threats of increasing trust on robots in the current time”.

Research Objectives
The objectives of the current study are as follows:
 To analyse the role of computer application in robots.
 To evaluate the opportunities and threats of the increasing trust on robots.
 To analyse the issues raised by the society for increasing use of robots. To understand the challenges with the implementation of robots in the society.
Research Problem and Research Questions
The research problem which is mentioned in this study is the aim to develop an
understanding of the robots and artificial intelligence. The robots and their application in the
society have raised many issues and concern. Also, there are many opportunities and threats that
are related to the robots and their usage by diversified fields. The research questions are as
follows:
 what is the role of computer applications in robots?
 What is the perception of the humans regarding robots and their application in workings?
 What are the strategies that can be used in order to develop trust of humans on robots.?
 What are the opportunities and threats of the increasing trust on robots?
 What are the issues raised by the society for increased use of robots?
Literature Review Table
AUTHOR TITLE SOURCE FINDINGS
Siebert, Klein and
Roesler, 2020
The influence of
distance and
lateral offset
of Follow Me
Robots on
user
perception.
Article The results have
explained human
perception about
robots.
Luria, Hoffman and
Zuckerman,
2017.,
Comparing social
robot, screen
and voice
interfaces for
smart-home
control
Journal The result have
explained the
implementation of
robots in workings of
humans.
Faas, S. M., Mathis, L. External HMI for self- Journal The result have

A. and
Baumann, M.,
2020.
driving
vehicles:
which
information
shall be
displayed
highlighted the
opportunities and
threats of robots.
Tennent, Moore and
Ju, 2018.,
Design and evaluation
of expressive
robot car seat
motion.
Journal The results have
projected the
challenges for the
society regarding the
increase trust on
robots.
According to Faas, Mathis and Baumann, 2020., The role of computer application is the
implementation of computer knowledge and software to develop an effective and advance
robots. The use of artificial intelligence have enhanced ways for the use of robots in diversified
fields. But even though the robots have not achieved trust of humans as they think that they
require humans for their operations. The robots performs repetitive tasks without any stoppage
which have increased their demands in big organisation. But on the contrary they are blamed for
increasing technological unemployment as they replace the workforce in different functional
areas. Also, the use of robots in military combats have enhanced the ethical issues and concerns
of the society.
According to the view point of Tennent, Moore and Ju, 2018., The unemployment is
considered to be the major concern for every developing nation. As if they are adopting robots at
the professional workplace then they must require an external or internal control device in order
to enhance its usage. There are many strategies that can be used in order to develop and enhance
the trust of humans on robots. This can be done by targeting their perception and the effective
interaction between the humans and robots . In this context, Amazon alexa can be considered as
the example where there is an analysis of communication between robots and human beings. The
amazon alexa work on the instructions provided by the humans which helps in the effective
utilisation of it without any issues.
According to Luria, Hoffman and Zuckerman, 2017., The opportunities and threats of
the increasing trust on robots is application and advancement of the knowledge of the society.

Also, the workers may take help of robots and work in a team in order to enhance their own
working areas. But sometimes it may be considered as a threat for the workers. As the robots
may take over the task that are a part of the job of the workers. Due to which the workers may
consider themselves useless. The use of robots in the military have raised many issues as there is
a risk of failure at the battlefield. Furthermore, the perception of the people can be updated with
the help off building ways that can enhance their trust on robots. The robots are systematised due
to which they can achieve the trust of human beings easily. Moreover, robots help in enhancing
the productivity by completing the tasks in shorter duration. But on the other hand, the robots
may enhance the level of unemployment, demotivation among the current workers and so on.
Due to which they are classified as the threat for the human beings. The working system of
advanced robots is not being able to understand by normal human as it requires special
knowledge in that field.
According to the point of view of Siebert, Klein and Roesler, 2020, there are certain
challenges faced by the society due to increase use of robots and the enhancement of trust of
humans on robots. This will be considered as the potential threat for the society. As robots
follows the commands and they can be easily misused by the external party. Furthermore, the
opportunities in relation with this is that the robots will performs the tasks fast as compare to
humans which will be consider as an flexible factors. This will help the organisation to achieve
their targets before deadlines. But this may effects the workers as they may feel demotivated.
Research Methods
This research study is based on developing the trust of humans on robots and identifying
the opportunities and threats of increasing trust on robots. For this we have taken the secondary
research methods. In this method we have taken help of online data and qualitative methods
research. In relation to this we have analysed the opportunities of the increased trust on robots
and for that we have taken the reference of the working environment. The application of the
robots on the working environment have led to an increase in their productivity. As many
organisation are adopting robots instead of hiring the workers (Marchetti, Manzi and Massaro,
2018). As these robots will enhance their productivity targets which will reduce the workload of
the workers by 85%. also, these robots are flexible in working and the humans can allot them
complex tasks that they are unable to perform. This will help in attaining the goals of the
company.

