Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1 Process of evidence based analysis.............................................................................................1 Major players and their roles in EBM policy..............................................................................3 EBM with levels of evidence......................................................................................................4 Analysis of the case “Constraints of the ACA on Evidence-Based Medicine”..........................5 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION Evidencebasedmedicine(EBM)referstojudicious,explicit,conscientiousand reasonable utilisation of modern & best evidence for decision making regarding care of sick people. It integrates values of patients and clinical experience with best available research which facilitate to increase quality of medical services (Greenhalgh, 2014). The present report will focus on process of evidence based analysis and major players with their roles in EBM policy. It will also include levels of evidence and constraints of ACA on evidence based medicine. MAIN BODY Process of evidence based analysis Evidence based practice can be described as the integration of patient values, clinical expertise and best research evidence in respect of making appropriate decision regarding care of sick individual. The clinical expertise consist the knowledge level, experience and skills of medical professionals in order to conduct medication procedures appropriately. The patient valuers include actual requirements of sick people as per their health problems and present situation. Moreover, the best evidence include utilisation more effective methods or tools in order to provide correct treatment of unhealthy individual for their well-being. Assess the patient– Initially, it is necessary to start with patient in order to ask certain questions regarding their health problems to analyse symptoms properly (Hoffmann, Montori and Del Mar, 2014). However, it basically consist to evaluate a clinical problem or question which arises from the care of sick individual in respect of making them healthy. Ask the question– Secondly, it consists to built a set of clinical question which are related to particular case of patient including their health problem and visible symptoms 1
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accordingly. Along with this, it is necessary build questions through focussing on patient care regarding their health issue accordingly. Acquire the evidence– Thirdly, this include to carrying out an investigation by selecting appropriate resources in order to analyse actual information which helps to conduct correct treatment process regarding care of sick individual (Sadeghi‐Bazargani, Tabrizi and Azami‐ Aghdash, 2014). It is significant to conduct proper investigation before providing accurate medication to patient for their well being. Moreover, few of resources such as case reports, observational studies, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews etc. can be used for the research. Appraise the evidence– Moreover, the appraising of evidence by analysing strengths and weaknesses of different study reports in respect of several key questions. However, these questions involve the validity of research, results of specific study and impact of that study to provide care & looking after the patients. Apply on patient –Additionally, after evaluating and examining overall evidences which are relevant, it is essential to implement desired medication procedure in respect of making them disease free properly. It is very important to carefully take actions for providing accurate treatment to improve experience of sick individual in terms of making them healthy (Ilic and Maloney, 2014). Self evaluation– Finally, it is beneficial to conduct a self evaluation in context analysing own performance of providing proper medication to patient which facilitate to determine mistakes or gain assurance about care. It is helpful to gain assurance for better outcomes and make perfection in clinical practices for attaining benefits in future. 2
Major players and their roles in EBM policy EBM policy can be described as an appropriate approach to utilise best evidence to make correct decision in context of patient welfare. It is necessary to conduct proper research after analysing actual medical situation of a individual for selecting accurate medication to make them healthy. Moreover, it include three factors such as clinical expertise, patient values and best practices which facilitate to improve patients outcomes respectively (Hamer and Collinson, 2014). In addition this, EBM policy consist certain players including government, care providers and patients which plays their important roles that are explained further – Government– There are different government agencies which has a role to set national standards, guidelines, principles and legalrulesfor medicals professionalsto obey them appropriately. However, it consist legislations and care standards which are necessarily followed by staff for conducting best practices while providing care to patient respectively. CareProviders– The medical staff members are required put efforts for making their experience, knowledge and abilities up-to-date which facilitate to gain clinical expertise. It is important for them to attend significant seminars and conferences to increase knowledge levels which helps to improve their skills and facilitate to render accurate medication to patients for their welfare. Patient– The patient values and actual needs are very important to be analysed by medical professionals thoroughly in order to render accurate medication to solve their health problem. However, it is essential to evaluate medical requirements of an individual as per their disease which facilitate to make correct decision of providing treatment to make them disease free. 3
EBM with levels of evidence The EBM policy consist several levels which are given below – Therapy/Prevention/Etiology/Harm Level 1aSystematic reviews with homogeneity of randomised trials. 1bIndividual randomised controlled trials with narrow confidence interval. 1cAll or none randomised controlled trials. Level 2aSystematic reviews with homogeneity of cohort studies. 2bIndividual cohort study or low quality randomised trials. 2cOutcomes of research and ecological studies Level 3aSystematic review of case control studies. 3bIndividual case control study. Level 4Case series and poor quality cohort and case control studies. Level 5Opinion of expert without explicit critical appraisal or based on physiology, bench research or “first principles”. Diagnosis Level 1aSystematic review of Level 1 diagnostic studies or clinical decision rule with 1b studies from different clinical centres. 1bThe cohort study validation with good reference standards. 1cAbsolute SpPins and SnNouts Level 2aSystematic review of Level >2 diagnostic studies. 4
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2bExploratory cohort study with good reference standards, clinical rule decision after derivation or validated only on split-sample or databases. Level 3aSystematic review of 3b and better studies 3bNon-consecutive study or without consistently implemented reference standards. Level 4Case cohort study, poor or non-independent reference standards Level 5Views of experts without explicit critical appraisal or based on physiology, bench research or “first principles”. Prognosis Level 1aSystematic review of inception cohort studies or clinical decision rule validated in different populations. 1bIndividual inception cohort study with >80% follow-up or a clinical decision rule validated on single population. 1cAll or none case series. Level 2aSystematic review of either retrospective cohort studies or untreated control groups in randomized controlled trials. 2bRetrospective cohort study 2c“Outcomes” research Level 4Case series Level 5Opinion of expert without explicit critical appraisal or based on physiology, bench 5
research or “first principles”. Analysis of the case “Constraints of the ACA on Evidence-Based Medicine” The constraints of ACA on evidence base medicines add specific information about types of research which helps to investigate properly to select best practices in context of providing care an individual with better quality of services. It is beneficial to consider the levels of EBM policy related to therapy/prevention/harm, diagnosis and prognosis in order to render accurate medical services to make patient well-being (Malanga and Mautner, 2016). Moreover, according to grades of recommendations, the quality of evidence factors like high, moderate, low and very low. High quality consists several high levelled studies with consistent results and moderate includeseveralstudieswithlimitations.Additionally,lowqualityinvolveoneormore investigation with severe limitations and very low refers to an estimate of effect is very uncertain that requires experts opinion. CONCLUSION From the above report, it is conclude that Policy of EBM can be explained as an effective approach which is conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of best evidence for making accurate decision making regarding care of patients. It include three main factors which are required to be considered such as clinical expertise, best practice and patient values. Moreover, three players has an important role in EBP policy including government, care providers and patients. 6
REFERENCES Books and journals Greenhalgh, T. (2014).How to read a paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine. John Wiley & Sons. Hoffmann, T. C., Montori, V. M., & Del Mar, C. (2014). The connection between evidence- based medicine and shared decision making.Jama.312(13). 1295-1296. Sadeghi‐Bazargani, H., Tabrizi, J. S., & Azami‐Aghdash, S. (2014). Barriers to evidence‐based medicine: a systematic review.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.20(6). 793- 802. Ilic, D., & Maloney, S. (2014). Methods of teaching medical trainees evidence‐based medicine: a systematic review.Medical Education.48(2). 124-135. Hamer, S., & Collinson, G. (2014).Achieving Evidence-Based Practice E-Book: A Handbook for Practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. 7