Furthermore, this research have also emphasized on the threats related to the increasing
trust on robots. It includes increase in the unemployment level due to which the rate of manual
workers gets decreased. Also, this will enhance the level of competition in the external
environment which will be harmful for the underdeveloped individual who do not have any
experience. In addition to this robots do not have brain and anyone can manipulate and misuse
them against the company. Also, they do not have emotions which will create hurdles for the
company to achieve their targets. This research study highlights these opportunities with the help
of analysing the implementation of robots in the working environment of the successful
company. Also, there is an involvement of cost associated with the robots which can not be
easily affordable by anyone. Robots can not judge and predict unexpected situations in the
dynamic environment (Paiva, Leite and Wachsmuth, 2017). They work on the basis of
information fed in them through the chip. So they can work only on the basis of instructions
which will creates a risk of uncertainty for the organisation. But the opportunities that they
generate for the company as they do not say no to any work which will develop an competitive
edge of the company. If humans work collaboratively with the robots then this will work in the
favour of both. With this the perception of the people can be developed only when the robots are
working their favour not against them. As the robots can be easily manipulated so the human can
not easily trust them. The manipulation can be considered as the threat for human.
The main reasons for increasing in trust on robots are mentioned in this module. The
robots are considered to be an effective choice in terms of perfection. Apart from this, if there is
an requirement for working in hazardous environment hen robots can be the alternative choice
(Poulsen and Burmeister, 2019). This will ensure the safety of the humans and will develop their
trust on them. This study defines the reasons and alternative opportunities for the increase in the
trust on robots. Certainly, this will result in completion of the research objectives by linking the
robots with the workplace and other diversified fields. But the trust in not forever as the
situations and external environment are dynamic in nature. Due to which it is not easy for the
humans to use to robots in their daily lives. Sometimes the lack of knowledge abut the robots and
their cost develops hurdle for the trust building procedure.
RESEARCH TOOLS

The qualitative methods are adopted to complete the research. For this we have taken data from
online sources. Along with this we have referred certain books and journals which have provided
effective knowledge according to the research topic.
Independent Variable: According to the report the independent variable is identified as
increasing trust on robots.
Dependent Variable: According to the research the dependent variable are is opportunities and
threats associated with the increase in trust on robots.
Alternative Solution/Approach
The alternative approach that can be used in order to analyse the trust of humans on the
robots and the opportunities and threats associated with it. The research report can also make
application of the quantitative methods which will describe the application of the survey of the
reason for increase in trust of humans on robots. This questionnaire will be designed which will
help us in evaluating the opportunities associated with the increased trust on robots. For future
reference the alternative approach will be adopted by the researcher which will develop a direct
link between the society and the researcher. Furthermore, this approach will be beneficial for the
society as they will get the information about thee application of the robots and the perception of
the humans about them (Sebo, Stoll and Jung, 2020). In addition to this, the research approach
might have an direct impact on the society and their actual response will be recorded by the
researcher.
Due to which there will be an effective completion of the study in the external
environment. Also, in this the respondents can rate their opinions and can explain their
expectations. This experiment design is developed in order to analyse the capability of the robots
in the tasks allotted to them. Also, if the robots creates any errors in their workings then they
might lose the trust of humans. This will result n the reduction of the threats associated with the
them. Also, this experiment will lead to generate an interaction between the robots and the
humans which will enhance their knowledge about them and will reduce their workload . But the
effect of robot on the unemployment can not be ignored. This issue must be discussed
thoroughly. Also, the report might describe various ways to build the trust of humans on robots
but it will come with opportunities and threats for the society. The investigation would analyse
the positive and negative outcomes of the trust of humans on the robots. The researcher will

emphasize on the impact of increase usage of robots in he society and what are the opportunities
and threats that will come into highlight (Shen, Elibol and Chong, 2020). Furthermore, the
approach also involve the development of the questionnaire, analysis of the results thereof. The
questionnaire will comprise of the negative and positive impacts of increase in trust of humans
on robots. In addition to this, there will be an explanation of the summary which will record the
response of the respondents.
Self Reflection
From the above report I enhanced my knowledge how science has diversified its hands and the
techniques have established a furnished ground. In this report I came to know about the robots
and their operations, how well they perform with a better simulation and using artificial
intelligence. I came to learn while writing this report how robots are working in dynamic
environment to remove the hurdles that human resource faces, sometimes due to disability or due
to environmental barriers. This study even developed my knowledge as to how computers have
modified robots and how they can manage them well. I came to know about how robots helped
several organisations in completing their targets and achieving high revenues that can help the
organisation create its name and fame. As the robots complete accomplish their work with
efficiency thus reducing the need of man power, I came to learn that some of the organisations
where there are robots used extensively, the workers feel deprived of recognition and their w ill
power is decreased as they are not paid attention and left behind, due to management team
trusting highly on robots. With the merits comes the ill effects even and there are many a times
robots can be misused by the outer party against the owner because robots uses the orders as
their commands and people can misuse this feature in hurting someone. I enhanced my
knowledge as human work force easily develops their trust on robots and toady's era robots are
highly developed and perform any and every task which will lead to unemployment and financial
crisis in an economy.

CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that robots have marked their entry in
diversified fields. As far as they will provide benefits to the humans they are easily acceptable by
them in their daily routine. But if they create certain obstacles for the humans then they may
discard the use of robots. In addition to this the trust building is very difficult as this can be
determined with the help of situations. Also, the trust can only be achieved by following the
instructions of the humans. There are many opportunities and threats related to the increased
trust of humans on robots which are discussed in this study. Also, it includes the development of
the research problem and research questions which will define the further layout of the report. In
addition to this there is an adoption of the research methods in order to complete it successfully.
Furthermore, there is an brief description of the alternative methods to carry out this research
report. Lastly it defines alternative approaches and solution for this report with a general
discussion of the benefit of this on society.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Akalin, N., Kristoffersson, A. and Loutfi, A., 2019. The Influence of Feedback Type in Robot-
Assisted Training. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 3(4), p.67.
Ashoori, M. and Weisz, J. D., 2019. In AI we trust? Factors that influence trustworthiness of AI-
infused decision-making processes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.02675.
Faas, S. M., Mathis, L. A. and Baumann, M., 2020. External HMI for self-driving vehicles:
which information shall be displayed?. Transportation research part F: traffic
psychology and behaviour, 68, pp.171-186.
Luria, M., Hoffman, G. and Zuckerman, O., 2017, May. Comparing social robot, screen and
voice interfaces for smart-home control. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on
human factors in computing systems (pp. 580-628).
Marchetti, A., Manzi, F., and Massaro, D., 2018. Theory of mind and humanoid robots from a
lifespan perspective. Zeitschrift für Psychologie.
Paiva, A., Leite, I., and Wachsmuth, I., 2017. Empathy in virtual agents and robots: a
survey. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), 7(3), pp.1-40.
Poulsen, A. and Burmeister, O. K., 2019. Overcoming carer shortages with care robots: Dynamic
value trade-offs in run-time. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23.
Sebo, S., Stoll, B., and Jung, M. F., 2020. Robots in groups and teams: a literature
review. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4(CSCW2), pp.1-36.
Shen, Z., Elibol, A. and Chong, N. Y., 2020. Understanding nonverbal communication cues of
human personality traits in human-robot interaction. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica
Sinica, 7(6), pp.1465-1477.
Siebert, F. W., Klein, J., and Roesler, E., 2020. The influence of distance and lateral offset of
Follow Me Robots on user perception.
Strait, M., 2018. Conceptualization and Validation of a Novel Protocol for Investigating the
Uncanny Valley. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.03977.
Tennent, H., Moore, D. and Ju, W., 2018. Character actor: Design and evaluation of expressive
robot car seat motion. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and
Ubiquitous Technologies, 1(4), pp.1-23.